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Map of the region of residence of the Paiwan population in Taiwan (shaded). (Modified from http://www.apc.gov.tw/)
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The distribution of Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (Y-STR) haplotypes was determined in a population of Taiwanese Paiwan aboriginals. Using 17 Y-STR markers, a total of 135 haplotypes were observed, 102 of which were unique. The overall haplotype diversity for the 17 Y-STR loci tested was 0.9922 and the discrimination capacity was 0.6490. In add...
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Context 1
... Physical and cultural anthropology has led to the classification of some 14 different indigenous Taiwanese people [2]: Ami, Paiwan, Atayal, Bunun, Truku, Rukai, Puyuma, Tsou, Saisiyat, Yami (Tau), Kavalan, Thao, Sakizaya and Sediq. The Paiwans, with a population size of about 84,500, reside around in the southern mountainous regions of Taiwan ( Fig. 1) and belong to the Formosan sub- branch of the Austronesian language group [3,4]. Linguis- tic and archaeological evidence suggests that Austronesian language speakers expanded early from Southern China into Taiwan [5,6]. Due to the recent theory of Taiwan being the stepping-stone of the Austronesian demographic expan- sion, many ...Similar publications
We have developed a new algorithm that allows the exhaustive determination of words of up to 12 nucleotides in DNA sequences.
It is fast enough as to be used at a genomic scale running on a standard personal computer. As an example, we apply the algorithm to compare the number of all 12-nucleotide long words in human chromosomes 21 and 22, each of...
Background: Detection of fetal DNA in maternal blood has been examined by many research groups for a few years; thereby, scientists have a shorter way to take to approach prenatal diagnosis of abnormal pregnancies. The Y chromosome sequences have recently become the most common applicable indices for fetal sex determination.
The human genome reference sequence remains incomplete owing to the challenge of assembling long tracts of near-identical tandem repeats in centromeres. We implemented a nanopore sequencing strategy to generate high-quality reads that span hundreds of kilobases of highly repetitive DNA in a human Y chromosome centromere. Combining these data with s...
We introduce the software tool NTRFinder to search for a complex repetitive structure in DNA we call a nested tandem repeat (NTR). An NTR is a recurrence of two or
more distinct tandem motifs interspersed with each other. We propose that NTRs can be used as phylogenetic and population
markers. We have tested our algorithm on both real and simulated...
Y chromosome variation at 12 STR (the Powerplex® Y system core set) and 18 binary markers was investigated in two major (the Ghegs and the Tosks) and two minor (the Gabels and the Jevgs) populations from Albania (Southern Balkans). The large proportion of haplotypes shared within and between groups makes the Powerplex 12-locus set inadequate to ens...
Citations
... To investigate the genetic relationship between Changchun Han population and other populations in China, data of 9066 reference samples from 16 Han and 13 minority populations were obtained from earlier reports (see details in Table S2) [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. As shown in Table S3 and Fig. S1, Changchun Han and most other Han populations tend to cluster together in the center of MDS plot while minority populations scatter in the periphery of MDS plot. ...
In this study, 17 Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) were analyzed in 1026 male individuals of Han populations in Changchun City, Jilin Province, Northeast China. The haplotype diversity is 0.99892. The Changchun Han population is close to most Han populations and different from most other minority populations of China. Additionally, the Changchun Han show more affiliations with Han populations in North and Northeast China. These data provide a reference for the Y-STR database in Jilin Province, and they may be valuable for population genetic analysis.
... Because DYS389 is a special marker that has two different values at the same location, the two values were designated "DYS389I" and "DYS389b" (=DYS389II-DYS389I) for the analysis. A total of 9660 reference samples were obtained from earlier reports, including twelve Chinese Han (Anhui [5], Jiangsu [5], Jiangxi [5], Shandong [5], Shanghai [5], Zhejiang 1 [5], Gansu [6], Nanyang [7], Luzhou [8], Mudanjiang [9], Shanxi [10], and Zhejiang [11]) and nine other Chinese ethnic populations (Mongolian [12], Xibe [13], Lassa Tibetan [14], Qinghai Tibetan [15], Kazakh [16], Uyghur [16], Manchu [17], Taiwan-Paiwan [18], and Tujia [19]). The results were visualized by multidimensional scaling plot (MDS) using R v3.1.2 ...
... We estimated pairwise Rst between the Han population of Shandong in this study and other reports involving Chinese populations. A total of fourteen Chinese Han [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] and twelve ethnic populations [6,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] were obtained from earlier reports. Among them, two Han populations were sampled from Shandong Province [7,13]. ...
Corresponding author at: School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China. Fax: +86 2151630607.
... To estimate pairwise Rst between populations of the present study and other reports involving Chinese populations based on 17 Y-STR loci, a total of 8650 samples were obtained from earlier reports. These samples include six Han (Gansu [4], Nanyang [5], Luzhou [6], Mudanjiang [7], Shanxi [8] and Zhejiang [9]) and nine other Chinese populations (Mongolian [10], Xibe [11] Tibetan [12], Qinghai Tibetan [13], Kazakh [14], Uyghur [14], Manchu [15], Taiwan-Paiwan [16] and Tujia [17]). Table S2 shows that six Han populations of the present study had no significant differences between each other except Shandong and Zhejiang after Bonferroni correction (p > 0.05/210 = 0.000238). ...
In this study, we analyzed 17 Y-STRs on 1019 male Han individuals collected from six provinces in East China, including Anhui, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Shanghai and Zhejiang. The haplotype diversities of six populations reach to 0.99991, 0.99998, 1, 0.99994, 1 and 0.99990, respectively. Six Han populations of the present study had no significant differences between each other except Shandong and Zhejiang. Han populations of Anhui, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Shanghai and Zhejiang showed significant differences between 2, 4, 3, 3, 2 and 5 Chinese Han populations from earlier reports, respectively. Han populations of the present study also showed significant differences between the other Chinese ethnic populations. The data provide a reference for Y-STR database in China and may be valuable for forensic and population genetic analysis.
... Pairwise Rst was estimated between populations of the present study and other reports involving Chinese populations based on 17 Y- STR loci. The samples of six Chinese Han (Nanyang, China[Han][5], Luzhou, China[Han][6], Mudanjiang, China[Han][7], Shanxi, China[Han][8], Zhejiang, China[Han][9]and Henan, China[Han][10]) and eight ethnic populations (Guangxi, China[Zhuang][11], Lassa, China[Tibetan][12], Qinghai, China[Tibetan][13], Xinjiang, China[Kazakh][14], Xinjiang, China[Uyghur][14], Liaoning, China[Manchu][15], Taiwan, China[Paiwan][16]and Chongqing, China[Tujia][17]) were obtained from earlier reports, and a total of 8900 reference samples were analyzed. Table S2 Fig. S2. ...
... Samples and methods A total of 8748 samples from 104 populations were collected from India (4092 samples/54 populations) and China (4656/ 50), between 2006 and 2010. Of these, 1633 were O2a1-M95 (Table 1) and to this we included data on 780 O2a1-M95 chromosomes from 27 populations available in literature encompassing geographic regions not covered by The Genographic Project (Table 1) (Kantang et al., 2010;Karafet et al., 2010;Siriboonpiputtana et al., 2010;Chaubey et al., 2011;Wu et al., 2011). Populations were categorized based on their geography. ...
The origin and dispersal of Y-Chromosomal haplogroup O2a1-M95, distributed across the Austro Asiatic speaking belt of East and South Asia, are yet to be fully understood. Various studies have suggested either an East Indian or Southeast Asian origin of O2a1-M95. We addressed the issue of antiquity and dispersal of O2a1-M95 by sampling 8748 men from India, Laos and China and compared them to 3307 samples from other intervening regions taken from the literature. Analyses of haplogroup frequency and Y-STR data on a total 2413 O2a1-M95 chromosomes revealed that the Laos samples possessed the highest frequencies of O2a1-M95 (74% with >0.5) and its ancestral haplogroups (O2*-P31, O*-M175) as well as a higher proportion of samples with 14STR-median haplotype (17 samples in 14 populations), deep coalescence time (5.7 ± 0.3 Kya) and consorted O2a1-M95 expansion evidenced from STR evolution. All these suggested Laos to carry a deep antiquity of O2a1-M95 among the study regions. A serial decrease in expansion time from east to west: 5.7 ± 0.3 Kya in Laos, 5.2 ± 0.6 in Northeast India and 4.3 ± 0.2 in East India, suggested a late Neolithic east to west spread of the lineage O2a1-M95 from Laos.
... Haplotype diversity was calculated to be 0.9992, whereby the calculations excluded the diploid DYS385a/b loci altogether (Table S1). Gene diversity (GD) (equivalent to the power of discrimination) values for each locus were also calculated with the same equation, albeit using allele frequencies rather than haplotype frequencies (Table S2) [4][5][6][7][8][13][14][15][16][17][18] (Table S3). The YHRD AMOVA tool uses the DYS389B allelic values obtained by subtracting the number of repeats at DYS389I from that of DYS389II, and excludes the DYS385a/b loci. ...
... Although previous studies have reported on the Yfiler 17 Ychromosomal short tandem repeat loci of the Atayal [9] and Paiwan [10] populations of Taiwan, in the present study, we report for the first time, the DNA diversity exhibited by these important Taiwanese aboriginal tribes employing a set of 23 Y chromosome STR loci. We genotyped 293 male samples from the nine major Taiwanese aboriginal tribes using the newly available PowerPlex 1 Y23 STR kit (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA) [11]. ...
In the present study, for the first time, 293 Taiwanese aboriginal males from all nine major tribes (Ami, Atayal, Bunun, Rukai, Paiwan, Saisat, Puyuma, Tsou, Yami) were genotyped with 17 YSTR loci in a attend to reveal migrational patterns connected with the Austronesian expansion. We investigate the paternal genetic relationships of these Taiwanese aborigines to 43 Asia-Pacific reference populations, geographically selected to reflect various locations within the Austronesian domain. Tsou and Puyuma tribes exhibit the lowest (0.1851) and the highest (0.5453) average total genetic diversity, respectively. Further, the fraction of unique haplotypes is also relatively high in the Puyuma (86.7%) and low in Tsou (33.3%) suggesting different demographic histories. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed several notable findings: 1) the Taiwan indigenous populations are highly diverse. In fact, the level of inter-population heterogeneity displayed by the Taiwanese aboriginal populations is close to that exhibited among all 52 Asia-Pacific populations examined; 2) the asymmetrical contribution of the Taiwanese aborigines to the Oceanic groups. Ami, Bunun and Saisiyat tribes exhibit the strongest paternal links to the Solomon and Polynesian island communities, whereas most of the remaining Taiwanese aboriginal groups are more genetically distant to these Oceanic inhabitants; 3) the present YSTR analyses does not reveal a strong paternal affinity of the nine Taiwanese tribes to their continental Asian neighbors. Overall, our current findings suggest that, perhaps, only a few of the tribes were involved in the migration out of Taiwan.
... Our data were compared with the data for Russia, Egypt, Portugal, Israel (Palestinian Authority Area), Italy, Spain, Iran (Lenkoran-Azerbaijani-North Talysh), Greece, and Taiwan, for which the same set of Y-STR loci was available (8,14-21). Among the neighboring countries, Turkish population samples were nearer to Lenkoran-Azerbaijani (Φst = 0.012, P = 0.068) and Iranian-Ahvaz (Φst = 0.007, P = 0.173) than Greek (Φst = 0.026, P = 0.000) and Russian (Φst = 0.048, P = 0.000) population samples. ...
To investigate the distribution of 17 Y-short tandem repeat (STR) loci in the population of the Cukurova region of Turkey.
In the period between 2009 and 2010, we investigated the distribution of 17 Y-STRs in a sample of 249 unrelated healthy men from the Cukurova region of Turkey. Genomic DNA was extracted with InstaGene matrix and Y-STRs were determined using the AmpFISTR Yfiler PCR amplification kit. Gene and haplotype diversity values were estimated using the Arlequin software. To compare our data to other populations, population pairwise genetic distances and associated probability values were calculated using the Y Chromosome Haplotype Reference Database Web site software.
At 17 Y-STR loci we detected 148 alleles. The lowest gene diversity in this region was 0.51 for DYS391 and the highest 0.95 for DYS385a/b. Haplotype diversity was 0.9997±0.0004. We compared our data with haplotype data of other Turkish populations and no significant differences were found, except with Ankara population (Φst=0.025, P=0.018). Comparisons were also made with the neighboring populations using analysis of molecular variance of the Y-STR loci genetic structure and our population was nearest to Lenkoran-Azerbaijani (Φst=0.012, P=0.068) and Iranian Ahvaz population (Φst=0.007, P=0.173), followed by Greek (Φst=0.025, P=0.000) and Russian (Φst=0.048, P=0.000) population. Other countries like Portugal, Spain, Italy, Egypt, Israel (Palestinian Authority Area), and Taiwan showed a high genetic distance from our population.
Our study showed that Y-STR polymorphisms were a powerful discrimination tool for routine forensic applications and could be used in genealogical investigations.
This paper reexamines the conventional classification of questions in the Formosan language Paiwan: polar, disjunctive, and wh -questions and seeks to rectify some previous observations and offer a more insightful taxonomy. Specifically, we support the position in Egli (1990) and Huang et al. (1999) and demonstrate that polar questions are formed by a rising intonation alone and that the putative polar question particles ( ui ) dri , ( ui ) pai, na , and ui lja are in fact polar question tags, while a and ayau are non-interrogative interjection particles. There are thus no morphosyntactically formed polar questions in Paiwan. Crucially, questions formed with the sentence-initial tuki and its variants aki, ki , and tui are disjunctive questions, not polar questions. We argue that manu , previously seen as a disjunctive interrogative conjunction, is actually an emphatic adverbial instead, meaning ‘in the end,’ which can thus appear in all types of questions and declaratives. Disjunctive questions, in either A- or -B or A- not -A form, can also be formed with a silent disjunctive interrogative conjunction. Finally, we demonstrate that disjunctive and wh -questions share fundamental properties and should be recognized as two subcategories of constituent questions, as opposed to polar questions. A two-way distinction is thus obtained for questions in Paiwan.
