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Map of West Azarbaijan Province in northwestern Iran and the positions of the study sites. 1. Jabalkandi; 2. Golestaneh; 3. Tazehkand; 4. Osalu
Source publication
Background
The present study was carried out to detect the infection of larval stages of Trichobilharzia species in the snail Lymnaea auricularia in northwestern Iran based on DNA analysis.
Methods
A total number of 320 snails of L. auricularia were sampled from four water-bodies located in the suburb of Urmia City, North West Iran, during May to...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... of the lymnaeid snail L. auri- cularia was performed in four freshwater-bo- dies located in the suburb of Urmia City, Northwest Iran ( Fig. 1) from May to Novem- ber 2011. The water bodies are located in both mountainous and plain areas. The snails were randomly collected and transferred alive to the T Laboratory of Malacology of Faculty of Vete- rinary Medicine, Urmia University. L. auricula- ria was identified according to the standard keys (26,27), and its identity was ...
Context 2
... infected snails were geographically dis- tributed over three out of the four study sites. The highest infection rate in a single site (50%, 25 out of 50) was observed in Osalu, while the lowest infection (11.76%) was recorded in Golestaneh (Fig. 1). The rate of infection in plain areas was 7.81% (25 out of 320), whereas the remaining infected snails (23.43%, 75/320) were found in the water bodies located in high altitudes (Table 1). ...
Context 3
... and Ma- lek (31) investigated cercarial dermatitis in the Iranian coastal areas of the Caspian Sea. Schis- tosoma haematobium was found to be the causa- tive agent of human schistosomiasis in Southwest Iran (18, 31, 32). 1.1% of the ex- amined people in Southwest Iran had the clin- ical signs of cercarial dermatitis (18). ...
Similar publications
Background
Trichobilharzia regenti (T. regenti) is an avian schistosomatid fluke species that causes human cercarial dermatitis (HCD) in areas of aquaculture in northern Iran. Understanding the phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity of this thread‐like fluke will deepen our thoughtful of avian schistosomiasis epidemiology and lead to more...
Citations
... In northern Iran, paddy farmers are particularly prone to experiencing exanthema on their legs and arms as a result of contact with waters that contain snails infected with schistosome larvae (Gholami et al., 2021). To better understand the causes of HCD in Iran, multiple studies have been conducted on the final host birds and intermediate host snails (Gholami et al., 2021;Gohardehi et al., 2013;Maleki et al., 2012;Yakhchali et al., 2016). ...
Background
Trichobilharzia regenti (T. regenti) is an avian schistosomatid fluke species that causes human cercarial dermatitis (HCD) in areas of aquaculture in northern Iran. Understanding the phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity of this thread‐like fluke will deepen our thoughtful of avian schistosomiasis epidemiology and lead to more effective HCD control in the region.
Objectives
To determine the life cycle of nasal Trichobilharzia in aquatic birds as well as aquatic snails and also identify the haplotype diversity of the isolates in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran.
Methods
In the present study, adult or egg of Trichobilharzia isolated from aquatic birds as well as schistosomes cercariae isolated from aquatic snails in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran, belonged to the authors' previous research, were examined. Molecular studies and phylogenetic analysis were carried out on these schistosomes samples.
Results
The phylogenetic analysis of the ITS1 and COX1 genes in isolated schistosomes revealed that all samples belong to the T. regenti clade. Remarkably, based on phylogenetic results, these schistosomes samples from Anas platyrhynchos domesticus, A. platyrhynchos, Spatula clypeata and Lymnaea stagnalis grouped together with previously sequenced samples from Iran (Trichobilharzia cf. regenti). Unlike the phylogenetic tree and haplotype network of COX1 gene, ITS1 did not show distinct clusters.
Conclusion
This study completed the puzzle of the disease in Mazandaran Province by isolating and genotyping furkocercariae from L. stagnalis that was consistent with the isolated new genotype from ducks. For the first time in Iran, this confirmed the potential role of L. stagnalis snails in the transmission of the disease.
... Most previous studies concluded that morphological and anatomical characteristics of the cercariae were unreliable for species identification of this genus [23][24][25]. Consequently, several molecular methods have been introduced to verify the species identification of the emergent cercariae [26][27][28]. ...
... To date, data on the epidemiology and circulating species of Trichobilharzia are rare in Asia. Limited studies conducted in Iran [26,36,37], Nepal [38], Japan [22], and Indonesia [39] suggested that Trichobilharzia spp. were also distributed among Asian lymnaeidae snails. ...
... For instance, in Indonesia, the prevalence of 3.5% was observed in R. rubiginosa from West Java Province [39] and in Japan 0.05-0.6% of surveyed snails was infected by T. brevis [22]. Conversely, a higher rate of infection with Trichobilharzia larval infection (31.25%) was detected in the snail Lymnaea auricularia from Northwest Iran [26]. ...
Background and aim:
Cercarial dermatitis or swimmer's itch is an allergic skin reaction caused by penetrating cercaria of animal blood flukes. It is considered as a zoonotic water-borne skin condition that is found globally. Among the schistosomatid trematodes, avian schistosomes are the most responsible for cercarial dermatitis. Very little is known regarding the occurrence of dermatitis-causing cercariae in Thailand. Therefore, the objective of this study was to preliminarily investigate the presence of larval blood fluke infection among local lymnaeidae snails in Phayao by the incorporation of morphological and molecular methods.
Materials and methods:
Overall 500 Radix (Lymnaea) rubiginosa (Michelin, 1831) were collected from freshwater reservoirs near Phayao Lake in San Kwan village in Phayao, Thailand, from October to December 2020. The snails were examined for avian blood fluke infection by the cercarial shedding technique followed by morphological and molecular characterization.
Results:
Only one type of furcocercous cercaria was observed to emerge from six infected snails (1.2%). Our molecular analyses demonstrated that the emerging cercariae showed most similarity to either the 28S ribosomal RNA gene (28S rDNA) or cytochrome oxidase C subunit 1 gene (cox1 or COI) sequences to those of Trichobilharzia species. In addition, phylogenetic tree analyses of both loci revealed similar results; the emerging cercariae were consistently clustered together with Trichobilharzia regenti.
Conclusion:
Our results clearly confirmed that the detected furcocercous cercariae belonged to the genus Trichobilharzia and displayed the highest homology to T. regenti. This study provides important data on the occurrence of dermatitis causing cercariae infection among local lymnaeidae snails, encouraging effective management, and control measures for this zoonotic infectious disease.
... It is only within the last decade that there has been a concerted effort to study the epidemiology of CD in regions of the Middle East, as cases, particularly in rice fields, are gaining more attention [9,26,27,30,31,35,39,[51][52][53]71]. Much of the work on CD in this area has been conducted in Iran, documenting the neglected status of the disease and narrowing down the critical hosts and worm species for transmission. ...
... Much of the work on CD in this area has been conducted in Iran, documenting the neglected status of the disease and narrowing down the critical hosts and worm species for transmission. A summary of research in Iran thus far shows that there are at least three common species of Trichobilharzia Skrjabin and Zakharov, 1920 that have been found in ducks and snails in Northern Iran [6,26,31,51,53,71]. Recently, at least one species has been found in the mesenteric veins (9,30) and a second species in the nasal tissue of its duck hosts [6,26], particularly Spatula clypeata (Linnaeus, 1758) and Anas platyrhynchos (Linnaeus, 1758). ...
... Recently, at least one species has been found in the mesenteric veins (9,30) and a second species in the nasal tissue of its duck hosts [6,26], particularly Spatula clypeata (Linnaeus, 1758) and Anas platyrhynchos (Linnaeus, 1758). Avian schistosomes have been recovered from the snail hosts Radix gedrosiana (Annandale & Prashad, 1919) and Radix auricularia (Linnaeus, 1758), and two species of Trichobilharzia from the mesenteric veins of their duck hosts [71]. The molecular identity of the avian schistosome from R. gedrosiana has not yet been confirmed [9,27,71]. ...
Background:
One of the major migration routes for birds going between Europe and Asia is the Black Sea-Mediterranean route that converges on the Volga Delta, continuing into the area of the Caspian Sea. Cercarial dermatitis is a disorder in humans caused by schistosome trematodes that use aquatic birds and snails as hosts and is prevalent in areas of aquaculture in Northern Iran. Before the disorder can be addressed, it is necessary to determine the etiological agents and their host species. This study aimed to document whether domestic mallards are reservoir hosts and if so, to characterize the species of schistosomes. Previous work has shown that domestic mallards are reservoir hosts for a nasal schistosome.
Results:
In 32 of 45 domestic mallards (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) (71.1%), the schistosome Trichobilharzia franki, previously reported only from Europe, was found in visceral veins. Morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis confirmed the species designation. These findings extend the range of T. franki from Europe to Eurasia.
Conclusion:
The occurrence of cercarial dermatitis in Iran is high in areas of aquaculture. Previous studies in the area have shown that domestic mallards are reservoir hosts of T. regenti, a nasal schistosome and T. franki, as shown in this study. The genetic results support the conclusion that populations of T. franki from Iran are not differentiated from populations in Europe. Therefore, the schistosomes are distributed with their migratory duck hosts, maintaining the gene flow across populations with compatible snail hosts in Iran.
... Trichobilharzia is a kind of thread-like schistosome and it is distributed in birds worldwide (Yakhchali et al. 2016). It was reported that there were over 30 species in this kind of schistosomes (Loker 2009). ...
In the present study, the complete mitochondrial genome of T. szidati was assembled by next generation sequencing (NGS). We found that the complete mitochondrial genome of T.szidati is 14, 303 bp in length and consists of 3023 (21.1%) adenine, 1153 (8.1%) cytosine, 3432 (24.0%) guanosine and 6695 (46.8%) thymine. The genome contains 12 conserved core protein-coding genes (atp6, cox1, cox2, cox3, nad1, nad2, nad3, nad4, nad4L, nad5, nad6, CYTB), 21 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes and 1 D-loop region. Phylogenetic analysis showed that T. szidati has a close relationship with T. regent. Knowledge of mitochondrial genome of T. szidati could provide useful information for the further studies of evolutionary biology, epidemiology and species identification.
... In previous studies in the province, snails were collected from May through November. The most prevalent cercarial types in the province, according to the reports by Imani-Baran et al. [33] and Yakhchali et al. [35], were EC (276 of 370), T. szidati, and T. franki (100 of 320) from R. auricularia, respectively. Thus, contamination by these two trematodes may be significant in West Azerbaijan. ...
OBJECTIVES: Freshwater snails, as first intermediate hosts of trematodes, can cause health 4
hazards in animals and humans. Recently, WHO has included Iran among six countries 5
known to have a serious problem withfascioliasis. In addition, Cercarial dermatitis is a job- 6
related disease that is seen often in paddy workers and swimmers of Iran particularly in the 7
Mazandaran province.In our country, many studies have been conducted to survey larval 8
trematodes in freshwater snails. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are no 9
comprehensive data regarding the infection of gastropods. Therefore, the aim of the present 10
study was to estimate the types and prevalence of cercarial infection in snails in Iran. 11
METHODS: Electronic English and Persian language databases were searched to identify 24 12
published articles reporting the prevalence of trematode infections in snails in provinces of 13
Iran. Snails of nine different species from six families were collected in the provinces. 14
RESULTS: A total of 4.4 % of gastropods were infected with larval stages of the trematodes. 15
According to the studies reviewed in this meta-analysis‚ the highest infection prevalence was 16
found for Radix auricularia (9.9 %). Twelve larval species of trematodes were identified and 17
the highest prevalence of cercaria found for Echinostomatidae cercariae (4.3 %). Among the 18
provinces explored, West Azerbaijan had the highest prevalence of infected snails, (16.9 %). 19
CONCLUSIONS: The presence of trematodes in snails could pose a serious health problem 20
in Iran. Thus, further studies are necessary to identify these infections in other provinces. 21
KEYWORDS: Iran; Meta-analysis; Prevalence; Snail; Trematodes
... The last decade has seen an increase in reports documenting cases and the etiological agents of CD, particularly in Iran (Farahnak and Essalat 2003;Athari et al. 2006;Karamian et al. 2011;Gohardehi et al. 2013;Maleki et al. 2012;Mahdavi et al. 2013a, b;Imani-Baran et al. 2013; Section Editor: Ramaswamy Kalyanasundaram Ghobaditara et al. 2015;Fakhar et al. 2016;Yakhchali et al. 2016). The artificial environment of, for example, a rice field, supports populations of snails that are hosts to schistosomes, as well as domestic ducks, which also host avian schistosomes. ...
... In Europe, L. stagnalis is the host for T. szidati. Yakhchali et al. (2016) genetically characterized cercariae from Radix auricularia and reported two species that were similar to T. franki and to T. szidati, both species that are common in European ducks. Thus far, we do not know what species of snail the nasal schistosome uses in Iran. ...
This study is part of an effort to document the diversity of avian schistosomes in ducks and snails in Northern Iran, a major flyway (Black Sea/Mediterranean) for migratory birds and where cercarial dermatitis (CD) is prevalent in rice growing areas. CD is an allergic skin reaction from schistosome trematodes that emerge from aquatic snails. Most CD cases are reported from recreational swimmers or aquaculture farmers. Much of the work on the epidemiology of CD has focused in recreational waters in the Americas and Europe, with fewer studies in aquaculture, particularly in Iran. The artificial environment at aquaculture sites support dense populations of snails that are hosts to schistosomes, as well as domestic ducks. Thus, are domestic ducks reservoir hosts of species of Trichobilharzia, one of the main etiological agents of CD in Northern Iran? This study focused on a survey of domestic ducks for the presence of the nasal schistosome, T. regenti, that has been reported widely in Europe. Trichobilharzia regenti were found in domestic ducks in the Guilan Province of Iran based on morphological and molecular analyses. The presence of this species in Northern Iran indicates that the domestic duck can serve as a reservoir host for this species and that one of the local snail species is likely the intermediate host. The continued study and surveillance of this species is important because it is a neuropathic schistosome that can use a diversity of bird definitive hosts and Radix snails that are widespread across Eurasia.
Iran is the second largest country in the Middle East with an area of about 1,650,000 km2 divided among 30 Provinces. It is bounded to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and Sea of Oman, and to the west by Iraq and Turkey. The center and east of the country are largely barren undulating deserts, while there are highlands of Zagros Mountains in the west, along the Turkish and Iraqi borders. In the north, the Alborz mountain ranges rise steeply from a fertile belt around the Caspian Sea (Rokni 2008) (Fig. 71.1).
Inedit field report of three freshwater/ limnic mollusk forms (two bivalves & one gastropod) for the Ariranha River Basin in the Municipality of Arvoredo, Western region of Santa Catarina State/ SC (see pp. 40-41) ...............
New confirmed occurrence (field record) of the little invasive neartic freshwater pulmonate snail Lymnaea columella (Say, 1817) for the Canoas River Basin, in the Highlands malacological region of Santa Catarina State/ SC (see pp. 38-40) ..........
