Figure 5 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Content may be subject to copyright.
Map of pCO 2 distribution as obtained from ordinary kriging after back-transformation. The assumption is that areas with anomalous pCO 2 values represent the potentially exploitable geothermal reservoirs in the VCVD and the SVD (for any detail relative to the numbered areas see Table 2). Test-holes and geothermal wells are also reported in the map (see also Figure 1b).
Source publication
The evaluation of the theoretical geothermal potential of identified unexploited hydrothermal reservoirs within the Vicano-Cimino and Sabatini volcanic districts (Latium region, Italy) has been made on the basis of a revised version of the classical volume method. This method is based on the distribution of the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in sha...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... particular, the major axis is the direction of maximum spatial continuity of the variable (maximum range: 12,000 m) and the minor axis is the direction of maximum spatial variability (minimum range: 8500 m). Ordinary kriging has been applied to produce the estimation map of pCO 2 ( Figure 5) that, at a preliminary phase, has been back-transformed into the original variable values. Energies 2018, 11, 142 6 of 12 geometric anisotropy for pCO2 is defined along the N10° E and N100° E directions (Figure 4), which have been identified as representative of major (U direction) and minor (V direction) axes of the anisotropy ellipse, respectively. ...
Context 2
... particular, the major axis is the direction of maximum spatial continuity of the variable (maximum range: 12,000 m) and the minor axis is the direction of maximum spatial variability (minimum range: 8500 m). Ordinary kriging has been applied to produce the estimation map of pCO2 ( Figure 5) that, at a preliminary phase, has been back-transformed into the original variable values. Figure 5. Map of pCO2 distribution as obtained from ordinary kriging after back-transformation. ...
Context 3
... kriging has been applied to produce the estimation map of pCO2 ( Figure 5) that, at a preliminary phase, has been back-transformed into the original variable values. Figure 5. Map of pCO2 distribution as obtained from ordinary kriging after back-transformation. ...
Context 4
... A is evaluated on the basis of the pCO2 distribution of emerging waters ( Figure 5) and h is calculated from the difference between the depth of the potential reservoir top and the depth of 3 km, which is usually considered the maximum depth for an economically exploitable geothermal resource (Table 2) [11,14]. All available information on: (1) the geological structure at depth and (2) the depth of the potential reservoir top have been acquired from the Ministry of Economic Development website [12]. ...
Context 5
... A is evaluated on the basis of the pCO 2 distribution of emerging waters ( Figure 5) and h is calculated from the difference between the depth of the potential reservoir top and the depth of 3 km, which is usually considered the maximum depth for an economically exploitable geothermal resource (Table 2) [11,14]. All available information on: (1) the geological structure at depth and (2) the depth of the potential reservoir top have been acquired from the Ministry of Economic Development website [12]. ...
Context 6
... geographic distribution of pCO 2 values in the shallow aquifers of the VCVD and the SVD ( Figure 5) highlight the presence of areas characterized by medium-to-high pCO 2 values, i.e., those reflecting the input of endogenous CO 2 , whose distribution is not homogeneously affected from the complexity of the structural setting and the fracture-related upwelling of deep-originated fluids from the active hydrothermal system. Those areas, whose size is reported in Table 2, are characterized by pCO 2 values > 0.045 bar and are used to define the areal extension of potentially exploitable geothermal systems, as they are interpreted as the surface expressions of geothermal reservoirs located at depth. ...
Context 7
... areas, whose size is reported in Table 2, are characterized by pCO 2 values > 0.045 bar and are used to define the areal extension of potentially exploitable geothermal systems, as they are interpreted as the surface expressions of geothermal reservoirs located at depth. Fifteen areas with size comprised from 2 to 104 km 2 are highlighted in the map of Figure 5. They are both associated with (1) thermal waters upwelling from the deep reservoir, where the CO 2 -rich gas phase is originally dissolved, and (2) cold waters from the shallow aquifers, which receive the input of endogenous CO 2 that separates from the parent deep fluid and upwells as a single gas phase from the deep reservoir. ...
Similar publications
The analysis of the spatial variability of soil properties is important for precision agriculture, land use planning and environmental modelling. Soil texture (sand, silt and clay) and soil hydraulic properties like available water capacity and hydraulic conductivity are most important soil physical properties that govern nearly all of the soil att...
Geostatistical methods such as kriging with external drift (KED) as well as machine learning techniques such as quantile regression forest (QRF) have been extensively used for the modeling and prediction of spatially distributed continuous variables when auxiliary information is available everywhere within the region under study. In addition to pro...
Análisis de la variabilidad espacial en la precipitación en la zona metropolitana de Querétaro empleando ecuaciones de anisotropía Temporal and spatial variability analysis of daily precipitation in the metropolitan area of Queretaro, using an anisotropy scheme Resumen. La cartografía en hidrología es una de las for-mas tradicionales de representar...
This study aims to evaluate the land capability and assess geostatistical models for some soils of Wadi Tag El-Wabar located at southwestern of Sohag governorate, Egypt. The investigated area is a part of the western desert; it is lies between latitudes 26 • 3 ′ 50 ″ to 26 • 18 ′ 00 ″ N and longitudes 31 • 33 ′ 00 ″ to 31 • 45 ′ 00 ″ E. According t...
Evaluation of agricultural land management practices with reference to precision agriculture depends upon knowledge of soil spatial variability. This research work was carried out to illustrate the spatial heterogeneity of bioavailable and foliage Zn content in wheat fields of Jhelum which contributes most of the wheat producing area in Pothwar reg...
Citations
... The sum of VOC concentrations (ΣVOCs) in fluids from the hypogenic gas sources (LFCgas, BdLgas, TCMgas, MZgas, NPgas, PdUgas, SFgas, and LLgas) increased at decreasing temperatures of the associated system, i.e., from volcanic systems (LFC; Costa et al., 2020) to CH 4dominated fluids (TCM; Sciarra et al., 2017) and the landfill (LL; Fig. 3), with intermediate values shown by medium-to-high enthalpy systems, including BdL, NP, MZ, PdU and SF (up to 360 • C; Cinti et al., 2018;Tassi et al., 2015aTassi et al., , 2015b. The paucity of VOCs in the CO 2 -dominated gases originating at hydrothermal and, especially, volcanic conditions was not surprising, since VOCs are rapidly degraded by chemical reactions at increasing temperatures (Capaccioni et al., 1995;Linton and Turnbull, 1984). ...
... The northern Latium area's geothermal potential has been assessed by [41], and the reservoir of Tuscania is identified with moderate production rates (3192 t/h) and considerable expected theoretical geothermal potentials up to 700 MWt. From this promising evaluation, an investigation started to find the best area to build the production plant, searching for reservoir temperatures greater than or equal to 100 • C. ...
... The northern Latium area's geothermal potential has been assessed by [41], and the reservoir of Tuscania is identified with moderate production rates (3192 t/h) and considerable expected theoretical geothermal potentials up to 700 MWt. From this promising evaluation, an investigation started to find the best area to build the production plant, searching for reservoir temperatures greater than or equal to 100 °C. ...
Climate change and the energy crisis forced industrialized countries to contain CO2 emissions and use indigenous renewable energy sources. Geothermal energy undoubtedly has great potential, particularly thermal energy, given that 48% of the final energy consumption in the EU20 countries in 2021 was related to heating and cooling systems. The present study verifies and compares the feasibility of realizing district heating systems in two different contexts: (i) depleted hydrocarbon fields with the repurposing of existing hydrocarbon wells into geothermal wells and (ii) areas with documented geothermal resources. The two selected case studies are located, respectively, near Romentino (Northern Italy, province of Novara) and Tuscania (Central Italy, province of Viterbo). Following an assessment of the geothermal resources in the two selected case studies, specific methodological tools have been developed to evaluate the energy demand in the municipalities and determine the projects’ economics. Both case studies show positive economic indices assuming heat tariffs aligned with the values recorded in the 2020–2021 period. However, our results show how reusing hydrocarbon wells in geothermal wells constitutes an excellent opportunity to access geothermal resources, significantly reducing the necessary investment and the mining risk and strongly improving the economics of the projects.
... This method is based on Eq. 1, where the subscript r refers to rock and w to water. In this work, we assumed typical values of ρ, Φ, and C reported in literature [46][47][48][49][50][51][52] . ...
The global number of megacities is projected to increase from 33 to 43 by 2030. Megacities are critical for the world’s economy; however, their resource management is particularly challenging. The increase of energy demand, in parallel to population growth and climate change, requires urgent investment in sustainable energies. We examine the megacities of Bogotá, Los Angeles, and Jakarta and reveal that the potential geothermal resource base is enough to cover the residential electricity demand by 1.14, 4.25, 1.84 times, respectively. Geothermal energy, a clean baseload resource independent from weather conditions, could significantly contribute to energy needs, improved air quality, and the decarbonization of the world’s megacities. We conclude that it is critical governments and public are educated and about the benefits of geothermal. Moreover, those energy policies are coupled with investment in research and development are needed to ensure geothermal is successfully integrated into the future energy mix.
... In particular, the fact that the number of EV charging stations is not keeping up with the increase in the number of EVs is the greatest problem for consumers who are considering buying EVs [2]. While government funding and investment are prerequisites for the expansion of EVSE, academic studies should also provide methods that enable EVSE to be cost effective [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. In this context, many studies are being conducted on selecting EVSE locations across cities in Korea [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. ...
Establishing electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) to keep up with the increasing number of electric vehicles (EVs) is the most realistic and direct means of promoting their spread. Using traffic data collected in one area; we estimated the EV charging demand and selected priority fast chargers; ranging from high to low charging demand. A queueing model was used to calculate the number of fast chargers required in the study area. Comparison of the existing distribution of fast chargers with that suggested by the traffic load eliminating method demonstrated the validity of our traffic-based location approach.
... Exploration and exploitation have concentrated for high and medium enthalpy fluids at shallow depth in areas of recent magmatism only [1,3,4]. However, the recent technological developments in the field have extended the potential of geothermal reservoirs to lower temperatures and greater depths [5]. Several exploration permits have been requested by private companies in Italy, indicating the significant interest of industry for this renewable resource [6]. ...
... The macroscopic equivalent permeability of the REV is then calculated by assuming the simultaneous presence of the bedding and the joint sets of Table 2 and simulating the flow numerically through the discrete fractures [37], according to the procedure proposed by Lancia et al. [51]. The fluid flow inside the fractures obeys to the Darcy law (equations (5) and (6)), while the flow through the porous matrix is neglected by assuming an arbitrarily low permeability. The permeability of the single fracture (κ f ) is calculated according to equation (9) and depends on the fracture's minimum and maximum aperture in Table 2. ...
The complex behaviour of the Suio hydrothermal system (central Italy) and its potential exploitation as a renewable energy source are still unclear. To quantitatively evaluate the geothermal resource, the Suio hydrothermal system has been investigated with a hydrogeological numerical model that couples fluid flow, thermal convection, and transport of diluted species inside a hybrid continuum-discrete medium. The numerical model, calibrated and validated with available and new experimental data, unveiled the complex behaviour of the hydrothermal system. The normal tectonic displacements, the fracturing of the karst hydrostructure, and the aquitard distribution, strongly influence the hydrothermal basin. In particular, a dual fluid circulation, sustained by steady-state thermal and pressure gradients, modulates the hydrothermalism at the several springs and wells. The presence of a medium to a low-temperature reservoir allows for potential exploitation of the geothermal resource.
... The actual contribution of the heat beneath the surface of solid earth to the national electric production is limited to the Toscana region (Central Italy), even though high potential exists in the rest of the Italian peninsula and specific incentives are defined by the national legislation [14][15][16]. Furthermore, the exploitation of the active volcanic area represents a promising option due to the high temperature reservoirs' availability [17][18][19][20][21]. Nevertheless, few studies exist in the literature; for this reason, the present work focuses on the possible valorisation of geothermal sources in the active volcanic area of Phlegraean Fields Caldera (Southern Italy) by adopting small-scale Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) units. ...
... It is worth noting that, nowadays, most geothermal installations present electric power higher than 200 kWel, whereas few applications on small-scale The actual contribution of the heat beneath the surface of solid earth to the national electric production is limited to the Toscana region (Central Italy), even though high potential exists in the rest of the Italian peninsula and specific incentives are defined by the national legislation [14][15][16]. Furthermore, the exploitation of the active volcanic area represents a promising option due to the high temperature reservoirs' availability [17][18][19][20][21]. Nevertheless, few studies exist in the literature; for this reason, the present work focuses on the possible valorisation of geothermal sources in the active volcanic area of Phlegraean Fields Caldera (Southern Italy) by adopting small-scale Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) units. ...
This work aims to investigate the energy performances of small-scale Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs) for the exploitation of high temperature geothermal sources in volcanic areas. For this purpose, a thermodynamic model has been developed, and a parametric analysis has been performed that considers subcritical and transcritical configurations, and different organic fluids (isobutane, isopentane, and R245ca). The investigation illustrates the significant effect of the temperature at the entrance of the expander on the ORC behaviour and the rise in system effectiveness when the internal heat exchange (IHE) is adopted. As a possible application, the analysis has focused on the active volcanic area of Phlegraean Fields (Southern Italy) where high temperature geothermal reservoirs are available at shallow depths. The work demonstrates that ORC systems represent a very interesting option for exploiting geothermal sources and increasing the share of energy production from renewables. In particular, the investigation has been performed considering a 1 kg/s geothermal mass flow rate at 230 °C. The comparative analysis highlights that transcritical configurations with IHE guarantee the highest performance. Isopentane is suggested to maximise the ORC electric efficiency (17.7%), while R245ca offers the highest electric power (91.3 kWel). The selected systems are able to fulfil a significant quota of the annual electric load of domestic users in the area.
Scientific evaluations of the sustainable development ability of deep-buried geothermal water are essential to fully utilizing these resources while simultaneously minimizing negative environmental effects. However, due to the multi-source and variability of accumulated information in the process of geothermal water development, the precise identification of spatial differences in sustainable development capabilities is still in the exploratory stage. Taking geothermal water of thermal reservoirs with buried depths of 1000–1200 m and 1200–1400 m of downtown Kaifeng City China as an example, the exploitation potential, well distribution density, geothermal gradient, water level decline rate, recharge volume, and specific yield are selected as index factors. The weights of index factors are determined based on the gray correlation analysis method, and the sustainable development ability of the geothermal water is quantitatively evaluated using fuzzy variable set theory. Our research shows that the geothermal water resources of the 1000–1200 m deep thermal reservoir in Kaifeng can be divided into three sustainable development ability zones: ‘weakest’, ‘medium’, and ‘strong’. Moreover, the 1200–1400 m deep thermal reservoir can also be divided into three sustainable development ability zones: ‘weakest’, ‘weak’, and ‘strongest’. This research work provides a direction for the rational development and scientific protection of geothermal water.
The complex behaviour of the Suio hydrothermal system (central Italy) and its potential exploitation as a renewable energy source are still unclear. To quantitatively evaluate the geothermal resource, the Suio hydrothermal system has been investigated with a hydrogeological numerical model that couples fluid flow, thermal convection, and transport of diluted species inside a hybrid continuum-discrete medium. The numerical model, calibrated and validated with available and new experimental data, unveiled the complex behaviour of the hydrothermal system. The normal tectonic displacements, the fracturing of the karst hydrostructure, and the aquitard distribution, strongly influence the hydrothermal basin. In particular, a dual fluid circulation, sustained by steady-state thermal and pressure gradients, modulates the hydrothermalism at the several springs and wells. The presence of a medium to a low-temperature reservoir allows for potential exploitation of the geothermal resource.
