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Map of collection localities for Kalappia celebica in Sulawesi, Indonesia. The collections around Malili are highly threatened due to nickel mining. The Kolaka collections are the only two trees left in the vicinity. The Abuki collections are from a copse of trees retained for the honey bees they support and another population that is threatened due to logging.
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The Indonesian island of Sulawesi possesses a biota defined by anomaly (Wallace 1869). It has high levels of endemism (Michaux 2010) but, despite attracting research interest since the time of biogeographic pioneers such as Alfred Russell Wallace, the island remains relatively undocumented (van Welzen et al. 2011) with collection rates below much o...
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... It is part of the Wallacea biodiversity hotspot 20,21 and one of the 200 global ecoregions for conservation 22 . Despite its proximity to the islands of Borneo and Java, Sulawesi's biodiversity is unique [23][24][25][26][27] , with 98% of its non-flying mammal species, 37% of its bird species, and 26% of its reptile species being endemic 20,[28][29][30] . Its extensive forests and mangroves store and sequester globally significant volumes of carbon 31,32 . ...
... One novelty in our approach is the inclusion of ultramafic soil, which alongside altitude often shapes the diversity of plants, the kingdom of species rarely considered in biodiversity prioritization exercises 50,63-65 . Our approach, de facto, would increase the focus on the many endemic plant species that continue to be described in Sulawesi 27,66 . The priority areas identified in our analyses provide an opportunity to understand where conservation gains, in terms of coverage and ecological representativeness, could be made by expanding the PA network in Sulawesi. ...
As more ambitious protected area (PA) targets for the post-2020 global biodiversity framework are set beyond Aichi Target 11, renew thinking into spatial prioritisation is required to enable PA expansion that maximises environmental values. Our study focuses on the biodiverse and forest-rich Indonesian island of Sulawesi, which has a terrestrial PA network that covers 10% of the island. We used Marxan to investigate trade-offs in the design of an expanded PA network that prioritised different conservation features (biodiversity, forest cover, carbon stock, karst and valuable metal-rich areas) under varying island-wide coverage targets (17%, 30%, and 50%). Our first scenario, which required existing PAs to be selected, required larger areas to meet these coverage targets, in contrast to our second scenario, which allowed for any part of the island to be chosen, irrespective of PA status. The vast Mekongga and Bangkiriang Landscapes, and Gorontalo corridor were consistently identified as a high priority for protection under all scenarios. To meet our conservation targets through expanding current PAs, creating new PAs, and creating corridors that connect existing PAs, we used a spatially explicit three-phase approach. Our findings identified 26,508 km2 of priority areas to be included in the current PA network, potentially assisting Indonesia in meeting its post-2020 GBF target, if our approach is replicated across Indonesia as a national or sub-national analysis. We discuss various land management options through other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) and the costs to deliver this strategy.
... Kalapi (Kalappia celebica Kosterm.) is an endemic and endangered tree species from the family Fabaceae (Trethowan 2019) which is naturally distributed in Malili in South Sulawesi and Konawe and Kolaka in Southeast Sulawesi (Arif et al. 2016;Trethowan et al. 2019). This species has a height of up to 40 meters with a trunk diameter of 90 cm and has buttresses up to 3 m. ...
Tuheteru FD, Husna, Albasri, Arif A, Basrudin, Nurdin WR, Arman E, Agustin DI, Saribadu J, Rahmat, Dermawansyah A, Daliana, Lody LP, Deri AS, Safitri I, Sudrajat DJ. 2022. Effect of pre-sowing treatment on the germination and early growth of Kalappia celebica Kosterm.: an endemic and vulnerable tree species of Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 4297-4302. Kalapi (Kalappia celebica) is an endemic tree species of Sulawesi and is threatened with extinction, so it requires conservation efforts to preserve the tree species. The research aims to determine the effects of seed pre-sowing methods on the germination of K. celebica. Matured seeds of kalapi were collected from several mother trees at the Lalona Village, Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The seeds were treated with six pre-germinations treatments (control, nicking, nicking and soaking in cool water (20°C) for 12 h, nicking and soaking in cool water for 24 h, soaked in hot water (80°C) for 24 h till the water-cooled and soaked in cool water for 48 h. Three replication and each replication using 25 seed were used in this research, so the total seed were 450 seeds. The randomized completely design was used to test the effect of pre-germination treatments on seed germination parameters at the greenhouse. The germination parameters calculated were the first day of germination, last day of germination, germination period, germination capacity, mean germination time (MGT), and mean daily germination (MDG). The results showed that pre-germination treatment affected all seed germination parameters, which significantly increased the germination capacity. The germination capacity with the nicking was 94,67%, nicking and soaking in cool water (20°C) for 12 h (94,67%) followed by nicking and soaking in cool water (20° C) for 24 h (90,67%). In all treatments, germination started 5 to 10 days after sowing and was completed from 4 to 16 days later. The seed treatment by nicking and soaking in cool water for 12 d exhibited the lowest MGT (5.56 days), the highest MDG (0.95 germinate day-1), the highest seedling collar diameter (1.64 mm), and the highest leaf number (1.95). Therefore, the study recommends nicking followed by soaking in cool water for 12 h as an ideal pre-germination treatment to promote germination and seedling growth of kalapi tree species for supported conservation activity.
... Sulawesi juga merupakan pulau samudra yang sebenarnya karena tidak pernah memiliki koneksi terestrial dengan area lainnya sejak pertama kali terbentuk (Stelbrink et al., 2012;van Oosterzee, 1997). Pulau ini terletak di antara benua Asia dan Australia dan antara Pulau Borneo dan Papua New Guinea (Trethowan et al., 2019;van Welzen et al., 2011). Proses geologinya yang kompleks (Hamilton, 1979) membuat pulau ini memiliki kekayaan hayati dan tingkat endemisitas yang tinggi (Cannon et al., 2007). ...
Sulawesi is one of the plant diversity centers with high endemism in the Wallacea region. However, Araceae is poorly understood and fieldworks have not been conducted intensively in Sulawesi. Based on previous research, 40 species of Araceae are distributed in Sulawesi, of which 15 species were endemic. This study aims to reveal the diversity of Sulawesi’s Araceae in Eka Karya Bali Botanic Gardens (KREK) and how far the conservation efforts have been done. The research method was carried out by literature studies, documentation, and observation. The results showed that KREK Bali had collected 41 species and 14 genera of Araceae native to Sulawesi. They originated
from various provinces and the majority came from Southeast Sulawesi. The highest number of species belongs to the genus Schismatoglottis (10 species). From all collection of Sulawesi’s Araceae, 17 (41.46%) species have been completely identified and the rest 24 (58.54%) species are still incomplete names. The morphological characters of 28 species Araceae collections originated from Sulawesi are differ. They may be expected to be a new discovery, both of species and records. It indicates that the diversity of Sulawesi‘s Araceae is considerably high but rarely revealed. To date, the conservation efforts on Araceae in KREK Bali are running on collecting and maintenance of plant species. It needs more important steps to be fulfilled, for instance, sustainable use and reintroduction of threatened species.
Lasjia griseifolia Utteridge & Brambach, a member of the Proteaceae, is described and illustrated as a new species from the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. The new species is similar to L. erecta , also from Sulawesi, and morphological differences between the taxa are discussed; a line illustration and detailed notes on the conservation status are provided.
Propolis is one of the products produced by Tetragonula biroi bees which comes from resin collected by honey bees from various plants, which mixes with saliva and various enzymes to produce different new resins and bees collect other than resin to build nests with other materials. ingredients taken directly from nature. The purpose of this study was to determine the percentage of propolis propolis structure, the percentage of propolis waste and residue in nests of T. biroi in South Sulawesi. The data collected was then processed using descriptive methods. The results showed that the average percentage of propolis pillars was 30%, propolis batumen 26%, propolis involucrum 24%, propolis brood cells 6%, propolis pollen pots 4%, and contained in nests in the form of small wooden branches 6%, leaves 2.27 %. The percentage of waste in nests from Bone was 22.43% and a residue percentage of 77.56%, nests from Luwu had an average waste percentage of 19.19% and a percentage of propolis residue 80.8%, then nests from Soppeng had an average waste percentage of 18.92% and a residual percentage propolis 81.06 %.
Kalapi wood ( Kalappia celebica kosterm) is endemic to Sulawesi Island and is a monotype species in the Fabaceae family with limited distribution. This study investigates the chemical composition and natural durability of Kalapi ( K. celebica Kosterm) wood against white rot fungi Ganoderma tsugae and G. lucidium. This study was conducted based on the TAPPI standard for moisture analysis content, ASTM-D for extractive content, holocelluloce, and lignin, and method Cross and Bevan for cellulose. Durability observation was conducted in 12 weeks by assessing the percentage damage of wood samples caused by the fungi according to SNI standards 01-7207-2014. Results show that K. celebica has holocelullose, cellulose, and extractives at a high level, lignin was moderate, and had low hemicellulose. The results of testing the durability of wood shown that K. celebica has resistance to G. tsugae attack (class II) but is not resistant to G. lucidium (class IV), with an average weight loss of 3.14 % and 18.82 %, respectively.
This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of mycorrhizal fungi of arbuscular (AMF) on the growth of Kalappia celebica Kosterm at 4 months aged after planting in gold mining land of PT. Panca LogamMakmur, Bombana, Southeast Sulawesi. This study was designed using block randomized design (BRD) consisted of 5 treatments, i.e. control, Constrictum etunicatum, Septoglomus constrictum, Glomus claroideum Schenk & Smith, Glomus coronatum Giovann, and mixed AMF (G. claroideum, G. coronatum) . Each treatment had three replications. The results showed that AMF colonization significantly increased the growth of K. celebica plants. G. coronatum and C. etunicatum significantly increased the height, diameter, and leaf area and leaves dry weight of K. celebica . AMF can be used for the conservation of extinct tree species in gold mining lands.
Kalapi (Kalappia celebica) is an endemic legume of Sulawesi and has been included in the endangered category since the early 1980s. Conservation of the species is possible through ex situ culture techniques. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can accelerate plant growth which in turn supports the conservation of endangered species. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of local AMF to accelerate the growth of kalapi and increase nutrient uptake in kalapi grown in gold mine tailing media. There were three AMF treatments, Glomus claroideum, Glomus coronatum, and a mixture of both, plus the control. Each treatment was replicated three times, each consisting of five plants. The results show that the highest AMF colony was obtained by kalapi seedlings inoculated with Glomus coronatum and the mixture of AMF. The range of mycorrhizae inoculation effect values was 59.7–71.3%. AMF inoculation increased growth and dry weight of 4-month-old seedlings compared to controls. Dry and total weights of kalapi inoculated with G. coronatum were significantly different from those inoculated with the AMF mixture. However, they are not significantly different from kalapi inoculated with G. claroideum. The results also show that AMF increased nitrogen and phosphorous uptake by the roots, as well as nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, manganese and iron by the shoots. All AMF treatments decreased potassium uptake in the roots, except in kalapi inoculated with G. coronatum. The AMF mixture decreased iron contents the roots by 15%. AMF can be developed into biofertilizer to support the conservation of kalapi in tropical Indonesia.
