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Market Shares of Different Manufacturers of Scooters during 2009-2010 (SIAM 2011) Motorcycles: Figures 8 and 9 are similar charts showing the relative market shares of motorcycles of 75-125 cc category and 125-250 cc category respectively. Hero Honda Motors has the dominant share of nearly 75% of this category, followed by Bajaj Auto in the second place with around 17% share. On the other hand, Bajaj Auto dominates the 125-250 cc category with a 45% share with the second position occupied by HMSI with a 23% share. Hero Honda has a relatively small share of around 13%. This category of vehicles has a significant presence of other manufacturers such as Suzuki Motors, India Yamaha Motor and TVS Motors.
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The large fleet share and rapid growth of two and three wheeler vehicles in India means that careful attention must be paid to reducing emissions and fuel consumption from these vehicles. Emission standards and emission control technologies employed in passenger vehicles have not fully migrated to two and three wheelers. Fuel economy standards and...
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The core contribution to this work is the development of benchmark fuel economy for a three-wheeler hybrid electric rickshaw and its comparison with heuristics controllers designed with optimal and non-optimal rules. Dynamic programming is used as a feasible technique for powertrain benchmark analysis. A parallel hybrid electric three-wheeler vehic...
Citations
... Up to the present day, notable improvements in engines have been implemented, focusing on components like the intake manifold [1][2][3] and exhaust manifold [4][5]. Additionally, the integration of advanced technologies has been instrumental in reducing exhaust emissions and improving fuel efficiency [6][7][8][9]. Furthermore, significant attention has been directed toward enhancing the ignition system. ...
In many countries, motorcycles have become a primary and popular mode of transportation, driven by increasing demand due to their convenience. However, as fossil fuel sources deplete, there's a pressing need to enhance engine performance, efficiency, fuel economy, and reduce emissions. Improving ignition systems is crucial in achieving these goals. This study compares the performance of the Honda Future FI 125cc engine between a laser ignition system (LIS) and a conventional ignition system (CIS) using simulation. CATIA software was utilized to design the engine's intake manifold, ANSYS Fluent software for simulating and determining the optimal swirl and tumble ratio, and Matlab/Simulink for modeling and simulating engine performance with both LIS and CIS. Detailed discussions and comparisons were made on parameters such as cylinder air mass, ignition energy, engine power and torque, specific fuel consumption (SFC), and mass fraction burned (MFB) between LIS and CIS. Overall, LIS demonstrated superior engine performance compared to CIS. This finding is significant for evaluating the advantages of LIS in motorcycles, especially in the Honda Future FI 125cc engine.
... And thereof, it consumes around two-third share of total gasoline in India. This two-wheeler segment being considered as low polluting machines in terms of exhaust emissions as it is related to engine cubic capacity (Iyer et al. 2013). However, in case of evaporative emissions these two-wheelers are significant contributors. ...
Automotive evaporative emission inventory is continuously increasing with less stringent evaporative emission norms and lack of control measures. Uncontrolled refuelling emissions from huge fleet of two-wheelers with high environmental temperature make this situation worst. Motorcycles are typically equipped with metallic fuel tanks which are exposed to direct sunlight causing very high temperature conditions inside them. In this work, two motorcycle fuel tanks are used to record the temperature of liquid gasoline, vapour in headspace and surface of fuel tank through data logger to closely assess the vapour generation environment. Also, fuel consumption behaviour determines the liquid-to-vapour ratio inside fuel tank and promotes the refuelling losses in the absence of onboard refuelling vapour recovery control technology in two-wheelers. Liquid-to-vapour ratio inside fuel tank depends on prefill gasoline volume and the quantity of gasoline refuelled. Experiments are conducted to develop understanding on the mechanism of vapour generation during refuelling. This paper focuses on studying the impact of refuelling quantity, prefill volume and ambient temperature conditions on the vapour generation during refuelling of two-wheeler fuel tanks. Also, interaction between these control factors with influence of individual factor is studied using regression analysis and Minitab. Analysis of variance study reveals that temperature has strong influence on vapour generation (61.5%) and refuelling quantity (21.18%) also affects it significantly with least influence of prefill volume (14.19%). Combined effect of prefill volume and refuelling quantity on vapour generation is found interesting in interaction plots. Further assessment of interaction between various control factors is suggested to develop optimized control solutions for two-wheeler refuelling emissions.
Graphical abstract
... The first is greater fuel savings. Modern systems utilize advanced fuel injection technology, which allows for precise control over the fuel-air mixture [4,5]. This results in better combustion and improved fuel efficiency, leading to reduced fuel consumption and longer riding range. ...
Circular economy principles works with nature built environment with water, air, carbon cycles with no waste. Industrial revolution enable society led to development of engine and became more powerful machines. This include motorcycle which is has a life span based on the revolution of engine technologies. Modern ignition and injection systems significantly reduce servicing. In the Dniepr MT 11 motorcycle from 1989, in accordance with the manufacturer's guidelines, the following should be checked every 5,000 km: cleanliness and fastening of the interrupter contacts, oiling the felt and friction elements of the ignition advance mechanism, and adjusting the spark plug gap. As regards the fuel supply system, the carburetor should be washed and blown out and the tap strainer should be cleaned every 500 km. Additionally, due to climatic conditions, the position of the carburetor needle should be adjusted. In addition, before working on the fuel system, check the gap between: spark plug electrodes, breaker contacts, valve stems and levers. After modernization and the use of an electronically controlled injection and ignition system, service activities were limited to adjusting the gaps on the spark plugs (every 5,000 km) and replacing the fuel filter and cleaning the filter element in the pre-filter every 30,000 km. The developed solutions confirm the possibility of improving the operation of older structures in the field of injection and ignition systems at the level of modern structures.
... The projected growth rate for the specified period of 2016-2026 is a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 3.05%. Narayan V. Iyer (2013) The technical assessment of the potential reduction in emissions and fuel consumption from two and three wheelers in India has been analyzed. This paper examines the rapid growth of two and three-wheeled vehicles in India and highlights the need to reduce emissions and fuel consumption from these vehicles (Saxena, 2019). ...
... The present study aims to address the gap in literature regarding the profitability and liquidity of the two and three-wheeler sector of the Indian automobile industry. Prior research conducted by Narayan V. Iyer (2013) analyzed the technical assessment of emission and fuel consumption reduction potential, while Vijayakumar (2012) identified assets utilization and firm profitability in Indian automobile firms. Additionally, Dharmaraj Arumugam (2016) analyzed factors determining profitability in the Indian automobile industry, and Dave (2018) conducted an empirical study of liquidity analysis in selected automobile companies of India. ...
The primary objective of a business organization is to maximize profits and fulfill its short-term financial obligations within a year. The generation of profit is a fundamental aspect of any business organization, and liquidity plays a crucial role in facilitating this process. The attainment of an organization's desired objectives is heavily reliant on its ability to maintain profitability and liquidity. This empirical study aims to identify the profitability and liquidity of companies in the auto two and three wheelers industry that are listed on the stock exchange. The study should encompass the time period from 2011-12 to 2018-19, during which three companies will be randomly selected for the purpose of analysis and findings. The study found that Baja Auto demonstrated a relatively favorable level of profitability, while Hero Motorcorps exhibited a comparatively higher ratio among the selected companies. The comparative liquidity position of Hero Motorcorps and Bajaj Auto appears to be better than that of TVS Motors. Regarding the statistical test of ANOVA, it was found that all selected ratios, except for the Debtors Turnover Ratio, were rejected. This indicates that the selected companies did not exhibit a significant difference in their Debtors Turnover Ratio during the study period.
... One of the maintain that must be done is cleaning and adjusting the carburetor. On a conventional type motorcycle the number carburetor is equal to the number of engine cylinders [5]. Setting the supply of air and fuel in the two-cylinder engine motorcycle, which have two carburetors is more difficult than setting the carburetor on a single cylinder engine. ...
Motorcycle maintenance is one of the key factors to obtain good motorcycle performance and to avoid engine damage. One of the maintain that must be done is cleaning and adjusting the carburetor. On a conventional type motorcycle the number carburetor is equal to the number of engine cylinders. Setting the supply of air and fuel in the two-cylinder engine motorcycle, which have two carburetors is more difficult than setting the carburetor on a single cylinder engine. Because the arrangement of the supply of air and fuel between the carburetor with one another must be the same (synchronous). Therefore, a two-cylinder motorcycle carburetor synchronous detection device was made. The purpose of this research is to create a device that can help motorcycle technician to determine the synchronous state when adjusting the air and fuel supply on a two-cylinder motorcycle carburetor and can help rider to know synchronous condition of the carburetor via smartphone. This research uses arduino mega microcontroller, nodeMCU ESP8266, MPX5700 sensors, TFT LCD display and smartphone. The method used in this research is by compare pressure measurements carburetor synchronous device with a vacuum tester owned by an authorized dealer. From the results of the research, it is known that the carburetor synchronous detection device has the largest error percentage is 17% with the smallest percentage of accuracy is 83%. IoT systems on smartphones can display negative pressure measurement graphs with an interval 1 second from the LCD display.
... However, fuel share data at the national level for different vehicle categories is not available. Therefore, for the present study, it was assumed from various secondary sources such as Aggarwal and Jain (2014); Prakash and Habib (2018); Iyer (2012); MOPNG (2011), (2013), (2015) and CMIE (2020) Vahan portal for state-wise fuel share among the registered vehicles. The coefficient of variation value was less than one for fuel share. ...
... Technology shift in the fleet from two-strokes to fourstrokes in motorized two-wheelers and autorickshaws led to a 0.1% increase in CO 2 emission and 11%, 15%, and 1% decrease in air pollutants CO, PM, and NOx, respectively. Two-wheelers dominate the fleet with over 70% registered vehicles, whereas three-wheelers are the feeder systems that provide point-to-point service on-road in all the urban and semi-urban areas (Iyer 2012). Therefore, Motorized 2 W and 3 W are critical in improving India's transportation and must be paid attention to for reducing vehicle emission. ...
India’s growing population and economic development lead to an increase in transport emissions. Quantification of emission at frequent intervals is required to assess the emission levels and impact of implemented control policies. Implemented policies affect the fleet configuration over time. Therefore, in the present paper, an age-wise emission analysis framework is developed for the road transport sector with updated fleet characteristics corresponding to the vehicles’ age. The results show that fuel consumption is estimated to be 92 (87–95) Mt, and total CO2, CO, PM, and NOx vehicle emissions are estimated to be 274 (265–292) Tg, 4463 (3253–6676) Gg, 164 (119–250) Gg, and 2378 (2191–3045) Gg, respectively for the reference year 2020. The study contributes by developing an inventory for the fleet of 2020, which is used as a benchmark to compare past emission inventory, evaluate control policies, estimate state-wise vehicle emission inventories, and identify significant emitters in the fleet. Sensitivity analysis indicates the considerable variation in total emissions resulting from different age-mix of vehicles. Among the investigated policies, advancement in emission norms followed by fuel efficiency improvement in vehicles led to a substantial reduction in gaseous pollutants. Based on the inventory results, suitable policies are suggested for India’s future fleet, and the need for country-level fleet characteristics data is recommended.
... FS in registered vehicles such as four-wheelers (cars, jeeps, and taxis), buses, and three-wheel passenger vehicles are assumed from various reports of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MOPNG) and past literature (18,33,47,48). The shares of two-stroke and fourstroke engines in two-wheeler and three-wheeler vehicles are assumed from Iyer et al. (49). Emission factors (g/ km) for the air pollutants (CO, NOx, and PM) are taken from ARAI (50) ...
In India, the road transport sector contributed around 90% of total transport CO 2 emissions in 2018. Air pollution from the road transport sector has detrimental effects on both air quality and human health. The policies implemented have a long-term impact on the amount of vehicle emissions and characteristics of fleet vehicles. The present study analyzes emissions from India’s road transport sector using the bottom-up activity approach model. Future vehicle stocks in India are projected up to 2030 using a hybrid growth model approach. Vehicle emissions of CO 2 , CO, particulate matter (PM), and NOx are analyzed for India's reference (2020) and projected years fleet (2030). The emissions from the projected fleet are subjected to different mitigation scenarios such as retrofit and scrappage policies to estimate the emission reduction potentials of these scenarios from the future fleet of India. The analysis of the study indicates that the retrofit policies are more effective in reducing vehicle emissions than the scrappage policies. Retrofit policies such as the advancement in emission norms (shift to Bharat Stage (BS)-VI from BS-IV), the increased share of compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles, and fuel efficiency (FE) improvements have reduced vehicle emissions significantly compared to the scrappage of old vehicles from the fleet. The low impact of scrappage policies is attributed to the projected fleet’s lower share of old vehicles (10–15%). While retrofit policies have a significant impact as they largely affect 85% to 90% of young vehicles (less than ten years of age) in 2030. A combination of both policies is suggested to control future fleet emissions. The study also conducts sensitivity analysis, which indicates a significant influence of the emission factors in the vehicle emission analysis and GDP growth rates in the vehicle fleet projection.
... This resulted in its replacement by four-stroke engines, which provides high fuel efficiency and low exhaust emissions enabling them to meet the required emission standards. Based on a report [3], the relative share of two-stroke engines is around 6% of the total powered two-wheelers sales in the country. Single cylinder 4-stroke engines power remaining vehiclesscooters and motorcycles of all capacities. ...
... An important development in a direct fuel injection was obtained by using ram tuned injection system by R. G. Kenny, R. J. Kee, C. E. Carson, et al [17] which was electronically controlled and very compact low cost unit for application to engine with swept volumes of 50cm 3 to 125cm 3 . When compared to carbureted engine of same capacity it showed very promising result with BSFC reduction in the range of 35-45%, reduction of HC and CO emissions up to 94% and 90% respectively. ...
... 1. Reduction in BSFC or fuel efficiency is increased by 30 -40% 2. HC and CO emission is reduced by 80 -90%. 3. Increase in brake thermal efficiency of 5 -9%. ...
Two-stroke SI engine, once a very popular prime mover for two wheelers, is now found to be obsolete and can be seen only in some off-road and recreational applications like lawn movers, snowmobiles etc. This is due to its poor fuel consumption and high exhaust emissions resulted from fuel short-circuiting during scavenging process. Also implementation of stringent emission standards and advancement in four-stroke engine technologies has made automotive manufacturers to shift from two-stroke to four-stroke engines. However, over a decade significant developments have taken place in the area of improvement of fuel efficiency and reduction of exhaust emissions of two-stroke SI engine. This resulted in reconsidering the two-stroke engine technology for motor cycles and light passenger vehicles where it is most suitable due to its high specific power output, excellent torque characteristics and simplicity in operation. Thus in this paper, a comprehensive review of research works directed towards performance improvements of two-stroke SI engine is done. Finally, their implications on overall engine performance are summarized highlighting the scope for further development.
... Technology shift in the eet from two-strokes to four-strokes in motorized two-wheelers and threewheelers passengers led to a 0.1% increase in CO 2 emission and 11%, 15%, and 1% decrease in air pollutants CO, PM, and NOx respectively. Two-wheelers sales and registration dominated the eet with over 70% registered vehicles in the eet, whereas three-wheelers are the feeder systems which provide point-to-point service on-road in all the urban and semi-urban area (Iyer, 2012). Therefore, Motorized 2W and 3W are critical in improving India's transportation and must be paid attention to reduce vehicle emissions. ...
... ,Prakash and Habib (2018), Iyer (2012), MOPNG (2011), MOPNG (2013), MOPNG (2015, and CMIE (2020) Vahan portal for state-wise fuel share among the registered vehicles. The Coe cient of variation value was less than 1 for fuel share. ...
India's growing population and economic development lead to an increase in transport emissions. Quantification of emissions at frequent intervals is required to assess the emission levels and impact of control policies implemented. Implemented policies affect the fleet configuration over time. Therefore, in the present paper, an age-wise emission analysis framework was developed for the road transport sector with updated fleet characteristics corresponding to the vehicles' age. The results show that fuel consumption is estimated to be 92 (87–95) Mt, and total CO 2 , CO, PM, and NOx vehicle emissions are estimated to be 274 (265–292) Tg, 4463 (3253–6676) Gg, 164 (119–250) Gg, and 2378 (2191–3045) Gg, respectively for the reference year 2020. The study contributes by developing an inventory for the fleet of 2020 used as a benchmark to compare past emissions inventories, evaluate control policies, estimate state-wise vehicle emissions inventories, and identify significant emitters in the fleet. Sensitivity analysis indicates the considerable variation in total emissions resulting from different age-mix of vehicles. Among the investigated policies, advancement in emission norms followed by fuel efficiency improvement in vehicles led to a substantial reduction in gaseous pollutants. Based on the inventory results, suitable policies are suggested for India's future fleet, and the need for country-level fleet characteristics data is recommended.
... Because of its small size it negotiates the smaller streets and weaves through the mixed traffic (Iyer 2003). Different types of auto-rickshaws are found on Indian roads, but the autorickshaws of capacity less than 4 persons including the driver, occupy roads are more in number and also have the largest market share, close to 80% (Iyer et al. 2013). Considerable share of auto-rickshaws in Indian traffic fleet and lack of adherence to lane marking (no-lane discipline) are unique and important features. ...
Most urgent transport related problems in India are traffic congestion and concomitant air pollutant emissions. During traffic flow, the common causes of congestion in urban centres are pedestrian interruption, unregulated traffic signals, unregulated bus stoppages and unauthorized roadside parking, which together, particularly during peak hours, create erratic traffic pattern causing higher emissions. In this study, we characterized auto-rickshaw driving dynamics by instantaneous measurements of speed and emission at different times of the day. Traffic speed is an important factor that is perceived by commuters. The speed variables and traffic volume are used as a base variable to examine the traffic flow patterns. The speed variables such as average speed (AS), velocity noise (VN, standard deviation of speed), and the coefficient of variation of speed (CV, the ratio of VN and AS) were examined with respect to traffic volume. The polynomial fit of CV shows three distinct zones of variations with increasing traffic volume, explaining the dynamics of traffic flow. Further, time, speed and mileage variable were investigated for the emission rate analysis in different traffic flow pattern. The analysis depicted that the combined factor of lower speed (speed ≤12 km/h) and higher time of travel in correspondence cause higher emission rate. Similarly, vehicle mileage of ≥52,000 km has significant impact on emission for pollutants CO, HC and NOx. The results provide real-time information on traffic flow characteristics and impacts of dynamic and age variables on emission rate in on-road driving condition, which may be useful for the public and transport related agencies.
