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At present, a significant portion of rare-earth elements (REEs) are sourced from weathering profiles. The mineralogy of the protolith plays an important role in controlling the fate of REEs during weathering, as accessory minerals contain the bulk the REE budget in most rocks, and different minerals vary in their susceptibilities to weathering proc...
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... Currently, carbonatites (e.g., Bayan Obo and Maoniuping in China, Mountain Pass in the USA, and Manavalakurichi in India), alkaline igneous rocks (e.g., Lovozero and Khibiny in Russia and Weishan Lake in China), placers (e.g., Odisha and Chavara in India), laterites (e.g., Mt Weld in Australia), and Ion Adsorption Clays (IACs) (e.g., Longnan and Ganzhou in China) are the primary geological resources used in REE production (Barakos et al. 2016;Li et al. 2017;Liu et al. 2023). Among them, carbonatites and IACs are the dominant contributors to the global REE supply chain (Liu et al. 2023). ...
The significant role in high-tech and green technologies, recent outstripping demand, and constrained global supply of rare earth elements (REEs) have led to the exploration of phosphate deposits worldwide as a sustainable source for the recovery of REEs as by-products. In this context, the Eppawala Phosphate Deposit (EPD) in Sri Lanka can be considered a potential source for recovering REEs as a by-product. The REE geochemistry and mineralogy of sixty representative samples from the weathered regolith (primary apatite crystals and secondary phosphate matrix) and the carbonatite source rock at the EPD were analyzed. The average total REE content (∑REE) in the weathered regolith ranged from 2500 to 6092 ppm, with higher enrichment of light REEs than heavy REEs. The weathered regolith was highly enriched in REEs compared to the parent carbonatite due to residual enrichment of apatite with calcite and dolomite dissolution. Furthermore, REE immobilization during matrix formation results from the retention of REEs in fluorapatite and hydroxylapatite. Mineralogical analyses revealed that the major REE ore minerals in the EPD are apatite group minerals. Despite the relatively low REE grade (~ 0.48% total rare earth oxide) compared to the other phosphate deposits in the world, this deposit is significantly enriched in critical and highly demanded REEs, such as Nd (54,468 tonnes), Pr (17,994 tonnes), and Tb (2,897 tonnes). Therefore, with upgraded extraction techniques, the EPD could become a potential source of REEs that could contribute to maintaining a sustainable REE supply chain in the future.
... The principal flows of mineral (in green) go to China from Madagascar (71.69 % of total flows), Thailand (9.56 %) and to another Chinese region, Hong Kong SAR, (5.88 %). Hong Kong SAR may be an intermediary region for neodymium minerals because there is no mining activity in Hong Kong SAR (Barakos et al., 2016;Hong Kong Geology, 2009), but it is in the Southeast part of China, where most of the deposits of rare earths could be found (Rao, 2016;Standaert, 2019). This is in accordance with the results of Morimoto et al. (2019), who conclude that China's important exports pass through Hong Kong, with trading companies like Gallant Lau (List of companies, 2020). ...
Clean technologies are rapidly increasing in the last decade. In the transport sector, market share of global electric car sales has changed from 0.0 % in 2010 to 3.2 % (2.1million) in 2020, and predictions show that sales could reach near 30 % in 2030. This drastic change is mainly encouraged by environmental goals set to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) expressed in CO2-eq, not emitted by electric vehicles (EVs) during the use phase. However, clean technologies might cause other impacts during manufacture and, while clearly reduce the dependency on oil, can increase the dependency on other materials. In this context, the objectives of our work are quantifying the critical raw materials needed by permanents magnets and batteries of EVs (neodymium, lithium, and cobalt); their supply risk, performing a material flow analysis; and studying their environmental impacts using the methodology "Environmentally-Extended Multi-Regional Input-Output Analysis". This methodology is used to quantify the produced impacts and the country where the impacts are being produced, in contrast to conventional methodologies that only calculate global impacts. Therefore, environmental impacts are estimated considering different scenarios, based on environmental objectives of the European Union and China. In most scenarios China shows a key role in mining and processing of metals, being the country where major impacts are produced. Obtained results are useful to assess which environmental proposals are more effective to reduce the environmental impact of EVs and set the ground to understand the geostrategic importance of key metals used for EVs manufacture.
... They are therefore among the principal economic sources for these commodities, especially the REE (Verplanck et al. 2016). For example, current REE production predominantly hails from the Bayan Obo, Daluxiang, and Weishan mining districts in China, as well as from the Mount Weld mine, Australia, and Mountain Pass, USA, all of which are carbonatite-related deposits (Wall 2014, Barakos et al. 2016, Poletti et al. 2016, Watts et al. 2022. Recent decades have been characterized by growing REE demand due to their use in high-strength permanent magnets and other high-tech industries (Goodenough et al. 2018), but the REE are also susceptible to future supply interruptions due to price and supply volatility (Paulick & Machacek 2017). ...
The Storkwitz carbonatite breccia, located near Delitzsch, Germany, is one of the few European domestic rare earth elements (REE) deposits, but is relatively understudied owing to more than 100 m of Cenozoic sedimentary cover. We present the results of a petrological investigation of the recently acquired ∼700 m-deep SES 1/2012 borehole. The Storkwitz breccia is composed of clasts of country rock and carbonatite ranging from <1 mm to ∼30 cm in size, cemented by ankeritic carbonatite. Extensive fenitization and biotitization mainly affects clasts of coarse-grained granitoids and medium-grained dolomite-calcite-carbonatites. An intersection of Storkwitz breccia at 425 m to 542 m contains local REE enrichment up to ∼1.7 wt.%. total rare earth oxides, which is predominantly contained in a REE-fluorcarbonate bearing mineral assemblage. The assemblage locally forms irregularly shaped vug-like features and rare hexagonal pseudomorphs in clasts of fine-grained ankerite-carbonatite. The REE-fluorcarbonate mineral assemblage formed prior to brecciation in the ankerite-carbonatite, which paragenetically fits with recent experimental and fluid inclusion data demonstrating the importance of late magmatic processes in forming carbonatite-hosted REE mineralization, possibly from an evolved ‘brine-melt' phase. Our findings indicate that minor REE recrystallization and redistribution occurred during late-stage hydrothermal or supergene processes, without leading to significant REE enrichment in the upper part of the breccia compared to the lower part. Cross-cutting faults represent the last deformation event and post-date carbonatite intrusion and fenitization. They may represent important conduits for late-stage hydrothermal or supergene fluids responsible for recrystallization of the breccia matrix to a cryptocrystalline oxide mineral assemblage. Our findings highlight the importance of REE enrichment in late-stage ‘brine-melt' phases through magmatic fractionation and in situ hydrothermal replacement.
... They are therefore among the principal economic sources for these commodities, especially the REE (Verplanck et al. 2016). For example, current REE production predominantly hails from the Bayan Obo, Daluxiang, and Weishan mining districts in China, as well as from the Mount Weld mine, Australia, and Mountain Pass, USA, all of which are carbonatite-related deposits (Wall 2014, Barakos et al. 2016, Poletti et al. 2016, Watts et al. 2022. Recent decades have been characterized by growing REE demand due to their use in high-strength permanent magnets and other high-tech industries (Goodenough et al. 2018), but the REE are also susceptible to future supply interruptions due to price and supply volatility (Paulick & Machacek 2017). ...
... At present, the global REE production depends on relatively few mineral deposits associated with carbonatites (Ex: Bayan Obo and Maoniuping in China, Mountain Pass in the USA, and Manavalakurichi in India), alkaline igneous rocks (Ex: Lovozero and Khibiny in Russia and Weishan Lake in China), placers (Ex: Odisha and Chavara in India), laterites (Ex: Mount Weld in Australia), and ion adsorption clays (Ex: Longnan and Ganzhou in China), out of which, carbonatites and ion adsorption clays are the dominant contributors to the global REE supply chain [2]. REE supply, however, is currently highly uncertain due to China's monopoly in the global REE market, leading in the mining, processing, and purification sectors. ...
... 2009 yılında NTE içeren ürünlerin toplam değeri 1,5-2 trilyon ABD dolarıdır. Bu rakam dünya gayri safi milli hasılasının yaklaşık % 5'ini oluşturmaktadır (Klinger, 2018;Tse, 2011;Barakos, Mischo & Gutzmer, 2016: Zhou, Li & Chen, 2017 ...
Bir Özgürlük Biçimi Olarak Estetik AlımlamaYıldırım Onur ERDİRENSinema Filmlerinde Postmodern Anlatı: “Ucuz Roman” (Pulp Fiction)Ali ÖZTÜRKGörüntü Dilinin Noktalama İşaretleriErkan ÇİÇEKOyun Kuramı ile İlişkili Tezlerin İçerik Analizi ile İncelenmesiNebiye KONUKFrancis Poulenc’in Üflemeli Çalgılar İçin Yazmış Olduğu Eserlerin İncelenmesiZerrin TANÇocuk ve Çevre EğitimiEsra DEMİR ÖZTÜRKBurcu COŞANAYErken Çocukluk Döneminde Özel Gereksinimli Çocuklara Yönelik Yapılan Araştırmaların İncelenmesiZeynep APAYDIN DEMİRCİPersonel Güçlendirmenin Örgütsel Özdeşleşmeye Etkisi Üzerine Bir Alan AraştırmasıGökhan ULUDAĞMesleki ve Teknik Anadolu Lisesi Muhasebe ve Finansman Alanı Öğrencilerinin İşletmelerde Beceri Eğitimi Uygulaması: Van İli ÖrneğiRahmi AKINReha SAYDANAkış Deneyimi Üzerine Kavramsal Bir ÇalışmaSerpil KÖSETahsin AKÇAKANATEylem BAYRAKÇIBakırçay Yöresi Kültürel CoğrafyasıSuna DOĞANERTurizm Bölgesi İmajı ve Turistik Talebi Etkileyen İmaj BoyutlarıHakan AKYURTODTÜ Toplum ve Bilim Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi Bilim ve Teknoloji Koleksiyonu: Arkeolojik Sergilerden Detaylarİlker KOÇ Kalıcı Afet Konutlarında Konut Memnuniyeti Üzerine: Van-Kalecik Kalıcı Afet Konutları DeneyimiEbru KAMACI KARAHANSerkan KEMEÇHavayolu Müşterilerinin Memnuniyet – Beklenti Düzeylerinin ve Tercihlerini Etkileyen Faktörlerin Belirlenmesine Yönelik Bir Saha AraştırmasıMustafa Kemal YILMAZAnalitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi ile Moda Tasarımı Programı Öğrencilerinin Program Seçimlerinin İrdelenmesiEvrim KABUKCUModa Girişimciliğinin Analitik Olarak DeğerlendirilmesiEvrim KABUKCUNadir Toprak Elementleri Üzerine Jeopolitik ve Jeoekonomik Bir DeğerlendirmeBülent GÜNERAksu Nehri Su Kalitesinin Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Kullanılarak DeğerlendirilmesiKerem HEPDENİZİ. İskender SOYASLANPisidia Antiokheia Antik Kenti Aedılıcus ve Kuzey Kiliseleri İskeletlerinde EntesopatilerN. Damla YILMAZ USTA
... Gisements de terres rares, sites miniers actifs ou en développement, 2020.Sources : USGS (2020), Bloomberg,Barakos et al (2016), Kaiser Research Online (2021. ...
Les terres rares sont devenues un enjeu industriel majeur, et un enjeu géopolitique depuis que l'essentiel de la production est passée sous contrôle chinois. Afin de diversifier leur approvisionnement, nombre de pays recherchent des gisements à travers le monde. L'Arctique serait au cœur des manoeuvres politiques pour diversifier ces sources d'approvisionnement. Pour autant, cela permet-il d'affirmer que l'Arctique devient un foyer de tension pour le contrôle des terres rares?
... The exploding demand for rare earth elements (REEs) for the high-tech industry, e-mobility and the energy transition justifies the need for efficient detection methods all along the value chain, especially in raw material exploration and recycling but also in science and processing or production monitoring (e.g. National Research Council, 2008;Lima and Filho, 2015;Barakos et al., 2016;European Commission, 2014. Spectroscopy-based methods are of paramount importance in overcoming time-and cost-intensive exploration routines in a world of depleting, increasingly complex and more remote raw material deposits. ...
With the recurring interest in rare earth elements (REEs), laser-induced fluorescence (LiF) may provide a powerful tool for their rapid and accurate identification at different stages along their value chain. Applications to natural materials such as minerals and rocks could complement the spectroscopy-based toolkit for innovative, non-invasive exploration technologies. However, the diagnostic assignment of detected emission lines to individual REEs remains challenging because of the complex composition of natural rocks in which they can be found. The resulting mixed spectra and the large amount of data generated demand automated approaches of data evaluation, especially in mapping applications such as drill core scanning. LiF reference data provide the solution for robust REE identification, yet they usually remain in the form of tables of published emission lines. We show that a complete reference spectra library could open manifold options for innovative automated analysis.
We present a library of high-resolution
LiF reference spectra using the Smithsonian rare earth phosphate standards for electron microprobe analysis. We employ three standard laser wavelengths (325, 442, 532 nm)
to record representative spectra in the UV-visible to near-infrared spectral range (340–1080 nm). Excitation at all three laser wavelengths yielded characteristic spectra with distinct REE-related emission lines for EuPO4, TbPO4, DyPO4 and YbPO4. In the other samples, the high-energy excitation at 325 nm caused unspecific, broad-band defect emissions. Here, lower-energy laser excitation is shown to be successful for suppressing non-REE-related emission. At 442 nm excitation, REE reference spectra depict the diagnostic emission lines of PrPO4, SmPO4 and ErPO4. For NdPO4 and HoPO4 the most efficient excitation was achieved with 532 nm.
Our results emphasise the possibility of selective REE excitation by changing the excitation wavelength according to the suitable conditions for individual REEs. Our reference spectra provide a database for the transparent and reproducible evaluation of REE-bearing rocks.
The LiF spectral library is available at zenodo.org and the registered DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4054606 (Fuchs et al., 2020).
Primarily addressing the raw material exploration sector, it aids particularly the development of advanced data processing routines for LiF analysis but can also support further research on the REE luminescence in natural rocks or artificial compounds. It gives access to traceable data for the comparison of emission line positions, emission line intensity ratios and splitting into emission line sub-levels or can be used as reference or training data for automated approaches of component assignment.
... For example, in 2019 China controlled approximately 63% of the world's 210,000 metric ton production) of rare earth oxide equivalent (U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 2020; Fig. 2). These factors have motivated exploration for new sources of REY Barakos et al., 2016;Takaya et al., 2018). ...
The objective of this study was to evaluate rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) concentrations in Pennsylvanian coal-bearing strata in the eastern part of the Illinois Basin (Indiana), specifically targeting coals and marine shales associated with the coals. Samples were collected from several coal mines and three boreholes. In total, 105 samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), including 69 coals, 31 shales, and 5 paleosols. Concentrations of REY in the coals vary from less than 200 ppm to more than 3000 ppm (on ash basis). Indirect evidence, including REY versus ash relationships, REY distribution patterns, and REY content in raw coal compared to that in washed coal, suggests that the organic association may be an important mode of REY occurrence in these coals. The Lower Block and the Upper Block Coal Members of the Brazil Formation and some coals of the Staunton Formation have the highest REY concentrations among those studied. Concentrations of REY in marine shales range from less than 200 to 800 ppm on ash basis. The majority of shale samples studied vary little from the REY values of the continental crust, but some show enrichments. Our results suggest that, while post-combustion coal ash of the high-REY coals are a potential source of these elements, significant efforts and resources are needed to make the studied shales a viable REY resource.
... 2016bTaggart et al. 2016), but also because of the supply crisis of 2010 and the price spike of 2011 (Massari and Ruberti 2013). Although the crisis did not last for long, the shortlived alarm produced by export restrictions from China was sufficient to initiate a treasure hunt by way of exploration for REE deposits all over the world (Barakos et al. 2016). ...
