Figure 1 - uploaded by Iris Bernardinelli
Content may be subject to copyright.
Map of the Cimoliana valley, north-eastern Italy, with the indication of the pine forests, the attacked stands, the range edge limited to the 2002-05 survey and the expansion range.
Source publication
We studied the occurrence of Thaumetopoea pityocampa in two alpine valleys (Friuli Venezia Giulia district, north-eastern Italy), in order to know the response of the pine processionary moth to the hot summer of 2003. Extreme nests were located in the two valleys during three life-cycles. Moreover we studied the relationships between catch in phero...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... study area is located in the Friuli Venezia Giulia region, north-eastern Italy, and it includes the two alpine valleys Cimoliana and Settimana, in an altitudinal range between 600 and 1100 m ( Fig. 1 and 2). Both natural pine forest and pine plantations are widespread in this area. ...
Context 2
... the last 20 years, three attacks of pine processionary moth were recorded, precisely in 1988-89, 1992-93, and 1998-99. In the Cimoliana valley, the damaged area (11.2 ha with a defoliation higher than 25%) was located on the south-eastern slope of the lower part of the valley, mainly on P. nigra (Fig. 1). In the Settimana valley, the outbreak occurred in an area of 14 ha of pure plantation of P. nigra, at the beginning of the valley on the southern slope (Fig. 2). A second outbreak occurred only in the Cimoliana valley in 1998-99, on an area of 27.6 ha located in the same area of previous years, with a defoliation of 45% (Fig. 1). The ...
Context 3
... on P. nigra (Fig. 1). In the Settimana valley, the outbreak occurred in an area of 14 ha of pure plantation of P. nigra, at the beginning of the valley on the southern slope (Fig. 2). A second outbreak occurred only in the Cimoliana valley in 1998-99, on an area of 27.6 ha located in the same area of previous years, with a defoliation of 45% (Fig. 1). The catch of males in pheromone traps was not correlated with the outbreak of 1988-89 (Fig. ...
Similar publications
Chemical signals mediate all aspects of insects' lives and their ecological interactions. The discipline of chemical ecology seeks to unravel these interactions by identifying and defining the chemicals involved, and documenting how perception of these chemical mediators modifies behaviour and ultimately reproductive success. Chapters in this 2004...
Citations
... The extended larval life in our observation may be the quiescent nature at lower temperatures. A study by Battisti et al. (2005) and Toffolo et al. (2006) revealed that higher winter temperature had increased the larval survival of the pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Schiff) (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae), allowing its northern expansion in its range. In our investigation of G. masculana univoltine-one generation per year was observed which is not complementary to the study conducted by Bostanci et al. (2019) in Bartin, Turkey and EPPO (2005) where two to four generations were found. ...
... The extended larval life in our observation may be the quiescent nature at lower temperatures. A study by Battisti et al. (2005) and Toffolo et al. (2006) revealed that higher winter temperature had increased the larval survival of the pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Schiff) (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae), allowing its northern expansion in its range. In our investigation of G. masculana univoltine-one generation per year was observed which is not complementary to the study conducted by Bostanci et al. (2019) in Bartin, Turkey and EPPO (2005) where two to four generations were found. ...
Over past two decades, Garella musculana (Erschoff, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nolidae) has surged as a prominent pest in Eurasia infesting Juglans regia. Its caterpillar causes an extensive damage to young fruits and shoots of natural and cultivated varieties of J. regia. The larval instars were seen feeding on nuts from May to August. In August, they start leaving nuts for pupation to continue life cycle next year. The pupation took place inside the loose bark or crevices of walnut trees in white cocoons. In this study life cycle and extent of damage was studied. The larva goes through five growth stages (instars) and lasts for about 67.1±2.26 days. It overwinters in the pupal stage in a white dense cocoon and then emerges in spring as adult when environment becomes favourable. The mean generation time was 297.5±4.45 days. It is univoltine in nature and its larva consumes young walnut pericarp resulting in deformed nuts and there early fall leading to substantial yield loses. The deposition of excrement by larva of G. musculana on the outer green thick layer (husk) degrades its quality and thereby reduces the economic value of the walnut. Knowledge of life-history is crucial for the design of management strategies. The management possibilities of this pest are limited as the feeding destructive larvae are present within the shell or nut. Understanding the life cycle is important to spray timing and effective control. The emergence of the pest and egg laying are important attributes in controlling this pest. Besides natural enemies as eco-friendly approaches acting as bio control agents are encouraged as the most viable alternative for management of this insect pest in this particular area. It is also important to promote the development of new walnut cultivars in newly planted walnut orchards with high potential output and higher shelling percentages.
... Since the 1970s, a horizontal and vertical expansion of the range of T. pityocampa has been reported in a number of areas (Huchon, Démolin, 1971;Hodar et al., 2003). In the region of Paris, the range extension of the species to the north reached 87 km, and in northern Italy, the upper distribution line rose by 110-230 m (Toffolo et al., 2006). ...
The pine processionary moth ( Thaumetopoea pityocampa ) was reported for the first time in North Bul-garia in 2022. Winter nests of the pest were observed in a number of pine plantations in more than 10 sites of four Forest State Enterprises (Troyan, Sevlievo, Gabrovo, Plachkovtsi). The penetration of the pest into the new localities is due to a long-distance dispersion by vehicles. In January 2023, the nests in new localities contained fifth-instar larvae of T. pityocampa . Only about 3% of them were empty as larvae had descended in the soil for pupation. Based on the high population density and presence of old nests in some localities, it was assumed that the pest penetrated into Northern Bulgaria most likely 3-4 years ago.
... Since the 1970s, a horizontal and vertical expansion of the range of T. pityocampa has been reported in a number of areas (Huchon, Démolin, 1971;Hodar et al., 2003). In the region of Paris, the range extension of the species to the north reached 87 km, and in northern Italy, the upper distribution line rose by 110-230 m (Toffolo et al., 2006). ...
Citation: Georgiev G., Georgieva M., Mirchev P., Belilov S., Zaemdzhikova G., Matova M. 2023. First penetration of pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) in North Bulgaria. Silva Balcanica 24(1): 17-22. https://doi.
Abstract The pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) was reported for the first time in North Bul-garia in 2022. Winter nests of the pest were observed in a number of pine plantations in more than 10 sites of four Forest State Enterprises (Troyan, Sevlievo, Gabrovo, Plachkovtsi). The penetration of the pest into the new localities is due to a long-distance dispersion by vehicles. In January 2023, the nests in new localities contained fifth-instar larvae of T. pityocampa. Only about 3% of them were empty as larvae had descended in the soil for pupation. Based on the high population density and presence of old nests in some localities, it was assumed that the pest penetrated into Northern Bulgaria most likely 3-4 years ago.
... It was estimated that up to 90% of insect species react to temperature changes by widening their geographic range (Lehmann et al., 2020). That has already been monitored for different kinds of pests like the larch bud moth, Zeiraphera diniana (Hübner, 1799), gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus, 1758), pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis and Schiffermüller, 1775), emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Fairmaire, 1888), orpine bark beetles O. erosus, H. ligniperda, Hylurgus micklitzi (Wachtl, 1881), and Hylastes linearis (Erichson, 1836), etc. (Turchin et al., 2003;Toffolo et al., 2006;Liebhold et al., 2013;Faccoli et al., 2020). Thus, it can be assumed that sooner or later pine pests may spread their territories. ...
Climatic extremes have been gathering momentum since the 1880s and are believed to be a long-term factor increasing the mortality of Scots pine trees, Pinus sylvestris (L.) in Europe. Weather monitoring over the past 120 years shows that, in Central Europe, surface air temperatures grow at a rate of 0.18 • C per decade. Many changes due to these abiotic stressors are already visible in the forests' canopy and biodiversity. But the influence of the rise in temperature and in precipitation deficiency brings one more player into this die-back scheme. Bark beetles, and their increasing outbreaks, are further agents acting to accelerate and expand the impacts of weather on trees. While P. sylvestris react to abiotic stressors by decreasing functions of the hydraulic system, mainly the defense system, for bark beetles, warming is a profitable condition. Various bionomy processes are modified: vegetation seasons prolong, larval growth and development rates accelerate, reproductive potential rises, and overwintering success increases. Thus, the insect populations grow, and the infestation pressure on weakened hosts intensifies. Finally, even species of small ecologic importance can cause extensive losses of forest cover. Furthermore, international trade and intercontinental transportation support the potential threat of spreading forest pests far away from their original geographic range. Together with climatic amelioration, pests may adapt to new conditions, establish new prosperous populations, disperse rapidly, and cause prodigious losses. However, detailed information about cambioxylophagous pests on P. sylvestris in Central Europe is still missing. The purpose of our review is to map the bionomy and behavior of six bark beetle species-in particular, the sharp-dentated bark beetle, Ips acuminatus (Gyllenhal, 1827), the six-toothed bark beetle, Ips sexdentatus (Börner, 1767), the common pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (Linnaeus, 1758), the lesser pine shoot beetle, Tomicus minor (Hartig, 1834), the pine shoot beetle, Tomicus destruens (Wollaston, 1865), the Mediterranean pine engraver, Orthotomicus erosus (Wollaston, 1857) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), and the steel-blue jewel beetle, Phaenops cyanea (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)-on P. sylvestris in Central Europe, to compare and summarize the available data on European populations, and to try to propose ideas and directions for future research.
... Currently, populations of this insect attack mainly, Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) in the semi-arid area and Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica Manetti) in sub-humid elevation area stands causing considerable economic losses (Sbabdji et al., 2009). Many authors report that increasing infestation rates and the environmental damage caused by processionary moth within its recent distribution range is related to climatic changes (Battisti et al., 2005;Battisti et al., 2006;Toff olo et al., 2006;Rousselet et al., 2010). By genetic structure processionary moth is presented by two well-geographically localized clades: the pityocampa clade, identifi ed in Europe, Morocco, and south-western Algeria; and the ENA (Eastern North Africa) clade, found in the north-eastern part of Algeria, northern Tunisia, and northern Libya, in the humid, sub-humid, and semi-arid climates (Kerdelhué et al., 2009;El Mokhefi et al., 2016). ...
In the Atlas cedar forests located on the northern massifs of the Blidean Atlas and at the eastern extension of the Saharan Atlas, 79 egg batches of processionary moth were collected during the summer period from two sites: Chréa National park (46), and Ouled Yagoub forest (33). The eggs were monitored over time to follow the hatching of the larvae and the emergence of the parasitoids. The average number of eggs/batches in the Ouled Yagoub site (184 eggs) was significantly higher than of the population of Chréa (151).
Data analysis showed that the means comparisons of the hatched and unhatched number of eggs between the two sites were significant. In the case of the population of Chréa, the egg mass was laid in the form of a cylinder on twigs of relatively small diameters while for the population of Ouled Yagoub eggs were laid in the form of plates on twigs of larger diameter, thus more exposed to parasitoids. For the two populations, three active egg parasitoids were identified: Ooencyrtus pityocampae, Baryscapus servadeii and Trichogramma embryophagum, the most dominant. These parasitoids were heterogeneously distributed on the egg batches collected in the cedar’s plantation of the Chréa, but homogeneous on the egg batches collected in the cedar forest of Ouled Yagoub. The activity and distribution of parasitoids on the egg-laying surface is under the aegis of its form on the branch chosen by the female.
... The pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis and Schiffermüller, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) is one of the most important forest pests in the Mediterranean region. Due to climate change, and particularly winter warming Robinet et al., 2007), an altitudinal and latitudinal expansion of its range has been observed over the past decades (Hoch et al., 2005;Imber, 2012;Mirchev et al., 2011a;Netherer and Schopf, 2010;Roques et al., 2005;Toffolo et al., 2006). In its current range, T. pityocampa lives in different habitats both in its historical range and newly colonized areas. ...
To investigate enemy pressure across the range of the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa, Den. & Schiff.) as it spreads northwards in Europe because of climate change, a survey of 206 egg batches from historical and newly colonized areas at both the westernmost and the easternmost ends of the front was carried out in 2016–2018. Out of them, 97 egg batches were collected from nine locations in three regions in France and 109 from four localities in two regions in Bulgaria, both within historical and newly colonized ranges of the pest. The average number of eggs per batch collected in Bulgaria (226.6 ± 43.2) was higher than that in France (194.3 ± 50.1). However, the hatching percentage was higher in French samples, varying from 69.8 to 95.7, vs 49.8 to 85.2 per cent in Bulgarian samples. Four primary parasitoids (Ooencyrtus pityocampae, Baryscapus servadeii, Anastatus bifasciatus, Trichogramma sp.) and a hyperparasitoid (Baryscapus transversalis, found only in two regions of the historical range in Bulgaria) were identified. The oligophagous species B. servadeii was present at all sites within the historical range of the pest. In newly colonized areas, the impact of primary parasitoids on the host was distinctly low, suggesting that they lag behind the range expansion of pine processionary moth. In France, the most abundant species in the T. pityocampa parasitoid complex were B. servadeii in Ré Island and Orléans (97.3 and 87.4 per cent, respectively), and Trichogramma sp. (99.7 per cent) in a newly colonized locality in Fréhel. Ooencyrtus pityocampae prevailed in three of four Bulgarian localities (72.1 per cent in Sandanski, 89.7 per cent in Maglizh and 65.7 per cent in Sladak kladenets), whereas B. servadeii was the most abundant in Gega (75.4 per cent). Mortality of B. servadeii and O. pityocampae caused by the hyperparasitoid B. transversalis amounted to 4.8–6.2 per cent. The impact of predators on the pine processionary moth in the egg stage was negligible at most sites, reaching 12.5 per cent in only one site (Maglizh).
... ii) The pine processionary moth lifecycle is representative of many forest pests: long defoliating larval stage followed by pupation and short non-feeding moth stage (Dajoz, 2000;Netherer and Schopf, 2010;Barbosa et al., 2012), thus simulating its population dynamics can serve as inspiration to model the behaviour of other forest pests. Similar to other species, T. pityocampa is experiencing an expansion process fostered by the spread of the above-mentioned pine plantations in which it feeds as well as climate change Zamora, 2004, Battisti et al., 2005;Petrucco Toffolo et al., 2006). Modelling the population dynamics of this species can help in understanding the potential impact of global change on the functioning of pine plantations in the Mediterranean area. ...
Pine plantations, very common in the Mediterranean basin, are recurrently affected by forest pests due to intrinsic characteristics (high density, low spatial heterogeneity) and external factors (consistent trend towards a warmer and drier climate). INSTAR is an Agent-Based Model aiming to simulate the population dynamics of the Thaumetopoea pityocampa forest pest. The model has been designed using a modular approach: several interconnected modules (submodels) facilitate the incorporation of new knowledge about the pest biology and can serve as template for the design of other similar models. The model is spatially and temporally explicit and allows its implementation under different climate and land use scenarios. INSTAR is described in detail in this manuscript using the standardized ODD (Overview, Design concepts and Details) protocol. Temperature is known to be one of the main factors modulating the population dynamics of T. pityocampa. In order to be coherent and structurally realistic, INSTAR should faithfully reproduce the effect of this factor on the species' phenology. This requirement has been assessed here through a consistency test of the submodules responsible for species development. This assessment is constituted by a calibration analysis of the pest phenology and a stress test performed by exposing the model to extreme climate inputs. As a result of calibration, the model successfully reproduces the phenology of the species in the simulated study area. Moreover, the stress test confirmed that the model behaves as expected when exposed to extreme input values. The results presented in this manuscript constitute a first internal validation of the development submodels. After this, INSTAR is ready for a deeper analysis consisting on a sensitivity and uncertainty analysis.
... In France the species widens its area mainly horizontally, and in Italy -vertically. In the region of Paris during the period 1972-2004 the area is widen to north with 87 km, аnd in North Italy between 1975 and 2004 the upper limit was climbed with 110-230 m (Toffolo et al., 2006). ...
This brochure reflects the investigations on health condition of tree and shrub vegetation under
the project ‘Toward better UNderstanding the Ecosystem Services in URBan environments through
assessment and mapping (TUNESinURB)’, financed under the Programme BG03 ‘Biological
diversity and ecosystems’, co-financed by the Financial Mechanism of European Economic Area
(2009-2014) and a contract for free financial support N D-33-82/14.08.2015.
... Във Франция видът разширява ареала си предимно хоризонтално, а в Италия – вертикално. В района на Париж през периода 1972-2004 г. се разширява на север с 87 km, а в северна Италия между 1975 и 2004 г. горната граница се покачва със 110-230 m (Toffolo et al., 2006). T. pityocampa напада боровите дървета във всички населени места в пределите на естествения ѝ ареал: Югозападна България (южни склонове на Витоша, Голо бърдо, Осоговско-Беласишка планинска група, Рила, Пирин, Славянка), Родопите и Подбалканската котловина. ...
Брошурата отразява изследванията върху здравословното състояние на дървесната
и храстова растителност по проект „За по-добро разбиране на екосистемните услуги
в градска среда чрез оценка и картиране” (TUNESinURB), финансиран в рамките на
Програма BG03 „Биологично разнообразие и екосистеми“, съфинансирана от Финансовия
механизъм на Европейското икономическо пространство (2009-2014) и договор за
безвъзмездна финансова помощ Д-33-82/14.08.2015 г.
