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This study consisted using a numerical model to simulate methane emission and oxidation through simulated interim landfill covers located in different climatic zones of the USA. Results of these simulations show that methane loading has a significant influence on methane oxidation. At low methane loading, the soil cover is able to oxidise all of th...
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... climate zones as illustrated in Figure 1 and Table 1 were considered: humid subtropical, humid continental-warm summer, humid continental cold-summer, Mediterranean and Arid. Average climatic conditions in each landfill location reported in Chanton et al. (2011a) was obtained using the climate generation module with the USA postal service zip code as the main input. Specific soil type and cover thicknesses information was collected from each landfill site during the field campaigns ( Table 2). All of the landfills employed gas collection systems. Rates of methane loading into each cover under every climatic condition were used as the lower boundary condition of every simulation. For each climate and associated interim cover, several simulations were performed using methane loading varying from 2 to 200 g/m 2 /d. Since the surface of the cover soil is open to the atmosphere, the gas composition above the surface node of the model was assumed to be the atmospheric gas compositions (background), which are 21.21% oxygen, 1.8 ppmv methane, 385 ppmv carbon dioxide and 78.75% nitrogen. However at the surface node of the model, the concentration will be different due to the mixing with the landfill gas (for a detailed explanation see de Visscher and Cleemput, ...
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Methane emission from landfilling of waste is one of the most prevalent gas contributing to the greenhouse effect. Current waste management strategies, aim to reduce methane emissions from landfills, promote energy recovery from landfill gas (LFG) that is recognized as a renewable energy resource, due to its higher calorific value. First and the mo...
High methane (CH4) mixing ratios (up to 4 ppm) have
occurred sporadically at our measurement site in Haddenham, Cambridgeshire,
since July 2012. Isotopic measurements and back trajectories show that the
source is the Waterbeach Waste Management Park 7 km SE of Haddenham. To
investigate this further, measurements were made on 30 June and 1 July 2015...
Landfilling has been considered as the most common method for solid waste disposal in developing countries which is faced with several issues, such as gas emission. Methane as a greenhouse gas is the main landfill gas which could be applied as a fuel for electrical power plants. In this study, the gas emission of Shiraz landfill site was predicted...
Waste is a serious environmental problem in Indonesia. The waste based energy production using Waste Landfill Gas project is beneficial in the context of economic and environment aspect. The average electricity production cost from landfill gas project is 808.95 Rupiah for per KWh. This is comparatively cheaper than the production cost of gas turbi...
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... In present research, six U.S. cities from six different states are discussed are chosen in accordance with how the United States is divided into its continents [57]. Due to their various climates, these six cities were selected. ...
Environmental air pollutants pose a serious threat to human society's health and way of life, and their amount is rising quickly. Given that we spend the majority of our time indoors, good indoor air quality (IAQ) is essential. When the concentration of pollutants that have seeped into the building space, like CO 2 , is reduced, this favorable air quality becomes significant. 39 design factors, including the temperature setting of the air conditioning system's (Acs) thermostat for cooling and heating, the insulation level of the residents' clothing and the air speed for all months of the year, the level of activity envelope building, and the amount of clean air that is transferred from the outside to the inside of the building by the air conditioning, have been taken into account in this research in order to solve this significant problem in the residential sector. The objective is to simultaneously lower CO 2 concentration (C CO2) and CO 2 pollutant (P CO2) and raise thermal comfort (Tc) levels for building occupants. Design variables and objective functions are defined in JEPLUS software. Using EnergyPlus software, they are subsequently examined in terms of the building's energy efficiency. The extracted data is then sent to the JEPLUS EA software. In this software, Morris sensitivity analysis (MSA) is used to determine how input variables affect particular objective functions, and the NSGA-II algorithm is then used to optimize the results, which allows users to select any mode that best suits their objectives. According to the optimization's findings in terms of C CO2 , P CO2 and the residents' Tc were improved by 17-30, 15-37, and 52-80 percent, respectively. The levels of additional pollutants (CH 4 , N 2 O, NO x , SO 2) that decreased were also examined.
... In this article, 6 cities from 6 different states of the U.S are selected according to the continental division of the United States (Abichou et al., 2015). These 6 cities are chosen based on having different climates. ...
Environmental pollutants in the air have long been a great threat to the health and life of human society and the volume of these pollutants is rapidly increasing. Human beings spend most of their time in closed environments which highlights the demand for appropriate indoor air quality. This favorable air quality makes sense when the concentration of pollutants such as CO2 that have penetrated the building space is reduced. This paper aims to predict a model for CO2 emissions and optimize it for 6 cities of the U.S with different climates. Firstly, using the time series of GMDH type of artificial neural network, the amount of these pollutants was predicted monthly and annually from 2020 to 2025. The results show that the amount of CO2 pollutants during this period increases by 1–3% and 1.25–1.8% on a monthly and annual basis, respectively. In this research, to solve this huge predicament in the residential sector, 5 design variables are considered, which are the thermostat set point temperature of the air conditioning system for cooling and heating, the clothing insulation level of the residents' clothes for winter and summer seasons, and the amount of clean air that is transferred from the outside to the inside of the building by the air conditioning system. The goal is to simultaneously minimize CO2 emissions and annual electricity consumption costs of the building and improve the thermal comfort of building occupants. Therefore, design variables and objective functions in JEPLUS software are defined. Afterward, they are analyzed based on the building's energy performance using EnergyPlus software. The elicited data are then transferred to JEPLUS + EA software, where they are optimized by the NSGA-II algorithm, which finally discovers the most optimal states so that users can select any state that is in line with their goals.
... Methanotrophic bacteria are known to oxidize landfill gases and specifically methane (CH 4 ) to carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) because they possess the CH 4 mono-oxygenase enzyme, which enables them to use CH 4 as a source of energy and as a major carbon source. Several previous studies on landfill CH 4 oxidation in soil have demonstrated the ability of methane oxidation as a mechanism to reduce CH 4 emissions from landfill surfaces (Bogner et al. 1995;Börjesson and Svensson 1997;Kjeldsen et al. 1997;Scheutz et al. 2003;Huber-Humer et al. 2008;Bogner and Spokas 1993;Abichou et al. 2008Abichou et al. , 2009Abichou et al. , 2010Abichou et al. , 2011Abichou et al. , 2015aAbichou et al. , 2016Yuan et al. 2009). However, the capacity of landfill cover soil to oxidize CH 4 depends on both the physical and the chemical properties of landfill cover materials such as soil type, moisture content, density, organic and nutrient content, etc. ...
... One example in this regard is the Californian process-based CH 4 emission model CAL-MIM, which includes site-specific seasonal soil microclimate and CH 4 oxidation data (Spokas et al., 2015Bogner et al., 2014Bogner et al., , 2011). The CALMIM model assumes that gas transport solely is governed by diffusion processes, while a similar model, the LandSEM model, also includes advective gas transport (Abichou et al., 2015). The process-based cover models estimate methane emission from the landfill cover using representative soil characteristics, and are thus not able to include emissions from landfill infrastructures such as leachate wells. ...
Fugitive methane (CH4) emissions from landfills are significant global sources of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere; thus, reducing them would be a beneficial way of overall greenhouse gas emissions mitigation. In Europe, landfill owners have to report their annual CH4 emissions, so direct measurements are therefore important for (1) evaluating and improving currently applied CH4 emission models, (2) reporting annual CH4 emissions and (3) quantifying CH4 mitigation initiatives. This paper aims at providing an overview of currently available methodologies used to measure fugitive CH4 emissions escaping from landfills. The measurement methodologies are described briefly, and the advantages and limitations of the different techniques are discussed with reference to published literature on the subject. Examples are given of individual published studies using different methodologies and studies comparing three or more methodologies. This review suggests that accurate, whole-site CH4 emission quantifications are best done using methods measuring downwind of the landfill, such as tracer gas dispersion and differential absorption LiDAR (DIAL). Combining aerial CH4 concentration measurements from aircraft or unmanned aerial vehicles with wind field measurements offers a great future potential for improved and cost-efficient integrated landfill CH4 emission quantification. However, these methods are difficult to apply for longer time periods, so in order to measure temporal CH4 emission changes, e.g. due to the effect of changes in atmospheric conditions (pressure, wind and precipitation), a measurement method that is able to measure continuously is required. Such a method could be eddy covariance or static mass balance, although these procedures are challenged by topography and inhomogeneous spatial emission patterns, and as such they can underestimate emissions significantly. Surface flux chambers have been used widely, but they are likely to underestimate emission rates, due to the heterogeneous nature of most landfill covers resulting in sporadic and localised CH4 emission hotspots being the dominant emission routes. Furthermore, emissions from wells, vents, etc. are not captured by surface flux chambers. The significance of any underestimation depends highly on the configuration of individual landfills, their size and emission patterns.
... The microbiological process of oxidizing CH 4 to CO 2 by methanotrophs is called microbial CH 4 oxidation. Several previous studies on landfill CH 4 oxidation in soil have demonstrated the ability of methane oxidation as a mechanism to reduce CH 4 emissions from landfill surfaces (Bogner et al. 1995;Börjesson and Svensson 1997;Kjeldsen et al. 1997;Scheutz et al. 2003;Huber-Humer et al. 2008;Bogner and Spokas 1993;Spokas and Forcella 2009;Abichou et al. 2008Abichou et al. , 2009Abichou et al. , 2010Abichou et al. , 2011Abichou et al. , 2015aAbichou et al. , 2016Yuan et al. 2009). However, the capacity of landfill cover soil to oxidize CH 4 depends on both the physical and the chemical properties of landfill cover materials such as soil type, moisture content, density, organic and nutrient content, etc. ...
... The IPCC recommended using 10% to account for methane oxidation in soil covers in their guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories (IPCC 2006). However, Abichou et al. (2008Abichou et al. ( , 2010Abichou et al. ( , 2015aAbichou et al. ( , 2016) and many others reported that f ox cannot be considered a constant since methane oxidation depends on climate, landfill cover design, soil type, and the methane loading into the cover from the waste below. Abichou et al. (2010) reported that there is a unique relationship between fraction oxidized and methane loading for a given landfill cover under a given set of climatic conditions. ...
... Abichou et al. (2010) reported that there is a unique relationship between fraction oxidized and methane loading for a given landfill cover under a given set of climatic conditions. Abichou et al. (2010Abichou et al. ( , 2015aAbichou et al. ( , 2016) developed such relationships for several different cover types for the range of climates found in the state of California, the different climatic zones of the USA, and the different ecozones of Australia. ...
The main objective of the study is to propose a methodology to estimate the potential carbon credit that could be obtained by Mediterranean countries to finance the placement of soil caps on their dumpsites, through carbon offset credits that take advantage of methane emission reduction associated with methane oxidation in soil caps. This study consisted of using a numerical model that combines water balance with gas transport and oxidation to simulate methane emission and oxidation through simulated soil caps for dumps located in the Mediterranean Basin. Seventeen locations were selected to capture the variability of microclimatic conditions throughout the region. For each location, several simulations were performed using different methane loading into the bottom of each soil cap (2–200 g/m2/day). As expected, results of these simulations show that methane loading and climatic conditions influence methane oxidation. The modeling results were then used to develop expressions to estimate methane oxidation for a 1-m-thick soil cap under climatic conditions at any location in the Mediterranean region. A bio-climatic index was then used to generalize the estimation of methane oxidation for the proposed 1-m-thick soil caps. Finally, the methane oxidation correlation to estimate the carbon credit for a 4-ha municipal solid waste dump assumed to be located near the city of Tunis, Tunisia. The placement of 1-m-thick soil cap on the assumed dump can generate an $80,000 carbon credit during the first year of placement. The estimated carbon credit decreases to $40,000 after 46 years of cap placement. These potential numbers are very encouraging in terms of motivating developing countries to close their waste dumps using soil caps.
... In the FSU model, output from a Richard's equation model is coupled with dynamic parameters associated with water content and temperature. By incorporating dynamic methanotrophic activity, oxidation rates can then be estimated based on known cover thickness, soil layering, vegetative conditions, and daily climatic variability (Abichou et al., 2014(Abichou et al., , 2015b. Water balance modeling at the subject landfill was conducted with a single 90-cm soil layer to represent the final cover using the model UNSAT-H version 3.0 (Fayer 2000). ...
A performance-based method for evaluating methane (CH4) oxidation as the best available control technology (BACT) for passive management of landfill gas (LFG) was applied at a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill in central Washington, USA to predict when conditions for functional stability with respect to LFG management would be expected. The permitted final cover design at the subject landfill is an all-soil evapotranspirative (ET) cover system. Using a model, a correlation between CH4 loading flux and oxidation was developed for the specific ET cover design. Under Washington’s regulations, a MSW landfill is functionally stable when it does not present a threat to human health or the environment (HHE) at the relevant point of exposure (POE), which was conservatively established as the cover surface. Approaches for modeling LFG migration and CH4 oxidation are discussed, along with comparisons between CH4 oxidation and biodegradation of non- CH4 organic compounds (NMOCs). The modeled oxidation capacity of the ET cover design is 15 g/m²/day under average climatic conditions at the site, with 100% oxidation expected on an annual average basis for fluxes up to 8 g/m²/day. This translates to a sitewide CH4 generation rate of about 260 m³/hour, which represents the functional stability target for allowing transition to cover oxidation as the BACT (subject to completion of a confirmation monitoring program). It is recognized that less than 100% oxidation might occur periodically if climate and/or cover conditions do not precisely match the model, but that residual emissions during such events would be de minimis in comparison to published limit values. Accordingly, it is also noted that non-zero net emissions may not represent a threat to HHE at a POE (i.e., a target flux between 8 and 15 g/m²/day might be appropriate for functional stability) depending on the site reuse plan and distance to potential receptors.
Diurnal patterns of methane flux are examined at a landfill in the Southeastern US. Methane fluxes are measured by an eddy covariance (EC) tower during representative one-week periods in three seasons: summer, fall, and winter. Measured methane fluxes are compared with atmospheric pressure, temporal variation of atmospheric pressure, wind shear velocity, and air temperature. Landfill methane flux varies significantly with shear velocity and temporal changes in atmospheric pressure when the atmosphere is neutral. Under unstable atmospheric conditions, air temperature correlates best with methane flux, which is corroborated with an independent dataset of tracer correlation method (TCM) measurements for similar measurement periods. These field data support a mathematical model previously proposed to describe atmospheric effects on methane flux from landfills. The field data also indicate significant diurnal methane flux variations, with daytime fluxes up to 23 times greater than nighttime fluxes. Because the majority of historical TCM measurements of whole landfill methane flux are between 12 pm and 6 pm at this landfill, when daily emissions are highest because of atmospheric effects, average diurnal fluxes might have been overestimated by as much as 73%. Methane emissions are most representative of diurnal average emissions when atmospheric stability is near-neutral, which occurs in the late morning (∼11 am) and in the early evening (∼5 pm) at this site.
Geothermal residential heating and cooling systems have undeniable potential savings. The possibilities of the energy savings with a geothermal heat pump system is well-established in the commercial and residential sectors. Building location has a critical impact on the performance of geothermal heat pump systems and magnitude of savings. An important contribution of this paper takes the step past technological optimization to investigate 12 climate zones across the contiguous United States. Residential homes within common neighborhoods are thoroughly analyzed by considering soil characteristics and home construction features. Within these climate zones, federal and all local incentive programs are quantified to determine an accurate expectation for capital investment payback period, a critical factor for system attractability. Ultimately, a climate zone is classified as either a promising or poor candidate for residential geothermal technology based on data from previously conducted human interest polls regarding payback period on energy savings investments. With such lasting potential delivered to the hands of consumers, geothermal energy use still experiences slow implementation. This paper conducts a study integrating data on technology, finances, and human nature to identify the prevailing barrier to widespread geothermal execution. Solid evidence on energy and monetary savings reveals the dominant barriers are initial capital investment and long payback period. This paper highlights the immense positive impact that local incentives have on affecting these two prevailing deterrents.
