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Map of the İskenderun Bay showing the study site. Results and Discussion Mantle length (ML) values were ranged from 5.1 and 16.4 cm (mean 9.83±1.66 cm) in 992 females, and from 4.8 to 19.2 cm (mean 9.40±1.76 cm) in 1014 males. Length frequency distributions of the population are shown in Figure 2. The length frequency distribution of the population showed that the 9.0-9.9 cm length classes had the highest number of specimens (Figure 2A). Females dominated at the larger size (11-14cm) whereas males predominated the smaller size classes (9-10cm), (Figure 2B). The mean weights for male and female
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Morphometric characters and reproductive biology were studied in S. officinalis collected at different seasons from the Iskenderun Bay, Turkey. A total of 2006 specimens (992♀, 1014♂) were sampled from September 2005 to August using a Mediterranean type deep trawl (22 mm mesh size). Mean mantle lengths for female and male were 9.83±1.66, 9.40±1.76...
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... of cuttlefish taken were obtained from a commercial fishing vessel (equipped with Mediterranean type deep trawl) operating in the Iskenderun Bay, during September 2005 and August 2006 ( Figure. 1). A total of 2006 specimens (992♀, 1014♂) of Sepia officinalis were collected. After capture, the specimens were kept frozen until being analysed in the laboratory. Individuals were weighed and measured. Data on reproductive components were collected from cephalopods received in a suitable condition by weighing the following components ...
Citations
... The species lives primarily on sandy and muddy bottoms [4]. S. officinalis is characterized by rapid growth and a short lifespan, they live for about two years during their cycle [5], and their population management depends on spawning and recruitment [6] S. officinalis is gonochoristic with one or two annual cycles of reproductive, the time of breeding season varies depending on location [7]. Worm water such as the Mediterranean Sea exhibit year-round spawning in S. officinalis, with pecks in early spring and late summer [5]. ...
... S. officinalis is characterized by rapid growth and a short lifespan, they live for about two years during their cycle [5], and their population management depends on spawning and recruitment [6] S. officinalis is gonochoristic with one or two annual cycles of reproductive, the time of breeding season varies depending on location [7]. Worm water such as the Mediterranean Sea exhibit year-round spawning in S. officinalis, with pecks in early spring and late summer [5]. Also S. officinalis spawning behavior demonstrates a link between body size-related patterns, with individuals migrating inshore for breeding first [4]. ...
This study presents a comprehensive investigation of various population dynamics and reproductive parameters in Sepia officinalis in the coastal waters of Libya, Utilized a dataset of 1171 individuals. This study focuses on potential differences in sex-based and regional variations, between Tripoli and Benghazi subpopulations. The result confirmed sexual dimorphism, in smaller males. The sex ratio is nearly balanced. Most individuals exhibit hypo-allometric growth, their body weight increases at a slower rate than their mantel length. The spawning season for S. officinalis in Libyan waters spans from March to September, reaching its peak during the warmer months of July and August. Females displayed a continuous cycle of ovarian development, with peak ripeness observed throughout the year. Males exhibited a more seasonal pattern, with ripe testes dominating during the warmer months of May to September. The estimated size at first maturity (L50) differed slightly between sexes; females matured earlier and at a slightly smaller 8.42 cm compared to males overall. The study revealed regional variations in size at maturity; The pattern in Tripoli subpopulation deviated from this trend, females matured earlier, reaching a size of 9.06 cm compared to males, who matured at 10.12 cm. Conversely, Benghazi females take their time to reach maturity at a smaller size of 8.32 cm, while Benghazi males matured earlier and were smaller at 6.78 cm.
... Biological data from Mediterranean populations of S. officinalis are also available. Several studies regarding cuttlefish reproductive biology were conducted in the western (Mangold-Wirz 1963;Boletzky 1987Boletzky , 1988) and eastern Mediterranean (Duysak et al. 2014;Laptikhovsky et al. 2003;Önsoy and Salman 2005). Common cuttlefish can exhibit variations in their life cycle along their geographic range (Guerra et al. 2006, Laptikhovsky et al. 2019) mainly related to differences in temperature and daylight period (Bloor et al. 2013). ...
... Common cuttlefish can exhibit variations in their life cycle along their geographic range (Guerra et al. 2006, Laptikhovsky et al. 2019) mainly related to differences in temperature and daylight period (Bloor et al. 2013). In warm waters, such as in the Mediterranean Sea, the previous studies determined that spawning takes place all year-round increasing from early spring to late summer (Duysak et al. 2014;Mangold-Wirz 1963;Önsoy and Salman 2005), while in colder waters, such as in the northeast Atlantic, the spawning period is shorter and limited to the early spring and summer (Dunn 1999;Le Goff and Daguzan 1991). There is evidence that cuttlefish spawning behaviour is related to size, being the largest individuals the first group to migrate inshore for breeding (Önsoy and Salman 2005). ...
... When compared with Mediterranean populations, similar sizes were found for offshore individuals on Argelian Coast (100-120 mm; Saddikioui et al. 2017). By contrast, smaller individuals were found in the Adriatic Sea (90-99 mm; Bettoso et al. 2016;Duysak et al. 2014) compared to this study. The oligotrophic and warm waters of both areas (Balearic and Adriatic Sea) suggest that the smaller sizes found in the Adriatic Sea might be potentially related to other variables such as differences in the exploitation pattern of this species (Bettoso et al. 2016;Lazzari et al. 2012). ...
This paper investigates the basic reproductive parameters, ecology, and size structure of the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. A total of 1217 individuals were sampled monthly from both offshore bottom trawling and inshore small-scale fishery off Mallorca Island’s coast (western Mediterranean) during 2017–2019. Inshore individuals were larger than the individuals inhabiting offshore and males were more abundant than females both inshore and offshore waters. The estimated size at first maturity (L50) was 87 mm for females and 78 mm for males. S. officinalis has a semi-continuous reproduction cycle throughout the year with a spawning peak between March and June. Oocyte size-frequency distribution (OSFD) analysis showed an asynchronous oocyte development. Advanced mode fecundity (FAM) ranged between 8 and 326 oocyte/female with a mean of 158 ± 14 oocyte/female. The Stomach Fullness Index (SFI) was found to decrease during reproductive development in inshore specimens, while the stomach vacuity index (SVI) followed the opposite trend for both inshore and offshore individuals, indicating a lessening of the feeding activity specially during spawning. However, once at shallower waters, spawning females displayed higher SFI values compared to males, which was probably linked to the higher energetic demand associated with reproduction. Digestive gland index (DGI) showed little variation in females across maturation stages, while males’ values decreased, especially during spawning, reflecting sexual differences in the energy allocation strategy. Those results suggest that common cuttlefish fulfil the cost of reproduction through both current food intake and accumulated somatic reserves.
... Cuttle sh populations from Atlantic waters have been extensively studied, including aspects such as the diet ( (Bloor et al. 2013). In warm waters, such as in the Mediterranean Sea, previous works determined that spawning takes place all the year round increasing within the early spring and to late summer in the different studied areas (Duysak et al., 2014;Mangold-Wirz 1963;Önsoy & Salman 2005). Whilst in colder waters, such as in the north-east Atlantic, the spawning period is limited to the early spring and summer (Dunn 1999;Le Goff & Daguzan 1991). ...
... In this study, the size at maturity was calculated for the rst time in the Balearic Sea, being 87 mm ML and 78 mm ML, for females and males respectively. These values match with those observed in the Catalan (Mangold-Wirz 1963) and Aegean (Duysak et al. 2014;Önsoy & Salman 2005) Seas. Our specimens attained sexual maturity earlier than those found in the North Atlantic (146 and 164 mm ML, for males and females respectively), which populations have larger sizes due to lower water temperature and higher food availability (Dunn et al. 1999). ...
This paper investigates basic reproductive parameters, ecology and population structure of the common cuttlefish. A total of 1217 individuals were sampled monthly from both the offshore bottom trawl and the inshore trammel net fishery off the Mallorca Island (western Mediterranean) during 2017–2019. Mean size of individuals and sex-ratio differed between depths, with males and females being more abundant inshore and offshore waters respectively. The estimated size at first maturity (L 50 ) was 87 mm for females and 78 mm for males. S. officinalis has a continuous reproduction throughout the year with a spawning peak between March and June, and the temporal distribution of maturity stages by sex reflected the precocious maturation of males. Ovary development analysis showed an asynchronous oocyte development and a mean total fecundity of 158 ± 14 eggs/female. The stomach fullness was found to decrease during reproductive development while the vacuity index followed the opposite trend, indicating a lessening of the feeding activity during gonadal growth for both sexes. The feeding activity was higher in females compared to males, which was probably related to the higher energetic cost associated with reproduction. While the digestive gland index (DGI) in females did not decrease during the course of sexual maturation, depleted values of DGI were observed in spawning males reflecting sexual differences in allocation strategy at this stage. Those results suggested that common cuttlefish fulfil the cost of reproduction through both current food intake and accumulated somatic reserves.
... The skewed sex ratio during most of the months probably reflects behavioral differences associated with continuous (2022) 106227 spawning activity in females when they move towards the spawning ground for egg deposition on the underside of rocks or in crevices (Hall and Hanlon, 2002) favouring male predominance. Sexual segregation, where males outnumbering females have been reported in cuttlefish from many areas (S. pharaonis, Al-Marzouqi, 2009; Sepia officinalis, Akyol et al., 2011;Duysak et al., 2014). ...
... The occurrence of a high percentage of mature specimens in the sample throughout the study period indicates a year-round spawning of this species in this region. Similar type of prolonged spawning was reported in S. pharaonis from the Indian seas (Silas et al., 1985;Nair et al., 1993); Sepia officinalis from Iskenderun Bay (Duysak et al., 2014), Aegean Sea (Onsoy and Salman, 2005) and Doryteuthis (Photololigo) sibogae from the same study area (Neethiselvan et al., 2001). A high percentage of mature males were observed during most of the months with peak occurrence in July and August. ...
This paper provides insight into the size composition and reproductive aspects of small striped cuttlefish Sepia prabahari distributed exclusively in the Gulf of Mannar (GoM) Biosphere Reserve, in the Indian Ocean which contributes 11% to the cephalopod catch in this region. The size composition in the fishery varied between 4.6 and 14.6 cm in dorsal mantle length (DML) and the length group between 8.1 and 10 cm dominated the catch (45%). The DML-weight relationship for male, female and for the pooled sexes were 0.5561 DML2.31; 0.4821 DML2.39 and 0.5214 DML2.34 respectively. Observations on maturity stages indicated year-round spawning with two peaks. Maturity indices increased in tandem with the gonadal development in the cuttlefish. Mean GSI in females showed a multi-fold increase from 0.41 in maturing to 2.20 in mature stages, while it increased from 0.51 to 1.35 for the respective stages in males. The minimum legal size (MLS) was set considering the minimum size at maturity of 7.0 cm for the species. The Lm50 estimated at 9.2 cm DML for males; 9.7 cm for females and 9.4 cm for the pooled sexes, showed early maturation in males. The size composition indicated that nearly 53.7% of the commercial catch in the fishery is below the Lm50, while 5% of the catch was below MLS. Management measures limiting the fishing pressure on sub-adults are recommended for sustainable exploitation of the resource.
... It undergoes internal fertilization, have a high fecundity and growth rate, but has a short life span of 1-2 years (Beasley, 2017). According to Duysak et al. (2014), cuttlefish can exhibit variations in its life cycle, living for approximately 2 yr before exhibiting mass mortality of adults following a spring spawning period. Currently, more than 120 species of cuttlefish are known and are mainly bottom-dwellers in a variety of environments, including rocks, sea grass, seaweed, coral reefs and sandy and muddy substrates (Reid et al., 2005). ...
... Currently, more than 120 species of cuttlefish are known and are mainly bottom-dwellers in a variety of environments, including rocks, sea grass, seaweed, coral reefs and sandy and muddy substrates (Reid et al., 2005). The contribution of cuttlefish species to local fisheries varies by location, with commercial catches of 1,163.3-841.6 t in the Mediterranean Ocean, 321.4 t in the Aegean Sea and 0.3 t in the Marmara Sea (Duysak et al., 2014). The common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis (L. ...
... cm while the total weight was in the range 19.20-1,376.40 g. Duysak et al. (2014) reported mantle lengths in the range 4.8-19.2 cm, while Valeri et al. (2016) reported values in the range 10.0-29.7cm ...
The biometric characters, relative growth and condition factor (K) with sex ratio were investigated of the common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) off the Lagos coast (Nigeria) between August 2018 and January 2020. In total, 1,082 cuttlefish were analyzed for biometric parameters, measured to the nearest 0.01 cm using a measuring board. To record the body weight, samples were blotted dry and weighed on an electronic balance up to the nearest gram. The correlation coefficient (R) for various biometric characters against mantle length ranged between 0.253 and 0.823, indicating a high degree of relationship among the characters compared. The highest value of R (0.823) and hence the highest correlation was between the dorsal mantle length and total weight. The strongest positive association was with the length of arms, mantle breadth, head width, cuttlebone and total weights. The linear regression equation for both sexes using a log-transformed length-weight relationship revealed negative allometric growth (b < 3), reflecting a comparatively slower growth rate in total weight than in mantle length throughout the species ontogeny. The highest K value (4.44) was recorded for the largest size group (24.98-27.60 cm), while females had a higher K value than males. Out of the 1,082 specimens, the incidence of males (799) was significantly (p < 0.05) much higher than for females (283), resulting in a sex ratio of 1:0.35. This statistic suggested a strong indication of skewed sex ratio within the cuttlefish population off the Lagos coast.
... Le Goff and Daguzan, 1991;Dunn, 1999), corroborating similar trends reported for other fisheries targeting this species using diverse gears, namely in the Adriatic coast (F = 126.6 mm ML; M = 115.3 mm ML) (Jardas et al., 2001), Ligurian Sea (F = 100 mm ML; M = 94 mm ML) (Rossetti et al., 2003), Adriatic Sea (F = 93.1 mm ML; M = 80.1 mm ML) (Krstulović Šifner et al., 2013) and Iskenderum Bay (F = 98.3 mm ML; M = 94.0 mm ML) (Duysak et al., 2014) (Table S1). ...
The present study reports a detailed description of the catches of cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) in the trap fishery performed seasonally off the Algarve coast (southern Portugal). A total of 86 fishing surveys were performed during the fishing season (May–September) from 2009 to 2014, on sandy bottoms at bathymetrics ranging from 8 to 10 m depth. During the whole study period, fishing operations involved 6311 cuttlefish traps with a gear catch rate of 37% (frequency of traps with cuttlefish) and a mean of 0.9 S. officinalis caught per trap. A total of 5883 S. officinalis (1424.0 kg) were caught, being only recorded 282 dead individuals (mortality rate of 4.6%). The mean fishing yield (standardised CPUE's in number and weight) was 46.6 individuals and 11.3 kg 50 traps ⁻¹ . Overall, males (n = 3188) outnumbered females (n = 2695), producing a significant male-biased (1 M: 0.85 F) sex ratio. On average, females were significantly larger and heavier (124.4 ± 22.9 mm ML; 253.1 ± 148.8 g TW) than males (121.9 ± 24.0 mm ML; 230.7 ± 143.1 g TW). Accordingly, the length-frequency distributions displayed significant gender differences, with 89.6% of females and 85.8% of males accomplishing the MCRS (100 mm ML). This markedly seasonal, highly sustainable and low impacting small-scale fishery constitutes a locally important socio-economic activity during spring and summer. Undamaged catches and highly fresh individuals further contribute to the considerable price reached by S. officinalis caught using this artisanal fishing gear.
... Common cuttlefish S. officinalis lives approximately 2 years, although some male individuals may attain greater age, but females reproduce only once over a short period at the end of her life and die after spawning (Boletzky 1983;Dunn 1999). Duysak et al. (2014) indicated that the reproductive season of common cuttlefish in Iskenderun Bay ranged from February to August. It is also known that female cephalopods generally do not feed themselves during spawning season. ...
In this study, metal concentration levels (Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, and Pb) were investigated in the gill, hepatopancreas, ovary, testis, and mantle of the male and female cuttlefish Sepia officinalis in various stations (Iskenderun, Antalya, Kas, Gazipasa, and Anamur) in Mediterranean coasts of Turkey. Hepatopancreas tissue was a better indicator in terms of heavy metal concentration compared to the other tissues. In general, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, and Pb accumulation for the male was found more than that of the female, whereas Cd and Ni accumulation was found higher in the female. There was a relationship among the metals in the form of Co > Pb > Ni > Cd > Cr in the mantle tissue. The Pb concentration over the recommended limits was found in cuttlefish of Anamur, Antalya, and Iskenderun stations.
ABSTRAK Diversifikasi budidaya laut memiliki nilai yang efektif untuk keberlanjutan matapencaharian nelayan kecil. Selain itu dapat berperan dalam menegah ancaman pemanfaatan yang tidak ramah lingkungan. Sotong adalah salah jenis komuditas biota laut yang memiliki nilai ekonomi tinggai dan memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai kumoditas diversifikasi budidaya tingkat nelayan kecil. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeterminasi indikator potensi budidaya sotong sebagai strategi diversifikasi budidaya nelayan kecil dan konservasi lamun di lokasi studi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode observasi langsung dan wawancara. Analisis data menggunakan analisis statistik diskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata bibit sotong 1293.5 individu/bulan dan ratarata sotong hasil tangkapan nelayan yang didaratkan di TPI Tanjung Luar adalah 1229 individu/ bulan yang terdiri dari tiga spesies yaitu Sepia latimanus, Sepia pharaonis, dan Sepioteuthis lessoniana. Selain itu, budidaya laut telah berkembang menjadi pilihan matapencahrian nelayan kecil, meskipun masih bersifat komplementer. Selanjutnya, kelompok pembudidaya berperan aktif dalam mencegah ancaman lokal dari pemanfaatan yang tidak ramah lingkungan. Kesimpulan adalah diversifikasi budidaya dengan komuditas sotong adalah memiliki nilai strategis untuk mengatasi masalah keberlanjutan matapencaharian nelayan kecil dan konservasi lamun skala lokal di lokasi studi. Oleh karena itu, diversifikasi budidaya sotong dapat dipertimbangkan, khususnya pada skala nelayan kecil sebagai kebijakan pengembangan produk hasil laut untuk mencapai ketahan pangan, baik pada skala lokal, regional maupun nasional.
Maturity is one of the most relevant biological parameters used in stock assessment
programmes. Indeed, the macroscopic stage of gonadal development is an essential
feature in estimating the maturity ogive and spawning stock biomass (SSB). It is also useful for determining the spawning season of a species and for monitoring long-term changes in the spawning cycle, as well as for many other research needs related to the biology of fish. In current data collection programmes carried out in the Mediterranean which cover extensive samplings of maturity stages, some specific technical aspects have not always been taken into consideration, and collected data cannot reach the required precision levels. Also, the coding schemes in use and the uncertainty in the interpretation of particular stages can give rise to misinterpretations of the actual maturity stage leading to inaccurate spawning stock biomass estimations. Several stock assessments are therefore based on time-invariant maturity ogives and only partially cover the spatial distribution of the stocks. Hence, on several occasions, the need has been expressed to improve the identification of the macroscopic maturity stages
through a standardization of operational procedures and terminology.
One of the solutions for overcoming these problems was to formalize an atlas of the
macroscopic and histological maturity stages of the main species of commercial interest in the Mediterranean. In this context, this atlas aims to develop sound approaches to maturity sampling for a wide range of species, based on an accurate and precise determination of the different maturity stages. It includes macroscopic photos of gonads belonging to the main species, and for some of them, a validation-based histological analysis is also presented. The systematic categories investigated in the atlas are bony fish, cartilaginous fish, both oviparous and viviparous, crustaceans and cephalopods.
