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Map of the Mekong Delta of Vietnam and locations of the study areas (1 = An Giang, 2 = Can Tho, 3 = Soc Trang)
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... study was carried out in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Targeted households were those living in three different parts of the Mekong Delta of Vietnam: upstream, midstream and downstream provinces (Figure 1). ...
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Climate change is a major global concern that greatly affects people, including their source of living. It was reported that Vietnam, a country with 70 percent of total population lives along coastal areas and in islands, is one of the five countries most severely affected by climate change. Aquaculture may be vulnerable to variations in climate in...
This paper represents the initial steps of a research & development (R&D) project, aimed at producing an online computer simulation for the purpose of training educators for the challenge of integrating more sustainable practices into Vietnamese schools. The project used a formal set of R&D steps to create the Leading Change for Sustainability in S...
Citations
... Some scholars hold the opposite view, believing that the mortgage of agricultural land management rights promotes fair income distribution (Abdo, 2013;Myint et al., 2021). Tri et al. (2019) established a quantile regression model to analyze the income distribution effect of rural land transfer, and found that only the income increase effect of rural land transfer was significant, and it was more significant for farmers in economically developed eastern provinces. ...
Introduction
As is well known, the policy of separating three rights is another important milestone in China’s land system reform. This policy has been in effect for 10 years and is of great significance to the livelihoods of rural families. In the implementation of policies, some farmers have obtained more land management rights, but some farmers have temporarily lost their land management rights. Existing research has shown that there is no consensus on the effect rural land three rights separation on increasing farmers’ income, especially in terms of heterogeneity research, which is more scattered.
Methods
We will use the latest national fixed observation point data from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs from 2011 to 2020, as well as data from Peking University Treasure Database, West Lake Law Library Database, China Statistical Yearbook, and China Rural Statistical Yearbook. This paper matched the unbalanced panel data of 9,846 rural household samples from 30 provinces except Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and Xizang, and conducted an empirical study using the multi time point DID method.
Result
The overall result shows that the policy of three rights separation of rural land can improve the income of farmers, and the impact is more obvious after the promulgation of relevant laws. From the perspective of farmers’ heterogeneity, farmers with more training, food crop planting farmers, and farmers with relatively large land scales are more significantly affected by the policy’s income increase effect.
Discussion
Scholars have yet to find a good explanation for how the rural land three rights separation affects farmers’ income. In this article, it appears that the three rights separation policy has promoted the increase of farmers’ income through intermediary mechanisms such as investment level, credit level, and non-agricultural employment level.
... An Giang, as the upstream province of the Mekong River, benefits from a thriving fisheries sector with a remarkable annual growth rate of about 8-9% [1]. With the diverse and abundant fishery system in An Giang province, aquaculture development has thrived, leading to an annual seafood export turnover of over USD 280 million. ...
This study was conducted to assess the sustainability of Clown knife fishery's livelihood through a survey of 364 individuals related to the fishery. The survey employed a questionnaire with a Likert 5-point scale for assessing factors related to livelihood sustainability. A total of 25 observed variables were considered, which evaluated the sustainability of Clown knife fishery as follows: (i) 4 observed variables on sustainability, (ii) 10 observed variables on the ability to ensure livelihood, and (iii) 11 observed variables on career development opportunities. The results indicate that the livelihood strategy of Clown knife fishery in An Giang province is generally evaluated at a high level, with scores ranging from 3.27 to 3.85. These scores suggest that the fishery adequately meets the living needs of households engaged in fish adoption. In terms of sustainability, the results demonstrate that Clown knife fish farming is capable of ensuring the livelihood of fish farmers, with ratings ranging from 3.55 to 4.07. Furthermore, it creates opportunities for career development, which helps meet the sustainability requirements of the aquaculture industry, with scores ranging from 3.82 to 4.24. The research results contribute to supplementing the scientific basis in researching and developing Clown knife fish fishery in An Giang province in the period of climate change.
... Additionally, only 23% of respondents claimed to receive support from the district government for coping with climate stressors (C5). This finding contrasts with those of other case studies in the VMD that showed that farmers diversified or adapted their livelihood strategies to cope with or adapt to environmental change by, for example, shifting to shrimp farming (Poelma et al., 2021), triple-crop rice farming , and nonfarming livelihood activities (Tri et al., 2019); adapting their agricultural activity calendars (Tri et al., 2019); or planting salinetolerant varieties (Paik et al., 2020). ...
... Additionally, only 23% of respondents claimed to receive support from the district government for coping with climate stressors (C5). This finding contrasts with those of other case studies in the VMD that showed that farmers diversified or adapted their livelihood strategies to cope with or adapt to environmental change by, for example, shifting to shrimp farming (Poelma et al., 2021), triple-crop rice farming , and nonfarming livelihood activities (Tri et al., 2019); adapting their agricultural activity calendars (Tri et al., 2019); or planting salinetolerant varieties (Paik et al., 2020). ...
Climate change influences the adaptation responses and mobility patterns of smallholder farmers across multiple scales. This study employed an inductive approach to observe smallholder farmers in An Giang Province in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta to compare the effects of various environmental and climate-related stressors on households with and without contributing migrant household members and on households of different income levels in two rural communes. We looked into the roles that adaptation responses and human mobility patterns play in the daily livelihoods of (translocal) households. We adopted a mixed-methods approach, which involved the administration of a livelihood survey among households in two rural communes (N = 106) and, subsequently, two focus group discussions, unstructured in-depth interviews, and secondary data analysis. We discovered that human mobility, adaptation responses, and climate change are interwoven in a web of complex relationships. No clear differences in effects and climate adaptation responses were discovered between emigrant and nonemigrant households. Hence, paradigms that either portray migration as a failure to adapt or as a form of adaptation in the context of climate change do not adequately explain the findings of this study. Differences between income groups were, however, observed. Relative to other income groups, middle-income farmers were disproportionally affected by climate-related disasters. Additionally, out-migration, aging, upstream hydropower development, and COVID-19 lockdowns posed significant challenges to the livelihoods of smallholder farmers. The compound effects of these multiple stressors indicate that human mobility, climate change and adaptation patterns should be best approached as ‘wicked’ problems.
... p<0.01). Diverse alternative incomes were also reported as one significant adaptation option of rice and fish farming households in Vietnam (Tri et al., 2019), and for small-scale fishermen in Thailand (Satumanatpan and Pollnac, 2020;Satumanatpan and Pollnac, 2017;Tongpli, 2011). ...
Small-scale fishers around the world are facing many challenges in sustaining viable livelihoods due to diverse factors such as declining fisheries resources, degradation of coastal habitats, and climate change impact, among others. How fishers respond to change depends in part on their evaluations of adaptive capacity, and an understanding of factors underlying their evaluations can be helpful in guiding policies and programs to reduce vulnerability and build resilience. The paper presents a study of twelve small-scale fishing communities in eastern Thailand, which illustrates the multiplicity of factors influencing attitudes, beliefs, values and cognitive biases (ABVCs) concerning adaptive capacity. First, the ABVCs of small-scale fishers toward adaptation to changes and the reduction of fishery resources were elicited using a structured survey. Next, principle component analysis was performed on the survey results of 266 respondents, which revealed that the ABVCs concerning adaptive capacity are related to three main components: ability to change occupation (Options component), ability to compete (Ability component), and ability to plan for changes (Plan component). The final step identified factors influencing the adaptive capacity components with the use of regression analysis. Specifically, the ability to change work is positively related to level of education, and negatively associated with age and high dependency on fishing income. Satisfaction with income and with individual well-being determine the ability to compete. The ability to plan for changes, on the other hand, is influenced by evaluated level of closeness to nature, the factor that is expected to be associated with conservation behavior. The findings can aid in designing policies and interventions that align with the adaptive capacity of fishers; hence, enhancing viability and contributing to increasing resilience of small-scale fishing communities.
... p<0.01). Diverse alternative incomes were also reported as one significant adaptation option of rice and fish farming households in Vietnam (Tri et al., 2019), and for small-scale fishermen in Thailand (Satumanatpan and Pollnac, 2020;Satumanatpan and Pollnac, 2017;Tongpli, 2011). ...
Two alternative physical adaptations of freshwater-aquaculture farmers were observed along the upstream Bangpakong Watershed, Thailand. First was the modification of aquaculture types: (1) completely changing former species to others; (2) mixing freshwater prawn with current cultured species; (3) mixing fish with L. vannamei, and second was the direct reaction to environmental changes, including adding freshwater into cultured ponds to reduce temperature and dilute salt concentration; modifying pond-depth; aeration application; and reducing the amount of food or net covering on the water surface during flooding. Principal component analysis revealed that four key components (Options, Learning, Competitiveness, and Plan) reflected the perceived adaptive capacity of farmers to environmental changes. However, culture types have no significant effect on these four components. Farmers with an alternative source of income and practicing monoculture fish farming tend to have a greater ability to change occupation. Old age and more extended experience in aquaculture indicated a low ability to change occupation. The well-educated farmers and farmers who preferred to pass on aquaculture occupation to their children showed higher ability to learn and adapt, but this is not the case for older farmers. Thus, understanding the adaptations of the farmers may assist in promoting appropriate development programs based on their contexts as well as helping decision-makers to have a better plan for strengthening their adaptive capacities based on their perceptions.
... pangasius export market in Vietnam fluctuates year to year. China continued to be the leading market for Vietnam's pangasius exports in the first 11 months of 2020 [1]. The overall volume of exports in 2019 was USD 662.5 million, up 25.3% from 2018. ...
Vietnam is paying great to the seafood exporting sector, offering various significant production advantages, concluding that it is critical to understand the competitiveness of the target market and implement effective strategies. However, due to COVID 19, the value of Vietnamese pangasius exports resulted in low and unpredictable profits for pangasius farmers. It is obvious to recognize competitiveness as Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) problem in the uncertain business environment. Therefore , this study is the first to propose a two-staged Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) analysis to identify potential criteria and comprehensively investigate the competitiveness of Vietnamese pangasius export Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in the context of China market. First, a dataset of 186 valid respondents from seafood export SMEs was collected through an online survey from June to December 2020. The PLS-SEM approach was applied to ascertain the positive impact of the proposed criteria contributing to the competitiveness of Vietnamese pangasius against China market. The PLS-SEM results showed that all criteria strongly correlated with the pangasius exporting competitiveness. Then, the FAHP method is employed to rank the subjective weights of mentioned criteria based on 12 experts' judgments. Knowledge infrastructure (C3) has the highest rank of competitiveness criteria with the highest weight, followed by Product (C4). In contrast, Prices (C6) was indicated as the lowest rank at 0.107 regarding FAHP results. Furthermore, this study provides insights into stakeholders seeking to improve competitiveness performance.
... There have been multiple efforts made by both local government and farmers in responding to salinity impacts on the ground. While local governments built salinity control projects to tackle the issue across the coastal areas, farmers proactively engaged in the adaptation process by intensely shifting their farming practices and patterns (IPSARD, 2016;Nguyen, 2016c;Tran et al., 2019a). The compounding impacts climate change, upstream hydropower development, and local infrastructural development processes have made SI increasingly complex and uncertain, threatening traditional livelihoods of the majority of coastal farming inhabitants (Käkönen, 2008;Tran et al., 2019b;Vo, 2012). ...
... While most studies focus on climaterelated vulnerabilities and their impacts on the agricultural systems and adaptation options associated with SI at the local level (Joint Assessment Team, 2016;Nguyen, 2016cNguyen, , 2017Nguyen et al., 2012;Vo, 2014), there remains little empirical understanding of the ways in which farmers adapt farming practices to fit with environmental change. This study aims to fill this knowledge gap by exploring farmers' adaptation dynamics associated with SI in the two coastal sides of the delta. ...
Saline intrusion (SI) is increasing at an accelerating rate in the coastal zones of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD). This challenges various crop production practices in these areas. Using ecological and social approaches, this paper aims to explore farmers’ perceptions of SI occurring in Tra Vinh and Kien Giang provinces, and their adaptation measures to deal with the situation. A mixed-method approach was used, including in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and household surveys. The results demonstrated that farmers have implemented various adaptation measures in tackling SI impacts. High market demand for shrimp also contributed to farmers’ decisions in shifting farming practices. The study underscores the important role of the integrated shrimp-rice system as a more comparatively sustainable model to the intensive shrimp culture in the face of SI. Qualitative analysis revealed water conflicts occurring in mixed rice and shrimp farming areas driven by the poor performance of combined irrigation and drainage systems together with the undefined water demarcation zones between rice and shrimp farmers. The paper provides better insights into how farmers’ adaptation strategies could facilitate decision-making processes with regard to water management and adaptation policies in the coastal areas. It calls for local governments’ attention to modifying water infrastructure to better address water-related issues.
The southwest coastal belt of Bangladesh is characterized by a fresh and saline water interaction which gives rise to a discrete inter-saline freshwater convergence zone (ICZ). Hydrology and farming along this transition zone is influenced by upstream and downstream abiotic factors including salinity intrusion and water flow. To better understand the changing geography of the transitional ICZ line and the relative influence of these hydrological events on farming therein, the recent study compared relative changes from 2010 to 2014 based on qualitative and quantitative survey work with 80 households of 4 villages (Shobna, Faltita, Badukhali and Rudaghora) from Khulna and Bagerhat district. Contrary to the conventional hotcake climate change induced salinity intrusion the study found a significant decrease in saltwater influx and increased freshwater volume in the ICZ villages, reflecting a seaward movement trend. Farmer perception shifted to low saline and freshwater in many areas where it was high saline and medium saline in 2010. The factual and perceived salinity were varied from 1 ± 0.44 to 2 ± 0.77 ppt in the studied villages. To confront the condition farmer diversified their farming pattern from single crop like either only shrimp or prawn culture to concurrent culture of shrimp-prawn, shrimp, prawn and rice with an increased production of (68-204 kg/ha), finfish (217-553 kg/ha) and dyke crop (92-800 kg/ha). Thus, affecting the socioeconomic condition of the farmer with an increase in average monthly income, reported for the better-off classes in 2014, ranged from 14,300 to 51,667 BDT and for the worse-off ranged from 5000 to 9900 BDT. In contrast, this average monthly income was 9500- 27,000 for better-off and 3875 - 8600 for worse-off classes, reported in 2010. Besides, farming areas (average 17% for better-off and -0.5% for worse-off) and land leasing (average increment rate per ha 50%) also increased among the surveyed farmers, reported in 2014 compared to 2010. In addition, several adaptation strategies like unrefined salt use, change of water use, diversification through prawn, finfish and dyke crops along with traditional shrimp and overall land use change have a positive impact on farmer's economic and nutritional security as well as farming intensity. The study showed a unique attributes of salinity extrusion in micro-level of ICZ line where farmers intensified farming system with indigenous knowledge to secured their livelihoods.
