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Map of the US–Mexico border region (cities and towns in black are those included in the study)
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Mexico ranks as one of the most violent countries in the world for journalists, and especially for those who work on the country's periphery such as its northern border. Given the dire situation for Mexican reporters covering the northern part of the country, and the continued responsibility of U.S. journalists to report on the area just south of t...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... study is based on an analysis of 41 interviews gathered in fall 2011 in 18 cities with news media outlets along the US-Mexico border. We present findings for the region from San Diego, California, United States/Tijuana, Baja California Norte, Mexico to Brownsville, Texas, United States/Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico (see Figure 1). ...
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Citations
... The digitalization of journalism and other forms of communication has facilitated the creation of new spaces for public conversation and deliberation between private citizens, the media, and political actors such as government authorities, party leaders, and members of congress (Trejo 2011;González de Bustamante and Relly 2014;Frankenberg 2015). In addition, Web 2.0 technologies have made it possible to boost networks of active citizens who interact in an online public sphere, making suggestions and discussing relevant issues (Jenkins et al. 2009;Curran and Witschge 2010). ...
... This situation involves a whole new set of skills that require constant training to keep up. In short, thanks to information technologies, the journalistic practice has become more complex and elaborate than it used to be (Hess 1982;González de Bustamante and Relly 2014;McLaughlin 2016;Hernández and Rivera 2018;Islas, Gutiérrez, and Arribas 2018;Weaver, Willnat, and Wilhoit 2019). ...
... At the same time, there are signs that social media can provide some protection. For instance, there is an increasing trend towards the strengthening of journalists groups who look after each other to prevent aggressions, share information, and foster collective action (Salazar 2013;González de Bustamante and Relly 2014;. In a context of generalized violence, Facebook and Twitter have been used by citizens to share information about ongoing emergency situations. ...
Violence against Mexican journalists has received significant attention from scholars at home and abroad during the last decade. However, though a diversity of issues have been consistently studied, there is one topic that is still largely neglected: the implications of technology for news workers’ security and their journalistic practice. Drawing on a set of semi-structured interviews with 93 journalists working in 23 of the most dangerous Mexican subnational entities, the aim of this article is to fill that gap. Empirical evidence from all over the country points to a nearly unanimous perception of digital technologies as being a “double-edged knife.” This is because electronic devices and social media may be used as a tool for developing better reporting practices, but also as a weapon against journalists, through – for instance – online harassment or espionage.
... De acuerdo con lo anterior, el objetivo de analizar elementos discursivos en la acción colectiva de un grupo de periodistas en México requería un método que permitiera indagar cuáles son las estrategias discursivas y su relación con la ideología, la resistencia y el poder. A partir del análisis teórico y del estado de la cuestión sobre colectivos de periodistas y sus prácticas (Relly y González, 2014a;2014b;De León, 2015), se llegó a la conclusión de que el método no debía limitarse a enumerar las prácticas discursivas y describir los elementos que las conforman, sino además, a reflexionar sobre ellas para comprender sus sentidos. ...
Dada la dificultad para estudiar colectivos de periodistas, este artículo abona a la discusión sobre formas de aproximarse a ellos. Mediante el análisis del discurso de un conjunto de pronunciamientos de una red de periodistas, se identifican sus estrategias discursivas como acción colectiva. Así, se considera que esta metodología resulta pertinente y novedosa para comprender colectivos similares.
... De acuerdo con lo anterior, el objetivo de analizar elementos discursivos en la acción colectiva de un grupo de periodistas en México requería un método que permitiera indagar cuáles son las estrategias discursivas y su relación con la ideología, la resistencia y el poder. A partir del análisis teórico y del estado de la cuestión sobre colectivos de periodistas y sus prácticas (Relly y González, 2014a;2014b;De León, 2015), se llegó a la conclusión de que el método no debía limitarse a enumerar las prácticas discursivas y describir los elementos que las conforman, sino además, a reflexionar sobre ellas para comprender sus sentidos. ...
... In the midst of the violence, coverage of organized crime has diminished among members of traditional media, who have made self-censorship a new norm in parts of northern Mexico (Arana and Guazo 2011;Relly and González de Bustamante 2014). The vacuum of information in mainstream media has created the need for citizens to inform themselves through social media and social networks (Cave 2011;Correa-Cabrera and Nava 2013;González de Bustamante and Relly 2014a). The situation has been exacerbated by an increase of an old form of 'soft-censorship', via a barrage of government advertising and promotional information, which often is not distinguished from a given media outlet's original news reporting (Benavides 2000;Relly and González de Bustamante 2014;World Association of Newspapers 2014). ...
In Latin America in the twenty-first century, journalists face daily professional and societal constraints and pressures when attempting to fulfill their role to inform the public. Concerns include a lack of press freedom, robust and growing social movements critical of the news media, and personal security on and offline. In this article, the authors examine the conceptual frameworks that can be used to understand journalism practice, and the lack of freedom of expression in Latin America. The authors use Mexico, one of the most dangerous places for journalists to work in the region, as a case study. Specifically, the authors examine and discuss the strengths and limitations of six conceptual frameworks: Hierarchy of Influences; Propaganda and Information Scarcity; Collective Action; Scale-shifting; Professional Reflexivity; and Collective Professional Autonomy.
... Parte de esas estrategias ha sido la generación de redes o grupos que actúan de forma real o virtual (vgr. Relly & González, 2014, 2014a, mediante realización de talleres de capacitación y actualización, denuncias públicas de agresiones contra sus colegas y protestas entre otras cosas. ...
Los periodistas son una comunidad profesional vulnerable a la violencia en México. La falta de garantías, tanto físicas como jurídicas, ocasiona que sean objeto de de agresiones cuyo motivo principal es la censura. Los ataques sufridos por los periodistas van desde las amenazas hasta el homicidio. Los agresores son diversos: el Estado a través de sus agentes, la delincuencia, los partidos políticos, sujetos particulares, entre otros. De acuerdo con la organización internacional Artículo 19 (2013), del 2009 al 2012 hubo 772 ataques contra informadores, entre ellos 35 asesinatos, y las estadísticas ofrecidas por diversos diagnósticos confirman el aumento constante de la violencia en contra de los periodistas a partir del año 2000. Esta violencia tiene una geografía que se distribuye en los estados del norte del país, el Golfo de México y el sur. Nuestro estudio indaga sobre el significado de la violencia para los periodistas y su articulación en las acciones que desarrollan diferentes redes de colectivos que han surgido con la motivación de enfrentarla, de cara a la estructura sociopolítica que parece favorecer su vulnerabilidad antes que su protección. El enfoque de análisis sociocultural se plantea aquí como el estudio de sujetos, los periodistas, que actúan dentro de sistemas complejos; la interacción entre agencia y estructura. La aproximación es interpretativa, con una estrategia metodológica cualitativa. La discusión final apunta a las condiciones de la transición democrática en México, concepto que enfatiza la fragilidad de los procesos políticos y las instituciones que, a pesar de ciertos avances procedimentales, no permiten que la democracia sustantiva se instale plenamente, y que en este caso se refiere a condiciones en las que los derechos a la expresión y a la información quedan disminuidos por las agresiones y su falta de castigo.
... The recent formation of organizations such as la Red de Periodistas de Juárez allows scholars to examine questions about professionalism in conflict regions, where according to reports and academic studies, journalists have been silenced (Arana and Guazo 2011;Correa-Cabrera and Nava 2013;González de Bustamante and Relly 2014a;Relly and González de Bustamante 2014). The authors argue that the existence of and the strategies employed by these organizations also provide evidence of professional reflexivity and the potential for collective professional autonomy, two concepts that are central to this study. ...
... Using data gathered from in-depth interviews with journalists working in northern Mexico, the authors examine the relationship between a heightened level of violence and professionalism with a goal of explaining the complexities and contradictions of professional perceptions and identity in this region. The northern states of Mexico also are particularly salient, given the transnational environment in which journalists work, and that the United States-Mexico border region can be thought of as both contiguous, yet distinct, depending on which part of the border is being examined (Correa-Cabrera and Staudt 2014; González de Bustamante and Relly 2014a). ...
... This situation presents an additional challenge for journalists who attempt to confirm the veracity and accuracy of information coming across such informational feeds such as Twitter and Facebook. Yet, these circumstances have generated opportunities for "collective action" via social media, as journalists and citizens on both sides of the border circumvent organized groups, and in some cases, the state, in their quests to seek and disseminate information (González de Bustamante and Relly 2014a). ...
Mexico is one of the most dangerous places in the world for journalists, as more than 100 journalists have been murdered between 2000 and 2014, with almost half of those killed in the country's northern states. Through an analysis of in-depth interviews with journalists in northern Mexico, this qualitative study examines the relationship between an environment of violence and journalists' perceptions about professionalism. Utilizing the concepts of professional reflexivity and collective professional autonomy, the authors analyze and discuss the complexities and contradictions of professional identity among journalists during a time of unprecedented violence.
... The recent formation of organizations such as la Red de Periodistas de Juárez allows scholars to examine questions about professionalism in conflict regions, where according to reports and academic studies, journalists have been silenced (Arana and Guazo 2011;Correa-Cabrera and Nava 2013;González de Bustamante and Relly 2014a;Relly and González de Bustamante 2014). The authors argue that the existence of and the strategies employed by these organizations also provide evidence of professional reflexivity and the potential for collective professional autonomy, two concepts that are central to this study. ...
... Using data gathered from in-depth interviews with journalists working in northern Mexico, the authors examine the relationship between a heightened level of violence and professionalism with a goal of explaining the complexities and contradictions of professional perceptions and identity in this region. The northern states of Mexico also are particularly salient, given the transnational environment in which journalists work, and that the United States-Mexico border region can be thought of as both contiguous, yet distinct, depending on which part of the border is being examined (Correa-Cabrera and Staudt 2014; González de Bustamante and Relly 2014a). ...
... This situation presents an additional challenge for journalists who attempt to confirm the veracity and accuracy of information coming across such informational feeds such as Twitter and Facebook. Yet, these circumstances have generated opportunities for "collective action" via social media, as journalists and citizens on both sides of the border circumvent organized groups, and in some cases, the state, in their quests to seek and disseminate information (González de Bustamante and Relly 2014a). ...
... The recent formation of organizations such as la Red de Periodistas de Juárez allows scholars to examine questions about professionalism in conflict regions, where according to reports and academic studies, journalists have been silenced (Arana and Guazo 2011;Correa-Cabrera and Nava 2013;González de Bustamante and Relly 2014a;Relly and González de Bustamante 2014). The authors argue that the existence of and the strategies employed by these organizations also provide evidence of professional reflexivity and the potential for collective professional autonomy, two concepts that are central to this study. ...
... Using data gathered from in-depth interviews with journalists working in northern Mexico, the authors examine the relationship between a heightened level of violence and professionalism with a goal of explaining the complexities and contradictions of professional perceptions and identity in this region. The northern states of Mexico also are particularly salient, given the transnational environment in which journalists work, and that the United States-Mexico border region can be thought of as both contiguous, yet distinct, depending on which part of the border is being examined (Correa-Cabrera and Staudt 2014; González de Bustamante and Relly 2014a). ...
... This situation presents an additional challenge for journalists who attempt to confirm the veracity and accuracy of information coming across such informational feeds such as Twitter and Facebook. Yet, these circumstances have generated opportunities for "collective action" via social media, as journalists and citizens on both sides of the border circumvent organized groups, and in some cases, the state, in their quests to seek and disseminate information (González de Bustamante and Relly 2014a). ...
There are almost 195 nations in the world and nearly as many different systems of culture and law, making it difficult to generalize about protections for freedom of expression, including freedom to engage in journalism. However, a rough consensus emerges from a review of international and regional agreements that the freedom to gather and impart information is respected as a human right globally, at least on paper. There is wide agreement about what limitations on free expression are necessary in a democratic society. Significant differences remain in such areas as defamation law, the protection of confidential news sources, and the right of access to information. Collaborative efforts by journalists in different countries can help them navigate variations in law, but collaborations create other legal complications.
This chapter outlines how we can describe and structure the current situation of individual and organizational actors in cross-border journalism. After defining several key terms, this chapter traces research into individuals, organizations, and structures involved in cross-border journalism as well as scholarship on the vocational components of such journalism, including work routines. The chapter concludes with a look toward future developments of cross-border journalism’s actors and directions for research on those developments.
