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Maps of the Gulf of California and Bahía de La Paz indicating the study area (A) and the location of the five sampling sites (B). 1, Ensenada de La Paz; 2, Isla Gaviota; 3 & 4, Balandra; 5, Isla San José.
Source publication
The genus Coolia A. Meunier 1919 has a global distribution and is a common member of epiphytic dinoflagellate assemblages in neritic ecosystems. Coolia monotis is the type species of the genus and was the only known species for 76 years. Over the past few decades, molecular characterization has unveiled two species complexes that group morphologica...
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... recently described taxon; so far, C. tropicalis M. A. Faust (Faust 1995) is the only species recognized as toxic ( Holmes et al. 1995, Tibiriçá et al. 2020) in the Taxonomic Reference List of Harmful Microalgae (Akselman and Fraga 2022). Nevertheless, C. malayensis Leaw, P. -T. Lim http://e-algae.org Espiritu Santo and Isla La Partida to the east (Fig. 1). Isla San José is the largest island off the east coast of Baja California Sur; its southwestern end (24°52'32" N, 110°33'30" W) is characterized by extensive beaches and a small lagoon bordered by mangrove forest and a narrow sand bar. Macroalgae assemblages in Bahía de La Paz usually comprise the phyla Rhodophyta, ...
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... were collected from 5 selected sites in Bahía de La Paz, both by scuba diving or snorkeling and by hand (Table 1, Fig. 1). At site 1, the macroalgae sample was directly collected from a dock at 0.5 m depth. In Balandra beach (sites 3 and 4), macroalgae samples were collected 5-15 m from the coastline at 1.5 m depth, and in Isla San José lagoon at 5 m depth (site 5). Macroalgae were sampled individually by detaching from the substrate and placed ...
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... 2004) while copper can inhibit it ( Herzi et al. 2013). The seawater salinity used to prepare culture media varied between 37 and 39 psu. Considering the prevailing in-vitro temperature range during sample collection, cultures were grown at 20 ± 2 or 25 ± 2°C, with Superscript numbers indicate the location of sampling sites on the map (see also Fig. ...
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... recently described taxon; so far, C. tropicalis M. A. Faust (Faust 1995) is the only species recognized as toxic ( Holmes et al. 1995, Tibiriçá et al. 2020) in the Taxonomic Reference List of Harmful Microalgae (Akselman and Fraga 2022). Nevertheless, C. malayensis Leaw, P. -T. Lim http://e-algae.org Espiritu Santo and Isla La Partida to the east (Fig. 1). Isla San José is the largest island off the east coast of Baja California Sur; its southwestern end (24°52'32" N, 110°33'30" W) is characterized by extensive beaches and a small lagoon bordered by mangrove forest and a narrow sand bar. Macroalgae assemblages in Bahía de La Paz usually comprise the phyla Rhodophyta, ...
Context 5
... were collected from 5 selected sites in Bahía de La Paz, both by scuba diving or snorkeling and by hand (Table 1, Fig. 1). At site 1, the macroalgae sample was directly collected from a dock at 0.5 m depth. In Balandra beach (sites 3 and 4), macroalgae samples were collected 5-15 m from the coastline at 1.5 m depth, and in Isla San José lagoon at 5 m depth (site 5). Macroalgae were sampled individually by detaching from the substrate and placed ...
Context 6
... 2004) while copper can inhibit it ( Herzi et al. 2013). The seawater salinity used to prepare culture media varied between 37 and 39 psu. Considering the prevailing in-vitro temperature range during sample collection, cultures were grown at 20 ± 2 or 25 ± 2°C, with Superscript numbers indicate the location of sampling sites on the map (see also Fig. ...
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Citations
... Dinoflagellates are ubiquitous protists in marine environments (Luo et al. 2021, Morquecho et al. 2022, and often form red tides or harmful algal blooms that can cause human diseases and massive mortality in shellfish, finfish, and mammals (Shumway 1990, Hallegraeff 1992, Flewelling et al. 2005, Jeong et al. 2017, Sakamoto et al. 2021. The trophic modes, growth and ingestion rates, and mortality rates due to predation of dinoflagellate species should be investigated to understand and predict the outbreak of dinoflagellate red tides (Franklin et al. 2006. ...
Mixotrophic dinoflagellates act as primary producers, prey, and predators in marine planktonic food webs, whereas exclusively autotrophic dinoflagellates are primary producers and prey. Species of the dinoflagellate genus Scrippsiella are commonly found in marine ecosystems and sometimes cause harmful red tides. Among the 28 formally described Scrippsiella species, S. acuminata has been found to be mixotrophic and two unidentified species have been found to be mixotrophic. To determine whether the other species in this genus are similarly mixotrophic, the mixotrophic ability of S. donghaiensis SDGJ1703, S. lachrymosa SLBS1703, S. masanensis SSMS0908, S. plana SSSH1009A, and S. ramonii VGO1053 was explored using 15 potential prey items, including 2-µm fluorescently labeled microspheres (FLM) and het-erotrophic bacteria (FLB), the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp., and various microalgal prey species. The ability of S. acuminata to feed on FLM and FLB was also investigated. We found that S. donghaiensis, S. lachrymosa, S. masanensis, S. plana, and S. ramonii did not feed on any potential prey tested in this study, indicating a lack of mixotrophy. However, S. acuminata fed on both FLM and FLB, confirming its mixotrophic ability. These results lowered the proportion of mixotro-phic species relative to the total number of tested Scrippsiella species for mixotrophy from 100% to 29-38%. Owing to its mixotrophic ability, S. acuminata occupies an ecological niche that is distinct from that of S. donghaiensis, S. lachrymosa, S. masanensis, S. plana, and S. ramonii.
... Based on the phylogenetic analysis of D1-D2 LSU rDNA sequences and morphological differences in thecal structure, C. malayensis has since been shown to be an independent species, forming a separate lineage within the genus Coolia (Ho & Nguyen, 2014;Leaw et al., 2016). These results agree with a morphological and molecular study performed by Morquecho et al. (2022), who isolated 16 strains of Coolia from Bahía de La Paz and identified ...
... matta); Gárate-Lizárraga & González-Armas, 2017 Coolia areolata Ten-Hage, Turquet, Quod et Couté C. cf. canariensis S. Fraga QR BCS Almazán-Becerril et al., 2016b; Irola-Sansores et al., 2018 Morquecho et al., 2022 C. malayensis Leaw, Lim et Usup BCS Hernández-Castro, 2017; Sepúlveda-Villarraga, 2017; Gárate-Lizárraga et al., 2019 (as Coolia cf.malayensis),Durán-RiverollHerrera-Herrera, 2022;Morquecho et al., 2022; Ramos-Santiago et al., 2022 *C. monotis Meunier BCS, Ver, Yuc Okolodkov & Gárate-Lizárraga, 2006Okolodkov et al., 2007Okolodkov et al., , 2014Morquecho et al., 2016; Almazán-Becerril et al., 2016b (as C. cf. ...
Background:
Mexican studies on marine benthic dinoflagellates (MBD) began in 1942 from the offshore region of Oaxaca, based on water column samples. Subsequently, in ten Mexican maritime states, both epibenthos and plankton samples have been collected, species have been cultured, and field and laboratory studies have been carried out.
Goals:
The objective of this contribution is to review the studies on MBD in Mexican waters for current status and future risk assessment.
Methods:
Available literature on MBD from Mexico published from 1942 to 2022 was analyzed.
Results:
A review of the studies on MBD is presented herein, subdivided into four sections: (1) taxonomic diversity (morphological and molecular), (2) benthic phycotoxin vectors and toxigenicity, (3) toxicity and (4) species interactions. A map of the location of field populations of MBD and a reference list of taxonomic and ecological studies on MBD in Mexico is provided. A taxonomic list of ca. 60 species, mainly of Prorocentrum, followed in number by Amphidinium, Gambierdiscus, Ostreopsis, Coolia, and Sinophysis is presented. This list is accompanied by scanning electron microscopic images of 15 species. Knowledge of the toxigenicity of MBD is scarce, hence a reference table of known toxigenic species in Mexico and their respective associated syndromes is included.
Conclusions:
Studies on MBD in Mexico have slowly increased, probably due to the availability of a greater number of cultured strains, as well as to more extensive international collaborations. Confirmed links between benthic harmful algal bloom species and events associated with the etiology of toxic syndromes are rarely known in Mexico.
Coolia species are epiphytic and benthic dinoflagellates with a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical and subtropical areas. In the austral summer of 2016, during a survey in Bahía Calderilla, a dinoflagellate of the genus Coolia was detected in macroalgae samples, and a clonal culture was established. Subsequently, the cultured cells were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and identified as C. malayensis based on their morphological characteristics. Phylogenetic analyses based on the LSU rDNA D1/D2 regions confirmed that strain D005-1 corresponded to C. malayensis and clustered with strains isolated from New Zealand, Mexico, and Asia Pacific countries. Although the strain D005-1 culture did not contain yessotoxin (YTX), cooliatoxin, 44-methyl gambierone, or its analogs in detectable amounts by LC-MS/MS, more research is needed to evaluate its toxicity and to determine the possible impact of C. malayensis in northern Chilean waters.
Tropical epibenthic dinoflagellate communities produce a plethora of bioactive secondary metabolites, including the toxins ciguatoxins (CTXs) and potentially gambierones, that can contaminate fishes, leading to ciguatera poisoning (CP) when consumed by humans. Many studies have assessed the cellular toxicity of causative dinoflagellate species to better understand the dynamics of CP outbreaks. However, few studies have explored extracellular toxin pools which may also enter the food web, including through alternative and unanticipated routes of exposure. Additionally, the extracellular exhibition of toxins would suggest an ecological function and may prove important to the ecology of the CP-associated dinoflagellate species. In this study, semi-purified extracts obtained from the media of a Coolia palmyrensis strain (DISL57) isolated from the U.S. Virgin Islands were assessed for bioactivity via a sodium channel specific mouse neuroblastoma cell viability assay and associated metabolites evaluated by targeted and non-targeted liquid chromatography tandem and high-resolution mass spectrometry. We found that extracts of C. palmyrensis media exhibit both veratrine enhancing bioactivity and non-specific bioactivity. LC-HR-MS analysis of the same extract fractions identified gambierone and multiple undescribed peaks with mass spectral characteristics suggestive of structural similarities to polyether compounds. These findings implicate C. palmyrensis as a potential contributor to CP and highlight extracellular toxin pools as a potentially significant source of toxins that may enter the food web through multiple exposure pathways.
