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2 Map of the Netherlands, Haarlem and Breda; locations of rain gauges in Haarlem, H1 (Leiduin) and H2 (Schiphol) and in Breda, P1 (Prinsenbeek). Source: Google maps, 2009
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Urban flood risk analyses suffer from a lack of quantitative historical data on flooding incidents. Data collection takes place on an ad hoc basis and is usually restricted to severe events. The resulting data deficiency renders quantitative assessment of urban flood risks uncertain. The study reported in this thesis reviews existing approaches to...
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Urban flooding has become a very important and growing issue around the world. In order to maintain an acceptable performance of urban drainage systems, early rehabilitation plans must be developed and implemented. The allocation of funds to support rehabilitation works should be in a certain sense "optimal" in providing value for money. However, t...
Resumo – A drenagem urbana, especialmente nos grandes centros, tem sido efetuada de forma insustentável com aumento do volume de escoamento superficial e contaminação devido a impermeabilização, canalização e resíduos sólidos. Estas condições são uma ameaça considerável ao homem e ao ecossistema do corpo receptor. O Desenvolvimento urbano de baixo...
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The urban drainage network is among the main pollution transport load factors. Researches on the identification of solid waste transported in the drainage network have been considered the allow evaluation of its impact. In this paper we analyze the main characteristics that influences the presence of solid wastes in the drainage network of the Rio...
Study region
City of Florence, central Italy
Study focus
Aiming at defining a nature-based strategy to mitigate pluvial flood risk, a two-tiered methodology is proposed. Firstly, the areas prone to pluvial flood are identified by a spatial multi-criteria analysis that combines five criteria (imperviousness, slope, hydrologic soil groups, density o...
Citations
... structural failure. Researchers have worked on the causes of failure of the drainage system in functional and structural modes(Kellagher et al. 2009;Maksimović et al. 2009;Ten Veldhuis 2010;Mugume 2015;Mugume et al. 2015b;Bisht et al. 2016;Mohammadiun et al. 2020). ...
This study presents a resilience-based evaluation of an urban drainage system (UDS) under the impact of functional and structural failure modes. Resilience based analysis is carried out using SWMM for a part of Gurugram City of Haryana, India. For simulating the drainage system response, half-hourly rainfall data available from GPM-IMERG was utilized to estimate the design storm of suitable duration. Sensitivity analysis is carried out to overcome the problem of lack of in-depth data to perform model calibration and validation. Besides, a comparison of three different estimation approaches of subcatchment width, an important SWMM parameter, is also presented. Different rainfall and urban growth scenarios were considered to analyse the drainage system's functional and structural resilience. For the studied UDS, a total of 22 vulnerable nodes were identified through the structural resilience approach, and the functional resilience approach revealed that urbanization has more pronounced effects on UDS than climate change.
... Good drainage pattern can play the pivotal role to reduce water logging problems and also ensure appropriate sanitation facilities for city dwellers (Datta et al. 2017;Ullah et al. 2013). On the contrary, unplanned urban development reduces the efficiency of urban drainage systems by increasing the risk of urban flooding and water logging (Pervin et al. 2019;Clemens and Veldhuis 2010). In the past, there were numerous lowlands and canals for draining storm and rain water in Dhaka city efficiently (JICA 1991). ...
Dhaka city, the capital of Bangladesh is one of the densely populated Mega Cities in South Asian region. The city consists of two city corporations: Dhaka South City Corporation (DSCC) and Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC), and is facing water logging every year during monsoon. The main objective of the study is to determine the causes and consequences of water logging in Dhaka City. Twenty seven vulnerable areas in the city have been identified through field visits, and reports from the national daily newspaper. To understand the reasons and consequences of water logging, intensive questionnaire survey among the respondents is conducted in 2019. Three hundred respondents have been interviewed from seven areas of the city. The findings of the research indicate that water logging is generated by both natural and man-made causes. Water logging also creates adverse social, economic, environmental, and health impact on the city dwellers. To mitigate the water logging problem, widening the drainage system, regular cleaning of the drains, and awareness of the inhabitants are urgently required to achieve the goal of a livable city.
... Development does notcause flooding but can make it worse [3]. In cities and suburbs, pavement and rooftops prevent some rainfall from beingabsorbed by the soil [4]. Thus can increase the amount of runoff flowing into low lying areas or storm drain system. ...
Determining Health effects Associated with Areas Inundated with Flooding in Owerri Urban Nigeria is associated with field work monitoring and observation. This study is designed to make use of information acquired from the questions asked to the residents living within 500 metres around the two main flood sites of Dick Tiger and Bishop Unegbu Streets in Owerri Municipal. Up to 50 residents each from the two flood sites were asked if they have illnesses such as malaria, typhoid fever, common cold etc regularly. The geocoding were residents where when they became sick that is their houses, business areas and other outfits were picked, and coordinate point of the flood sites were also picked. A georeferenced cadastral map of Owerri was acquired and overlay both the coordinate points of the residents and flood site. The ArcGIS tool known as Kernel Density was used to run the model. The Kernel Density tool calculates the density of features in a neighbourhood around those features. At Bishop Unegbu street, of the 50 residents asked about having those health challenges linked to flood inundation, 28 cases of the residents were found 100sqm around the flood site. At 200sqm around the flood site, the model identified 17 cases who complained of having these floods linked diseases often. The Dick Tiger street flood indicates that out of the 50 cases, 22 cases were found 100sqm around the flood site. At 200sqm around the flood, it has 7 cases and other 21 cases are found to thin out to 300sqm showing more than 80% of the cases are located 300sqm around the flood site. The analysis of the model shows that the illnesses could have link to inundated floods and the model can be a valuable tool that will guide city planners to avoid areas that are liable to flooding being used as residential or commercial purposes and for minimising secondary health effects from inundated flood water.
... In recent years, studies on urban drainage systems (UDS) across different countries have focussed on enhancing its resilience against urban floods. The resilience of UDS suffers from threats that can be broadly classified into functional and structural failures (Butler et al., 2014;Casal-Campos et al., 2018;Mugume, 2015;Ten Veldhuis, 2010). The functional failures are the ones caused by external factors, i.e., highly impervious surfaces or extreme rainfall events. ...
The increasing frequency of urban floods worldwide due to rapid urbanization, frequent climatic extremes, or poor drainage conditions necessitates evaluating the performance of the urban drainage systems (UDS) and enhancing their resilience. In this study, a comprehensive assessment of the UDS of Gurugram City, India, through the concepts of sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) is presented. A stormwater management model (SWMM) was set up to model the existing UDS response to a design storm of a 5-year return period. The increase in percentage imperviousness (due to urbanization) and rainfall intensity (due to climate change) are considered the governing factors for functional failures. The results revealed climate change to be a more severe threat to UDS than urbanization, while their combinations can further worsen the repercussions. The structural failure was modelled using the single link-failure scenarios, where 3 and 12 conduits possessed low resilience and no resilience (severe), respectively. The role of SuDS in enhancing the resilience of UDS was assessed by simulating all these functional and structural failure scenarios for three SuDS-implemented conditions, i.e., only infiltration trenches (SuDSIT), only retention ponds (SuDSRP), and both of them together (SuDSIT+RP). The SuDS abated the flood magnitudes, delayed the time to peak flow, and stored an additional volume of water within the catchment, thereby justifying their efficacy to mitigate the pluvial flood and enhance the resilience of UDS. The findings of this study encourage implementing SuDS over the developing countries to bring down the frequency of urban floods.
... This is also regarded as component failures, which include equipment malfunction, bed load sediment deposition, sewer blockage, pipe damages, etc. (Ana and Bauwens 2010;Butler et al., 2014;Mugume 2015;Mugume et al., 2015aMugume et al., , 2015b. All these can combinedly or individually lead to severely hamper the functioning of the system during the urban flooding (Mugume et al., 2015b;Ten Veldhuis 2010). The primary causes of structural failures include poor quality of bedding or materials used in sewer construction, surface loading, improper maintenance, pipe age, groundwater level, etc. (Davies et al., 2001). ...
... Typically, functional failure of UDS is caused by the occurrence of high intensity (>20-25 mm/h) rainfall over very short durations (<3 h) (Mugume 2015;Mugume and Butler 2017). This generally leads to the generation of a surface runoff volume beyond the inlet capacity or exceedance of the minor system's flow conveyance capacity (Houston et al., 2011;Mugume and Butler 2017;Ten Veldhuis 2010). Such scenarios may also arise if relatively lower intensity (~10 mm/h) rainfall continues for longer durations, especially where the surface cover is highly impermeable (Mugume 2015;Mugume and Butler 2017). ...
The increasing number of pluvial floods due to extreme climatic events or poor maintenance of the drainage networks urge for assessing the performance of the urban drainage system (UDS). This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of the UDS of Gurugram City, India. While the limited availability of sub-hourly precipitation and finer resolution geospatial data pose major challenges in the detailed analyses through Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), it was circumvented by utilizing the high-resolution remotely sensed datasets viz., IMERG (half-hourly precipitation data from 2000 to 2019), ALOS PALSAR (Digital Elevation Model) and Sentinel-2 (land use/land cover). Functional failure scenarios (i.e., the combinations of climate change and urbanization) were simulated to assess the impacts on the resilience of the UDS. The modelling results showed that individually, climate change would impose a more serious threat than urbanization, whereas their combinations would significantly hamper the resilience of the UDS. The structural failure (only single link-failure) scenarios were analyzed, and 11 out of 25 conduits were identified to be non-resilient. The study highlights the importance of the readily available remote sensing datasets, which fill the gap of non-availability of ground-based datasets at desirable resolutions, especially in developing countries.
... In urban pluvial flooding, this is problematic, as the system is often the source of the hazard itself, e.g. blockage in gullies and inlets, or surcharging manhole (Dawson et al. 2008;Ten Veldhuis 2010;Walsh et al. 2012). It is also impossible to explore intervention scenarios for the drainage system itself, as it is not explicitly represented in the models. ...
Flooding is an important global hazard that causes an average annual loss of over 40 billion USD and affects a population of over 250 million globally. The complex process of flooding depends on spatial and temporal factors such as weather patterns, topography, and geomorphology. In urban environments where the landscape is ever-changing, spatial factors such as ground cover, green spaces, and drainage systems have a significant impact. Understanding source areas that have a major impact on flooding is, therefore, crucial for strategic flood risk management (FRM). Although flood source area (FSA) identification is not a new concept, its application is only recently being applied in flood modelling research. Continuous improvements in the technology and methodology related to flood models have enabled this research to move beyond traditional methods, such that, in recent years, modelling projects have looked beyond affected areas and recognised the need to address flooding at its source, to study its influence on overall flood risk. These modelling approaches are emerging in the field of FRM and propose innovative methodologies for flood risk mitigation and design implementation; however, they are relatively under-examined. In this paper, we present a review of the modelling approaches currently used to identify FSAs, i.e. unit flood response (UFR) and adaptation-driven approaches (ADA). We highlight their potential for use in adaptive decision making and outline the key challenges for the adoption of such approaches in FRM practises.
... order of 1/10 years (TenVeldhuis, 2010) . Costs are depending on the quantity of pollution and the diameter of the pipe(RIONED, 2007): OGC = OPEX Gravity Sewer [€/m], Basiccleansing = € 1400 (basic price for cleansing per day), diameter = 200 mm, 300 mm or 400 mm. ...
... It is only a problem when it significantly impacts human endeavours or irrecoverably damages environmental systems. In many countries, human sensitivities are not to want to see water in places even where this causes minor inconvenience, such as large puddles on streets [33]. Similarly, water supplies are only rarely threatened, and public inconvenience is limited to occasional restrictions on use, which is often perceived to be unacceptable; i.e. society wishes for a risk-free environment when it comes to water systems. ...
... Human perspectives on BGI, 'drainage' and what constitutes 'flooding' need to be better informed if future flood risk management is to be achievable and affordable. CIRIA's 'design for exceedance' initiatives set out the need to occasionally accept water on surfaces not normally covered' [50]; i.e. there needs to be a better understanding by people of the need to live with what they perceive to be flooding [33]. Public information stating that a significant storm event represented 'one month's rainfall' is unhelpful, given that climate change makes past rainfall statistics no longer representative. ...
The paper argues that the concept and practice of sustainability have proved too difficult to achieve within traditional water management, and there is a lack of political will to move towards truly sustainable water services. Instead, compromised concepts, including resistance, resilience, ecosystem services, natural capital and adaptation are defining approaches; each of which may contribute partially to sustainability. Pressures due to the changing climate, ecological degradation, human demands, urbanization and deteriorating assets are challenging sustainability and compelling changes to water management. Water is now seen less as a problem to be managed than as an opportunity, as wherever situated, water brings many opportunities to contribute to anthropogenic needs. New ideas are helping to frame the way in which water management is being approached: (i) waste is no longer waste, but a potential resource within a circular economy; (ii) the interconnectedness of infrastructure systems and services and circularity of the water cycle mean there is a need to integrate approaches; (iii) nature-based systems should be preferenced for water infrastructure. These issues and ideas are considered here, together with examples of schemes showing that managing flooding can lead to wider benefits, and potential longer-term sustainability.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Urban flood resilience’.
... For the purposes of this paper, there are two consequences of urban development in South Asia: (i) it augments run-off and hence increases the risk of the breaching of embankments if a city abuts a river; and (ii) it reduces the flow of drainage by gravity due to drainage congestion, as urban drainage systems are unable to keep pace with urban development. In general, urban development, if unplanned, often reduces the effectiveness of urban drainage systems and increases the risk of flooding and waterlogging (Clemens & Veldhuis, 2010). Developing countries are particularly susceptible to urban flooding because their drainage systems are limited, mismanaged and often congested for a variety of reasons, including because of the dumping of solid waste in drains and canals (Zurbrugg, 2003;Haque, 2013). ...
Cities in South Asia are experiencing storm water drainage problems due to a combination of urban sprawl, structural, hydrological, socioeconomic and climatic factors. The frequency of short duration, high intensity rainfall is expected to increase in the future due to climate change. Given the limited capacity of drainage systems in South Asian cities, urban flooding and waterlogging is expected to intensify. The problem gets worse when low-lying areas are filled up for infrastructure development due to unplanned urban growth, reducing permeable areas. Additionally, solid waste, when dumped in canals and open spaces, blocks urban drainage systems and worsens urban flooding and waterlogging. Using hydraulic models for two South Asian cities, Sylhet (in Bangladesh) and Bharatpur (in Nepal), we find that 22.3% of the land area in Sylhet and 12.7% in Bharatpur is under flooding risk, under the current scenario. The flood risk area can be reduced to 3.6% in Sylhet and 5.5% in Baratpur with structural interventions in the drainages system. However, the area under flood risk goes back to 18.5% in Sylhet and 7.6% in Bharatpur in five years if the cities' solid waste is not managed properly, suggesting that the structural solution alone, without proper solid waste management, is almost ineffective in reducing the long-term flooding risk in these cities. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY 4.0), which permits copying, adaptation and redistribution, provided the original work is properly cited
... Therefore, it is important that safety typically linked in engineering to existing margin to structural collapse. When it comes to flooding, methodologies to support decision-making should be based on a much broader concept involving societal and economic aspects (Veldhuis 2006). Such considerations would provide an opportunity to analyze the combined effect of hazard and exposure so that the impact on risk with range of options from structural safety to a series of non-structural actions can be considered (Deng et al. 2013). ...
Muscat Governorate in the Sultanate of Oman is located along the sea of Oman and urban development has therefore had to occur in the intervening flat coastal plains and valleys along the coastline. The physical location of Muscat Governorate exposes the city to heavy rain and cyclones as they hit the coastline from the Sea of Oman. This underlying exposure plays a major role in the risk processes that lead to the emphasis of particular climate change risks including storm surge and rain-related flooding as experienced
during Gonu Cyclone in 2007 and Phet Cyclone in 2010. For assessing flooding risk analysis, this study combined flooding hazard maps with major land use cover to quantify and validate the risks of flash flooding to urban area and infrastructures. Analysis identified substantial areas within the governorate exposure to high, medium and low risks from extreme rainfall events that could lead to direct damages to roads, buildings
and other properties. This reinforces the need to protect and strengthen current defenses against these events as well as greater preparedness in disaster response.
