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... the other hand, if the dynamic case and/or vibration effect are investigated, mass density (Þ of materials is necessary to be defined as seen in Eq. (6), where V is the volume of the model, a is the acceleration,t is the time, c is the damping factor, v is the velocity, k is the stiffness factor, x is the displacement, and F is the force. The mass density values used in the existing FEA studies in literature are given in Table 6. ...
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Citations
... In recent years, 3D-Finite element analysis or 3D-FEA, which is a numerical approach to study stresses and deformations, has gained leverage over conventional methods for investigating the biomechanical behavior of teeth restorations, dental implants, radicular-post systems, and other maxillofacial structures [21,22]. Due to the outstanding technological advancements in computer-aided design and the construction of three-dimensional models from image data, this technique has gained much popularity, especially during the last 10 years [23]. ...
The current study evaluated the stress distribution in a maxillary central incisor with mid‐root fracture after splinting with different intra‐radicular posts using 3D‐finite element analysis (FEA). Five 3D‐FEA models were constructed. Model 1 was an intact tooth with no fracture, Model 2: A tooth with a horizontal mid‐root fracture, with no treatment. Model 3: Same as model 2, and intraradicular splinting using fiber post. Model 4: Same as model 2 and intra‐radicular splinting using Protaper Gold file F3. Model 5: Same as model 2, and with intraradicular splinting with Ribbond. The FEA of all models was done to obtain the maximum Von‐Mises stress in the root canal space, the dentin, the periodontal ligament, and the bone. The highest Von Mises stresses for the root canal space and the dentin were found in Model 3, followed by models 4, 5, and 2, and least in Model 1. The Von Mises stress of the periodontal ligament was the least in model 1. The Von Mises stress of bone was higher in all experimental models than in the baseline model. The results suggest that in cases where intra‐radicular splinting is indicated, fiber posts and Ribbond are better alternatives to endodontic files due to the lower stresses exerted.
... CAD/CAM cutting resin was selected as the material of removable partial denture, and the relevant parameters of finite element analysis of each part are shown in Table 2 [19][20][21][22]. The friction coefficient was set to 0.1 for the sliding friction contact between the positive and negative parts of the Roach attachment, and contact surface allowed vertical and buccal-lingual trace movement and small rotation around the horizontal central axis of the sphere [21,22]. ...
Objectives
To investigate the effect of different designs of movable parts and prosthetic materials on the stress distribution of supporting tissues in mandibular free end dentition defects using three-dimensional finite element analysis of digital Roach attachments.
Material and methods
A 3D model of a patient with Kennedy class I mandibular edentulous conditions was generated, and twelve prosthesis models were applied, combining two designs of removable parts and six types of CAD/CAM restorative materials with different elastic modulus (conventional zirconia, ultra-translucent zirconia, Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), Lithium disilicate, Nanoceramic resin, and resin composite (Paradigm MZ100, 3 M ESPE)). The stress distribution of abutment periodontal ligament, edentulousmucosa, and junction of attachment were analyzed using finite element analysis.
Results
The stress value of the buccal neck of the periodontal ligament and the maximum compressive stress of the distal periodontal ligament of the design with clasp arms were higher than those without clasp arms, while the stress on the junction of attachment and the displacement of the mucosa in the edentulous area were smaller. Restorative materials with high elastic modulus, such as conventional zirconia and ultra-translucent zirconia, are recommended to be used as the fixed part of Roach attachment.
Conclusion
CAD/CAM Roach attachments with clasp arms are recommended for the protection of mucosal soft tissue. Restorative materials with high elastic modulus, such as conventional zirconia and ultra-translucent zirconia, are recommended as the fixed part of Roach attachment for patients with free end defect of mandibular dentition.
Clinical significance
This study provides references for the design with clasp arms and the selection of clinical fixed-movable prosthetic materials. Clinicians should consider the design of attachments and selection of appropriate manufacturing materials carefully to avoid negative impacts on patients' periodontal support tissues.
... It was found that the Augmented Lagrangian Method would be used on contact surface -contact penetration was present but controlled to some degree [20]. This method of contact formulation is applicable for any type of contact behaviour and is commonly used for symmetric and asymmetric contacts, which are recommended for general frictionless or frictional contacts [21][22][23]. ...
This chapter covers the biomechanical studies of the bone-implant system concerning the design of the structural and biomechanical properties of the considered multi-spiked connecting scaffold (MSC-Scaffold) carried out in the biomechanical tests on a universal testing machine and applying numerical simulation analysis. The chapter presents numerical studies of the influence of the geometric features of the MSC-Scaffold on the distribution of mechanical stresses in the periprosthetic bone, and the course and results of the experimental validation of the numerical model representing the initial intraoperative embedding in the periarticular bone of the prototype MSC-Scaffold providing entirely cementless fixation of the components of the resurfacing arthroplasty endoprostheses with the bone.
... The upper thread angle (α) was found to have a more significant impact on adjusting the mechanical stimuli compared with the lower thread angle (β) (Figs. 8,9). The values of α and β, determined the form of the thread profiles: namely, V shape, buttress, reverse buttress, and square. ...
... All thread designs discovered by 6 trained decision trees (Figs.[7][8][9], where magnitudes of mechanical stimuli in bone-implant construct lay within acceptable ranges shallow thread facilitated insertion, a deeper thread enhanced implant stability by reducing shear loading at the implant interface.Moreover, comparing the optimum values for TW with its design range demonstrated that higher values of TW were required to ensure that all the mechanical stimuli remained within their specified ranges ...
ABSTRACT
Statement of problem: Lack of knowledge regarding the optimal design of thread configuration in dental implants, which can offer a satisfactory level of stability in the implant-bone construct, is a significant challenge in the field of dental biomechanics.
Purpose: The purpose of this finite element analysis study was to identify the optimal thread design by investigating the effects of thread parameters such as thread depth (TD), thread width (TW), and thread pitch (TP), as well as upper (α) and lower (β) thread angles, on the maximum principal stress in cancellous and cortical bone, maximum von Mises stress in the dental implant, and maximum shear stress at the implant-bone interface.
Material and methods: A finite element model of an alveolar bone segment with a dental implant was developed. The Latin hypercube sampling method was used to generate a dataset of virtual experiments, which were analyzed by using the decision tree method to identify suitable thread designs that minimize mechanical stimuli. Additionally, the effectiveness of thread parameters on stress levels in the bone, implant, and their interface were assessed.
Results: The results of this study, verified by comparison with previous literature, indicated that thread depth, thread width, and upper thread angle were the most effective parameters in promoting implant stability.
Conclusions: By analyzing the decision trees, optimum ranges for all the thread parameters were determined as follows: 0.25<TD<0.34, 0.25≤TW≤0.28, 0.8≤TP≤0.88, 66.2≤α≤80, and β≤65.4, which led to the V-shape thread design.
... These properties are described by a set of constitutive equations that define the relationship between the stress and strain of the object being analyzed. Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio are two fundamental mechanical properties that describe the behaviour of materials under stress and strain [94,95]. The studies examined in this article have adopted homogeneous isotropic linear-elastic for alloplastic components such as plates and prostheses. ...
... The studies examined in this article have adopted homogeneous isotropic linear-elastic for alloplastic components such as plates and prostheses. As per the definition, homogeneous materials exhibit a consistent composition and properties throughout their entire volume, while isotropic materials have mechanical and thermal properties that are the same in all directions [94,96]. Nevertheless, bone is a highly complex structure with different types of tissue (e.g., cortical or cancellous) and specific characteristics such as viscoelasticity and anisotropy [22,97], and simple modeling assumptions may not fully capture the intricate complexity of bone [95]. ...
... These boundary conditions are [76], and (c) Prostheses [68], Including Corresponding Modeling Assumptions and Constraints (Images Used with Permission) mainly divided into forces and constraints. Forces simulate the effects of external loads while constraints represent the physical limits on the motion of the system [19,94]. In FEA of mandibular reconstruction, the force typically includes muscle loading, and/or biting force applied to the mandible [24,30,76]. ...
Advanced head and neck cancers involving the
mandible often require surgical removal of the diseased parts
and replacement with donor bone or prosthesis to recreate the
form and function of the premorbid mandible. The degree to
which this reconstruction successfully replicates key geometric
features of the original bone critically affects the cosmetic
and functional outcomes of speaking, chewing, and breathing.
With advancements in computational power, biomechanical
modeling has emerged as a prevalent tool for predicting the
functional outcomes of the masticatory system and evaluating
the effectiveness of reconstruction procedures in patients
undergoing mandibular reconstruction surgery. These models
enable surgeons to provide cost-efficient and patient-specific
treatment tailored to the needs of individuals. To underscore
the significance of biomechanical modeling, we conducted a
review of 66 studies that utilized computational models in the
biomechanical analysis of mandibular reconstruction surgery.
These studies were categorized based on the main components
analyzed, including bone flaps, plates/screws, and prostheses, as
well as their design and material composition.
... These properties are described by a set of constitutive equations that define the relationship between the stress and strain of the object being analyzed. Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio are two fundamental mechanical properties that describe the behaviour of materials under stress and strain [94,95]. The studies examined in this article have adopted homogeneous isotropic linear-elastic for alloplastic components such as plates and prostheses. ...
... The studies examined in this article have adopted homogeneous isotropic linear-elastic for alloplastic components such as plates and prostheses. As per the definition, homogeneous materials exhibit a consistent composition and properties throughout their entire volume, while isotropic materials have mechanical and thermal properties that are the same in all directions [94,96]. Nevertheless, bone is a highly complex structure with different types of tissue (e.g., cortical or cancellous) and specific characteristics such as viscoelasticity and anisotropy [22,97], and simple modeling assumptions may not fully capture the intricate complexity of bone [95]. ...
... These boundary conditions are mainly divided into forces and constraints. Forces simulate the effects of external loads while constraints represent the physical limits on the motion of the system [19,94]. In FEA of mandibular reconstruction, the force typically includes muscle loading, and/or biting force applied to the mandible [24,30,76]. ...
Advanced head and neck cancers involving the
mandible often require surgical removal of the diseased parts
and replacement with donor bone or prosthesis to recreate the
form and function of the premorbid mandible. The degree to
which this reconstruction successfully replicates key geometric
features of the original bone critically affects the cosmetic
and functional outcomes of speaking, chewing, and breathing.
With advancements in computational power, biomechanical
modeling has emerged as a prevalent tool for predicting the
functional outcomes of the masticatory system and evaluating
the effectiveness of reconstruction procedures in patients
undergoing mandibular reconstruction surgery. These models
enable surgeons to provide cost-efficient and patient-specific
treatment tailored to the needs of individuals. To underscore
the significance of biomechanical modeling, we conducted a
review of 66 studies that utilized computational models in the
biomechanical analysis of mandibular reconstruction surgery.
These studies were categorized based on the main components
analyzed, including bone flaps, plates/screws, and prostheses, as
well as their design and material composition.
... 17,24 This value is close to polymers used for a such application as PEEK (3.0-5.5 GPa) and far beyond alloys such as Cr-Co (200 GPa), which allows reduced clasp thickness and width. 1,26,[31][32][33] However, the material has the required flexibility to act as clasp material but is not rigid enough to be shaped in small and thin sections. This finding coincides with other studies that tested the polymeric materials used in RPD manufacturing. ...
Objective Although graphene-modified polymethyl methacrylate material is a good candidate for partial denture clasp material, it lacks adequate strength. Therefore, the study aims to assess the optimal dimension of this nanomodified material required for such an application.
Materials & Methods A parametric finite element analysis study was conducted on 54 clasp 3D models at two displacement levels (0.25–0.5 mm) placed 3 mm from the clasp tip. The clasp models were categorized based on the dimensions into A, B, and C (3 subgroups in each) and six tapers from the tip to the base (0.5–1). Both reaction force in (N) and maximum principal stress in (MPa) were recorded and analyzed. The study was validated using the mechanical tester after digital manufacturing of the clasp specimens that showed satisfactory results.
Statistical Analysis The correlations between width and thickness against reaction force and maximum principal stress were checked by a statistical analysis software package (SPSS version 22; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States). Data of the reaction force demonstrated nonparametric behavior, as tested by the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Accordingly, Spearman's rho test for correlation was used. In contrast, the maximum principal stress data showed normal distribution, as tested by the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Thus, Pearson's test of correlation was applied.
Results The results demonstrated the best retention force values, considering aesthetics, in subgroups C3 (taper 0.6), C3 (taper 0.8), and B3 (taper 1). The maximum principal stress results showed the highest values in group C followed by group B and then group A. Positive correlations were calculated between thickness and width versus reaction force and maximum principal stress. The correlation coefficient value between thickness and reaction force was 0.699 and that between width and reaction force was 0.621, while the correlation coefficient between thickness and maximum principal force was 0.899 and that between the width and maximum principal force was 0.740.
Conclusion It could be concluded that the studied material might be recommended as a valid aesthetic clasp material. Both clasp thickness and width showed a positive correlation with the clasp retention force with more impact by the thickness.
... The inner surfaces of the clasp could slide on the tooth surfaces with a frictional contact at a 0.3 frictional coefficient [18]. The engineering material library was changed by adding three new materials corresponding to the studied scenario (Table 1) [40]. The Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of the chromium-cobalt alloy were 220 GPa and 0.3, respectively. ...
The esthetic clasp material is a clinical demand for a satisfactory removable partial denture. The purpose of this study is to assess the mechanical performance of graphene-based polymer (GBP) and polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) materials as clasp materials. Thirty-two clasps were fabricated by CAD-CAM from two materials, GBP and PEEK. All clasps were tested for retention force after 10,000 cycles of insertion and removal and thermocycling. The clasp arms’ deformation was measured, and areas of stress–strain concentration were explored. The Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare the retentive force of the studied groups, while the independent sample t-test was applied to check the difference in clasp arm deformation at α = 0.5. The results showed a significantly higher retentive force (2.248 ± 0.315 N) in PEEK clasps, at p < 0.001. The deformation of the clasp arm of the GBP clasps was significantly higher than PEEK clasps. Areas of stress–strain concentration were seen at the junction of the retentive arm to the minor connector and at the retentive arm terminal. It could be concluded that PEEK polymer had a better mechanical performance as an esthetic clasp material than the GBP. An optimization study for GBP might be required to check the validity of such an application.
... HU value for the cancellous bone is associated between 200 and 500 and the apparent density is between 0.75 and 0.97 g/cm 3 . 45 According to Yosibash et al., the HU value for the cortical bone is higher than 700 (HU > 700) and less than 700 for the cancellous bone. 46 The relationship between the HU value and bone density () can be constructed by using the following equation (Eq. ...
There is considerable biomechanics literature on finite element modeling and analysis of the spine. To accurately mimic the biomechanical behavior of the vertebral column, a generated computational model has to include anatomical structures that are consistent with physiological reality. In this review article, we focused on the finite element spine models that have been developed by various approaches in the literature. Firstly, the anatomical features of the spine and the spinal components have been briefly explained. We then focused on the modeling stages of vertebrae, ligaments, facet joints, intervertebral discs, and spinal instruments. With this paper, we expect to provide a comprehensive resource regarding the modeling preferences used in spine modeling.
... Most of the FE models of the spine are based on computed tomography (CT) data [5]. In the literature, the relationships between the Hounsfield Unit (HU), which is a dimensionless unit used in CT, density, and modulus of elasticity of the anatomical structures were defined through various empirical equations [6][7][8][9]. In many FE-based studies, the values of the elastic modulus were calculated by using these equations [10][11][12], while very few of them focused on the spinal region [9,13,14]. ...
Finite element (FE) models have frequently been used to analyze spine biomechanics. Material parameters assigned to FE spine models are generally uncertain, and their effect on the characterization of the spinal components is not clear. In this study, we aimed to analyze the effect of model parameters on the range of motion, stress, and strain responses of a FE cervical spine model. To do so, we created a computed tomography-based FE model that consisted of C2-C3 vertebrae, intervertebral disc, facet joints, and ligaments. A total of 32 FE analyses were carried out for two different elastic modulus equations and four different bone layer numbers under four different loading conditions. We evaluated the effects of elastic modulus equations and layer number on the biomechanical behavior of the FE spine model by taking the range of angular motion, stress, and strain responses into account. We found that the angular motions of the one- and two-layer models had a greater variation than those in the models with four and eight layers. The angular motions obtained for the four- and eight-layer models were almost the same, indicating that the use of a four-layer model would be sufficient to achieve a stress value converging to a certain level as the number of layers increases. We also observed that the equation proposed by Gupta and Dan (2004) agreed well with the experimental angular motion data. The outcomes of this study are expected to contribute to the determination of the model parameters used in FE spine models.
