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Map of the main stone-fruit-growing provinces (Adana, Hatay and I~el) of the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey where the plant samples were collected.
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During the late summer-early autumn of 2002, surveys were carried out in Turkey to determine the presence of phytoplasma diseases
in fruit trees. Phytoplasmas were detected and characterized by PCR-RFLP analysis and TEM technique in stone fruit and pear
trees in the eastern Mediterranean region of the country. Six out of 24 samples, including almon...
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Citations
... Zamharir (2011) reported that the AlmWB agent was one of the most devastating diseases affecting almond trees and may pose a serious threat to almond producing countries. Sertkaya et al. (2005) observed the symptoms in the form of redness and leaf curl in leaves of almond trees in Turkey and they associated these symptoms with Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum. Recently, Çaglar et al. (2018) reported Bermuda grass white leaf phytoplasma in almond trees exhibiting yellowing, reddening, witches' broom and stunting in almond production areas in Türkiye and the symptoms were associated with Ca. ...
... Phytoplasma infections in almond trees were previously reported with Ca. P. prunorum belonged to 16SrX (Sertkaya et al., 2005) and ...
Increasing incidences of phytoplasma infestations in Almond trees warrants the better management approach to prevent yield losses. Disease management rely on identification of the pathogen based on molecular profiling. The present study aimed, to identify the phytoplasma agent in almond trees and to measure the biochemical responses it causes in the host. Direct and Nested PCRs performed using phytoplasma specific primer pairs 16S rRNA, detected the presence of phytoplasma agent in symptomatic trees but not in symptomless trees. Phylogeny based on the sequence analysis revealed that the infecting agent was closely related to ‘ Candidatus Phytoplasma phoenicium ’ (16SrIX‐B subgroup). Then the study was carried out to determine the responses of physiological and biochemical mechanisms in almond trees infected with phytoplasma. Total chlorophyll and protein contents of infected almond trees were lower compared to healthy control, on the other hand, the levels of catalase and peroxidase activity increased in infected trees. Higher levels of stress‐related metabolites such as proline (20.53–39.23 μmol/g), phenol (3.00–4.44 mg GAE/g), salicylic (94.96–138.22 ng SA/mg protein) and jasmonic acid (965.86–1465.10 ng JA/mg protein) were observed in infected trees compared to asymptomatic trees, respectively in healthy and infected trees. The results showed that the Ca. P. phoenicium , which was detected for the first time in Türkiye, was able to change the physiological and biochemical mechanisms. The pathogenic agent could possess a potential danger in almond production areas. It is crucially important that this agent should be considered in certification programs.
... P. prunorum' [22]. This pathogen is considered to be the most destructive to apricot trees [54,59,[74][75][76][77][78]. ESFY has been found to cause high mortality rates in apricot trees, with a study performed in France showing an average annual mortality rate of 5% in infected plants [79]. ...
... The ESFY phytoplasma in the Mediterranean region is associated with yellows and decline diseases [75,[84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91]. Peach species, along with apricot and plum, are highly susceptible to ESFY [92]. ...
Trees, often referred to as the "lungs of the Earth," hold immense significance for both the natural world and human society. Their contributions span a multitude of ecological, environmental, economic, and social domains, making them essential components of a healthy and thriving planet. Phytoplasma association not only compromise tree aesthetics but also reduce photosynthetic capacity and overall vigour. Phytoplasma diseases also lead to increased tree mortality, altering ecosystem dynamics.This review article provides an in-depth exploration of phytoplasma diseases affecting trees worldwide, encompassing their epidemiology, symptomatology, impact and management strategies.
... Recently, it was also identified in pear and apricot (Canik Orel et al., 2019). Pear decline has been found as one of the most important phytoplasma diseases on pear trees especially on local cultivar Deveci trees (Sertkaya et al., 2005;Ulubaş Serçe et al., 2006). 'Ca. ...
... This chapter provides latest updates on occurrence, symptomatology, identification, transmission, and genetic diversity of phytoplasma diseases on economically important fruit crop plants in Asian countries. Sertkaya et al. (2005) Ulubaş Serçe et al. (2006Serçe et al. ( , 2014 Vietnam Hoat et al., (2015Hoat et al., ( , 2016 15 ...
... Later on, 'Ca. P. prunorum' (16SrX-B group) was detected in apricot trees (Sertkaya et al., 2005). Stone fruit trees showing early bud breaking, yellowing, leaf rolling, and decline symptoms were associated with 'Ca. ...
... 'Ca. P. pyri' was first reported in one of the 2 pear samples collected from the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey in 2005 (Sertkaya et al., 2005). In the following years, 'Ca. ...
In this study, efficient transmission ways of ‘Ca. P. pyri’ which causes Pear Decline (PD) disease and response of different rootstock-scion combinations to this pathogen were evaluated. For graft transmission trials, fifty BA29 clonal rootstocks were grafted with buds taken from a ‘Ca. P. pyri’ infected pear tree, cv. Deveci, and the transmission rate was found to be 8% according to PCR/RFLP analyses. Growth retardation was detected in some grafted plants but the specific reddening symptoms for PD were not observed during the 2 years of observation. Cacopsylla pyri L., playing important role for the transmission of pear decline phytoplasma in open field, was used for experimental transmission trials. It has been shown that it can acquire phytoplasma (in 1 day) and transmit it (in 2 weeks to healthy pear saplings). Therefore it was revealed that C. pyri plays an important role in pear decline epidemiology. When the response of several rootstock-scion combinations to ‘Ca. P. pyri’was evaluated over two vegetative periods by visual monitoring of symptom development and by PCR analyses, two Santa Maria and one Williams plants grafted on OHF333 and one Deveci plant grafted on P. communis were found infected by ‘Ca. P. pyri’, but no infection was detected in a local cv. Ankara grafted on any rootstocks. Among the commercial cultivars, our local cv. Deveci was found the most sensitive and cv. Ankara was the most tolerant. The use of healthy plant materials, as well as the appropriate control of the vector will play an important role in disease control.
... Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been utilized to characterize the morphology of phytoplasmas in plant host phloem tissue [33,34]. They appear in the sieve elements (SEs) of phloem tissue as spherical to oval or polymorphic cells with a diameter of 200-800 nm [35,36]. ...
Phytoplasmas are economically important plant pathogenic bacterial diseases, causing severe yield losses worldwide. In this study, we tested nanoformulations such as glycyrrhizic acid ammonium salt (GAS), salicylic acid (SA), and boric acid (BA) as novel antimicrobial agents inducing the resistance against the phytoplasma disease in faba bean. The nanoparticles (NP) were foliar-applied to naturally phytoplasma-infected faba bean with three concentrations from each of SA, GAS, and BA, under field conditions. Nested PCR (using universal primer pairs P1/P7 and R16F2n/R16R2) were reacted positively with all symptomatic samples and gave a product size of approximately 1200 bp, while the healthy plant gave no results. Transmission electron microscopy examinations of phytoplasma-infected faba bean plants treated with different nanoparticles revealed that severe damage occurred in phytoplasma particle’s structure, degradation, malformation, lysis in the cell membrane, and the cytoplasmic leakage followed by complete lysis of phytoplasma cells. Exogenous application of GAS-NP (1.68 µM), SA-NP (0.28 µM), and BA-NP (0.124 µM) suppressed the infection percentage of phytoplasma by 75%, 50%, and 20%, and the disease severity by 84%, 64%, and 54%, respectively. Foliar application of nanoparticles improved Fv/Fm (maximum quantum efficiency of PSII Photochemistry), PI (the performance index), SPAD chlorophyll (the relative chlorophyll content), shoots height, and leaves number, thus inducing recovery of the plant biomass and green pods yield. The most effective treatment was GAS-NP at 1.68 µM that mediated substantial increases in the shoots’ fresh weight, shoots’ dry weight, number of pods per plant, and green pods yield by 230%, 244%, 202% and 178%, respectively, compared to those of infected plants not sprayed with nanoparticles. This study demonstrated the utility of using nanoparticles, particularly GAS-NP at 1.68 µM to suppress the phytoplasma infection.
... P. pyri' strain involved or due to high-level of susceptibility of infected host. This phytoplasma was first reported on pears in Turkey from Adana and Hatay (Sertkaya et al., 2005), and subsequently from Bursa (Serçe et al., 2006;Gazel et al., 2007) and Isparta and Ankara (Orel et al., 2019) provinces. Severe and indistinguishable symptoms of phytoplasmas were observed in tomato plants including big bud, leaf rolling, stunting, purple leaf, flower sterility and malformation. ...
The phytoplasma associated diseases are an emerging threat to fruit and vegetable crops leading severe yield losses worldwide. Pear (Pyrus communis L.) trees, with symptoms of severe reddening, dwarfing and shoot proliferation were observed in pear orchards of Malatya province of Turkey. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants grown nearby the symptomatic pear orchard displaying leaf rolling, severe flower sterility and purple leaves were observed at the same agroecosystem. To verify the presence and diversity of phytoplasmas, symptomatic pears and tomatoes were sampled and weeds nearby the symptomatic plants were collected. Total plant DNA was purified from midrib of collected leaves using a commercial kit. The DNA samples were analyzed by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using universal primer pairs to amplify 16S rDNA fragments. The phytoplasmas detected in collected samples were differed according to the host. Here we detected and characterized ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ belonging to apple proliferation group (subgroup 16SrX-C) from a pear tree, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii’ belonging to clover proliferation group (subgroup 16SrVI-A) from a weed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ belonging to the stolbur phytoplasma group (subgroup 16SrXII-A) from a tomato plant. Direct sequencing of PCR products verified the phytoplasmal nature of the infections. The occurrence of ‘Ca. P. trifolii’ on A. retroflexus is the first report for the world. The irregular presence of the phytoplasmas in fruit and vegetable crops and weeds indicates continuous spread of the phytoplasmas threatening the new crops and new horizons.
... 'Ca. P. prunorum' (Sertkaya et al. 2005), apple proliferation (Canik and Ertunç 2007) and pear decline (Sertkaya et al. 2005, Ulubaş Serçe et al. 2006) were reported in Turkey in stone fruits, apple and pear, respectively. The purposes of this study are to verify and differentiate the phytoplasmas present in economically important apple, pear and apricot cultivars using 16S rRNA gene for their identification and molecular comparison (Lee et al. 1998, Zhao et al. 2009). ...
... 'Ca. P. prunorum' (Sertkaya et al. 2005), apple proliferation (Canik and Ertunç 2007) and pear decline (Sertkaya et al. 2005, Ulubaş Serçe et al. 2006) were reported in Turkey in stone fruits, apple and pear, respectively. The purposes of this study are to verify and differentiate the phytoplasmas present in economically important apple, pear and apricot cultivars using 16S rRNA gene for their identification and molecular comparison (Lee et al. 1998, Zhao et al. 2009). ...
Apple, pear and apricot trees showing phytoplasma associated symptoms from Ankara and Isparta provinces were sampled and investigated to verify the presence of phytoplasma-associated diseases. Totally 31 samples were tested with phytoplasma universal and group specific primers and the PCR products were restricted using Tru1I, RsaI and SspI endonucleases. Different RFLP profiles were obtained and selected samples were directly sequenced. The apple samples were found infected with 16SrX-A (‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’), while the majority of the pear samples were infected with 16SrX-A and 16SrX-C subgroup phytoplasmas in mixed infection. The 16SrX-B (‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’), 16SrX-C (‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’) and mixed infection of 16SrX-A/16SrX-C and 16SrX-C/16SrI (aster yellows) were detected in the apricot samples. In this study the 16SrI phytoplasmas in apricot and the mixed phytoplasma infections in pear and apricot trees were detected in Turkey for the first time.
... The phytoplasma associated with the disease named apricot chlorotic leaf roll belongs to the 16SrX-B subgroup, also known as European stone fruit yellows (ESFY) or 'Ca. P. prunorum' (Seemüller and Schneider 2004), and is considered the most destructive pathogen of apricot (Lederer and Seemüller 1992;Navrátil et al. 1998Navrátil et al. , 2001aJarausch et al. 2001;Torres et al. 2004;Sertkaya et al. 2005;Ambrožič Turk et al. 2008;Cieślińska and Morgaś 2011;Ludvíková et al. 2011;Mehle et al. 2011;Tarcali 2013;Žežlina et al. 2016). ESFY is associated with high mortality of apricot trees (Morvan 1977); a study carried out in France has shown that the average annual mortality of infected plants is 5% (Gentit et al. 1998). ...
... The ESFY phytoplasma in Mediterranean is associated with yellows and decline diseases (Lorenz et al. 1994;Delic et al. 2005;Sertkaya et al. 2005;Ambrožič Turk et al. 2008;Cieślińska and Morgaś 2011;Ludvíková et al. 2011;Mehle et al. 2011;Tarcali 2013;Etropolska et al. 2015;Žežlina et al. 2016;Etropolska and Lefort 2017). Peach species, along with those of apricot and plum, are the most susceptible to ESFY (Kison and Seemüller 2001;Ermacora et al. 2010). ...
The present chapter focuses on phytoplasmas and phytoplasma diseases affecting stone, pome, and small fruit worldwide. An outlook is also provided on other fruit tree species growing mainly in tropical and subtropical areas that are oftern infected by phytoplasma diseases usually associated with crop losses or loss of fruit quality and marketability.
... Phytoplasma associated symptoms have been observed in many cultivated fruit, vegetable, ornamental and field crops in Turkey (Alp et al. 2016;Başpınar et al. 1993;. Çağlar et al. 2010;Çağlar and Elbeaoino 2013;Özdemir et al. 2009;Özdemir and Saygılı 2012;Sertkaya et al. 2004;Sertkaya et al. 2005;Sertkaya et al. 2007;Sertkaya et al. 2008;Ulubaş Serçe et al. 2006;Gazel et al. 2016). Field cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) has been considered one of the most economically important vegetable crops in Turkey. ...
