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The incidence of rabies has decreased in Turkey during recent years. However, an increasing number of rabies cases have been reported in the Aegean (western) region of Turkey. The virus appears to have maintained a foothold in the urban areas of the province of Izmir with only three cases per year being reported during the mid-1990s. Since 2001, th...
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Context 1
... major foci of rabies have persisted in western Turkey throughout recent campaigns aimed at re- ducing the prevalence of the disease [4]. The first is the Anatolian region of Istanbul province to the north of the country. The second is the province of Izmir in the western (Aegean) region (see Fig. 1). An associated trend observed in this latter focus of infection has been the increasing number of rabies cases in the fox. The first case was recorded in 1999 in the town of Urla to the west of the city of Izmir. From Table 1 it can be observed that a small but continued increase in the number of fox cases reported is associated with ...
Context 2
... the east. In 1999, the first case of a rabid fox was recorded to the west of the city of Izmir. Although the number of cases in dogs began to decline after 2000, the number of fox cases increased as did the number of cases in cattle within Izmir province (Table 1). During the following year the virus was reported in Aydin province to the south ( Fig. 1). Prior to 2001, the last recorded case within Aydin province was that of a horse in the town of Aydin itself in 1999. No other cases were reported in the previous year or the following year suggesting that it may have been imported into the province. However, in April 2001, a sporadic case of rabies in a dog was reported in the small ...
Citations
... Although the control of rabies in dogs is the priority from a public health perspective [36], the control of rabies in other wildlife reservoir species is also of fundamental importance as these species may participate to the maintenance of rabies in dogs. Indeed, the repeated spillover between dogs and other carnivore species has been recorded in many parts of the world [22,23,[37][38][39][40][41][42]. Further high resolution assessment of the role of cross-species transmission and adaptation in the maintenance of RABV in a defined environment are clearly needed to identify the determinants of RABV host switching and to inform the long-term control of rabies. ...
The development of high-throughput genome sequencing enables accurate measurements of levels of sub-consensus intra-host virus genetic diversity and analysis of the role played by natural selection during cross-species transmission. We analysed the natural and experimental evolution of rabies virus (RABV), an important example of a virus that is able to make multiple host jumps. In particular, we (i) analyzed RABV evolution during experimental host switching with the goal of identifying possible genetic markers of host adaptation, (ii) compared the mutational changes observed during passage with those observed in natura, and (iii) determined whether the colonization of new hosts or tissues requires adaptive evolution in the virus. To address these aims, animal infection models (dog and fox) and primary cell culture models (embryo brain cells of dog and fox) were developed and viral variation was studied in detail through deep genome sequencing. Our analysis revealed a strong unidirectional host evolutionary effect, as dog-adapted rabies virus was able to replicate in fox and fox cells relatively easily, while dogs or neuronal dog cells were not easily susceptible to fox adapted-RABV. This suggests that dog RABV may be able to adapt to some hosts more easily than other host variants, or that when RABV switched from dogs to red foxes it lost its ability to adapt easily to other species. Although no difference in patterns of mutation variation between different host organs was observed, mutations were common following both in vitro and in vivo passage. However, only a small number of these mutations also appeared in natura, suggesting that adaptation during successful cross-species virus transmission is a complex, multifactorial evolutionary process.
... In many developed countries, the primary vectors for the rabies virus are the wild animals 11 . In Turkey, on the other hand, the disease is mostly dog-mediated 12,13 , and it has been reported that more than 70% of the rabies cases in Turkey were caused by dogs 12,14 . ...
... In many developed countries, the primary vectors for the rabies virus are the wild animals 11 . In Turkey, on the other hand, the disease is mostly dog-mediated 12,13 , and it has been reported that more than 70% of the rabies cases in Turkey were caused by dogs 12,14 . ...
... It is also reported that Turkey is the only country in which dog-mediated urban rabies cases are encountered 2 , and more than 70% of the rabies cases reported in Turkey were caused by dogs, which is followed by cats and ruminants 12,13,20 . The Aegean and Marmara regions are particularly reported for the rabies case frequency 6,7 . ...
... In many developed countries, the primary vectors for the rabies virus are the wild animals 11 . In Turkey, on the other hand, the disease is mostly dog-mediated 12,13 , and it has been reported that more than 70% of the rabies cases in Turkey were caused by dogs 12,14 . ...
... In many developed countries, the primary vectors for the rabies virus are the wild animals 11 . In Turkey, on the other hand, the disease is mostly dog-mediated 12,13 , and it has been reported that more than 70% of the rabies cases in Turkey were caused by dogs 12,14 . ...
... It is also reported that Turkey is the only country in which dog-mediated urban rabies cases are encountered 2 , and more than 70% of the rabies cases reported in Turkey were caused by dogs, which is followed by cats and ruminants 12,13,20 . The Aegean and Marmara regions are particularly reported for the rabies case frequency 6,7 . ...
Rabies is a viral disease with a high mortality rate caused by a neurotropic virus that is capable of infecting all mammals. In many developed countries, the primary vectors for the rabies virus are the wild animals. In Turkey, on the other hand, the disease is mostly dog-mediated, and it has been reported that more than 70% of the rabies cases in Turkey were caused by dogs. In this study, the aim was to retrospectively evaluate the epidemiology of the rabies cases encountered in the Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia regions between 2010 and 2015 based on the virus isolations and laboratory diagnoses. The animal material of the study consists of 37 wildlife animals (wolves, foxes, weasels, badgers) diagnosed with rabies brought to Elazığ Veterinary Control Institute from the Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia regions of Turkey between 2010 and 2015. The distribution of the cases for these regions in a provincial basis was as follows: Elazığ 14, Malatya 10, Diyarbakır 5, Muş 2, Van 2, Bingöl 2, Tunceli 1, and Bitlis 1, for a total of 37 cases. Wildlife rabies in many European countries has been brought under control through the use of oral vaccinations. The results of our study indicate that the wildlife rabies can be brought under control in Turkey as well through motivation and support of relevant authorities and other stakeholders, and oral vaccination campaigns performed on wildlife for extended periods of time. Meanwhile, it would also be possible to eliminate rabies in urban areas through control of stray dogs and conducting campaigns for vaccination of all dogs.
... Dünyadaki Rabies olgularına bakıldığında insan vakalarının %99'dan fazlasını köpek (Canislupus familiaris) orijinli memeli RABV (Rabies virus) meydana getirmektedir [27]. Önemli bir patojen olan Kuduz virusunun küresel filocoğrafik durumunu keşfetmek ve köpeklerde RABV evrim periyodunu anlamak için, Bayesian coalescent metoduyla N ve G genleri incelenmiş; Canid RABV lineajlarının Hindistan yarımadasından muhtemelen 1500 yıl önce ortak bir atadan köken aldığı düşünülmüştür (şekil 2) [5] Afrika 2 ve Afrika 3 dallarının yalnızca bulundukları bölgeye spesifik olduğu görülmüştür [20]. Kutupla ilişkili dal, Grönland ve Kuzey Amerika'nın yanı sıra Asya'nın merkezinden doğusuna kadar yayılmış, tüm kuzey yarım kürede büyük bir alanı işgal eden bir dizi lineajlar olarak dolaşmaktadır [18,24,29,31,38]. ...
... Batı dalı olarak adlandırılan dal Türkiye'nin batısındaki illerde yaygın, ikinci bir dal ise doğu illerinden elde edilen farklı izolatları içerisinde barındırdığından Doğu dalı olarak adlandırılmıştır [19]. Batı dalının daha önce bulunmadığı bölgelere doğru, güney ve doğu yönleri istikametinde yayılım gösterdiği belirtilmektedir [20]. Doğu dalı üzerinde yapılan genetik analizler ise; bu grubun İran, Irak ve İsrail gibi Orta Doğu ülkelerinden diğer RABV sekanslarıyla ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir [19,22]. ...
Kuduz, insan ve hayvan sağlığını etkileyen, önemli ve ölümcül enfeksiyöz hastalıklardan birisidir. Bu derlemede; Kuduz enfeksiyonunun moleküler orijini, tarihçesi, Kuduza sebep olan Lyssavirusların çeşitliliği, coğrafik dağılımları ile ülkemizdeki Kuduz enfeksiyonunun durumu hakkında bilgiler sunulmuştur.
... In addition, 35 of the 36 samples, which were deemed to be unfit for either DFA or dRIT due to decomposition of the tissue, also yielded the expected amplicons by RT-PCR. Indeed, RT-PCR can detect the presence of nucleic acid in samples in decomposing conditions and collected several days earlier, transported at ambient temperatures, archived in frozen or fixed condition for several years, exhumed bodies, or in some cases, as an intravitam diagnostic assay [42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]. This is not surprising since nucleic acids, especially fragments, are likely to be more resistant to tissue decomposition than proteins. ...
Accurate and early diagnosis of animal rabies is critical for undertaking public health measures. Whereas the direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) technique is the recommended test, the more convenient, direct rapid immunochemistry test (dRIT), as well as the more sensitive, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), have recently been employed for the laboratory diagnosis of rabies. We compared the three methods on brain samples from domestic (dog, cat, cattle, buffalo, horse, pig and goat) and wild (leopard, wolf and jackal) animals from various parts of India. Of the 257 samples tested, 167 were positive by all the three tests; in addition, 35 of the 36 decomposed samples were positive by RT-PCR. This is the first study in which such large number of animal samples have been subjected to the three tests simultaneously. The results confirm 100% corroboration between DFA and dRIT, buttress the applicability of dRIT in the simple and rapid diagnosis of rabies in animals, and reaffirm the suitability of RT-PCR for samples unfit for testing either by DFA or dRIT.
... Furthermore, the number of at-risk contacts has not decreased as quickly as expected. Different solutions are still applied in Istanbul's Anatolian side and inIzmir, which is a city in the Aegean region [4,5]. Domestic dogs are the main vector in the transmission of rabies among animals in developing countries (such as Turkey) and in undeveloped countries [6]. ...
Aim: Turkey is an endemic area for rabies infection. The number of contact cases at risk of rabies has not decreased as quickly as expected. We investi-gated the one-year at-risk contacts observed in Samsun between January 1 and December 31, 2014. Material and Method: This is a retrospective, cross sectional study. Data were taken from at-risk contact report forms collected in public health institutions. Analyses were made on June 2015 using the SPSS 20.0 package software. Results: We analyzed 2892 cases, of whom 69.9% were male. The difference in median age by gender (m:27, f:32) is sig-nificant (p=0.000). More patients were found in the 10-19 age group (21.1%) than in any other group. 75.5% of the animals causing an at-risk contact were dogs; however, in Atakum, injuries were caused by cats at nearly two times the rate of other towns (p=0.000). At-risk contacts were observed most commonly in the spring (31.8%). Rate of females who take medication or have a diagnosed disease is nearly two times the rate in males (p=0.000). There was an extremity injury in 95.4% of the cases. Discussion: Stray dogs are a public health problem that must be addressed. Rabies infection can be prevented by vaccination and antiserum. Public health services should work in constant collaboration with other disciplines.
... Although human-caused mortality has a negative effect on the population status of jackals, they extended their distribution range in northern and central parts due to supplementary feedings, e.g., by the reintroduction of species from the family Phasianidae, whereas they have probably stayed at constant levels in the Mediterranean and Aegean parts of Turkey. There are also records of rabid golden jackals from the biggest city in Turkey, İstanbul (Johnson et al., 2006). The main threat in the Black Sea and Mediterranean regions is the destruction of habitats to build hydroelectrical power plants, the establishing of new roads, and the destruction of riverine habitats. ...
... The red fox is a vector of rabies in Turkey in addition to the golden jackal. The main vector of rabies in Turkey is known to be domestic animals such as dogs, cats, and cattle, on the contrary of other European countries (Johnson et al., 2006). The lower number of rabid cases in wild species can be altered due to reducing the number of stray dogs, since the virus can adapt to a new niche (Johnson et al., 2006). ...
... The main vector of rabies in Turkey is known to be domestic animals such as dogs, cats, and cattle, on the contrary of other European countries (Johnson et al., 2006). The lower number of rabid cases in wild species can be altered due to reducing the number of stray dogs, since the virus can adapt to a new niche (Johnson et al., 2006). Studies show a transmission of virus between dogs and red foxes (Johnson et al., 2003) and an increase in the number of rabies cases for wild red fox in Turkey since 2000 (Johnson et al., 2010). ...
Turkey has viable populations of many carnivore species of the Western Palearctic. Among those, ursids and canids are represented by brown bear (Ursus arctos) and 3 canid species gray wolf (Canis lupus), golden jackal (Canis aureus), and red fox (Vulpes vulpes), respectively. Those species occur in major ecosystems of Turkey and experience a wide range of threats, and they are at the center of human–wildlife conflicts. However, due to a limited number of studies about their ecology and taxonomy, their current distributions, population sizes, and statuses are vague. In this study, we document the 4 species’ known data in terms of distribution range, population biology, phylogeography, threats and conflicts with people, and National Red List status in Turkey by reviewing the recent literature and national news about carnivores, data collection in field surveys, and interviews with local people, personnel of the Ministry of Forestry, and hunters in more than 50 provinces. Additionally, we also provide information about rabies cases in consideration with carnivore conservation. We finally recommend further studies to fill information gaps for wildlife conservation and management based on scientific evidence.
... This is a critical question in rabies control, as demonstrated in parts of Africa where elimination of rabies in domestic dogs has led to the reduction of rabies in wildlife [63]. Both wildlife and dog rabies continue to be reported in Azerbaijan and Turkey, and epidemiological studies in Turkey and Israel strongly support spill over from wildlife [27,[64][65][66][67]. Although control of dogs remains a priority from a public health perspective, eliminating rabies will require control in all reservoirs. ...
Author Summary
Despite being one of the oldest recognised infectious diseases, rabies continues to cause thousands of preventable human deaths per year. As a zoonotic disease, control of infection in the reservoir has been proven the most efficient route to reduction of human cases. In some regions, the epidemiology is well understood, with either dogs or wildlife known to be the primary reservoir and with little or no movement from, or into other regions. This is not the case in the Middle East, where rabies is underreported in animals and humans, there is little laboratory confirmation of infection, and the extent of rabies spread from country to country is not known. Previous studies have demonstrated trans-boundary movement of rabies but have been limited by a low number of available samples from some countries, and the direction of spread has been difficult to estimate. Here we use rabies virus partial genome sequences of 183 viruses from over 20 countries, combined with geographical and temporal information, to reconstruct the evolution of rabies viruses circulating in the Middle East. The results reveal an apparent barrier to spread between some regions but regular movement between others. These analyses will support policy on rabies control by indicating the relative importance of local control and animal movement restrictions when allocating resources.
... A rabies epidemic in red foxes in the Aegean region of Turkey has been reported (Johnson et al. 2006b), and in other countries in the Middle East fox rabies has emerged in recent years (Seimenis 2008). In Russia and other countries of the former Soviet Union, rabies is also maintained by wild canids, particularly foxes, while local dog epizootics occur only sporadically in some territories (Kuzmin et al. 2004 Vulpes corsac) and the golden jackal participate in rabies virus circulation in the steppe and desert territories (Kuzmin et al. 2004 Canis lupus lupus) is involved in RABV circulation, but there are some reports especially from Mongolia (Botvinkin et al. 2008). ...
Rabies is one of the oldest known zoonoses. Recognized etiological agents consist of at least 15 proposed species of lyssaviruses with primary reservoirs residing in the Orders Carnivora and Chiroptera. A plethora of viral variants, maintained by a diverse set of abundant hosts, presents a formidable challenge to a strict concept of true disease eradication. Despite the availability of affordable and efficacious animal and human vaccines, today however dog rabies continues to escalate unabated across much of Asia and Africa, causing millions of suspect human exposures and tens of thousands of human rabies deaths annually. By identifying what hampers global human rabies elimination this chapter emphasizes that, given the global epidemiology of rabies, the “One Health” concept is key to solving the problem. Next to state of the art human rabies prevention, immunization and experimental therapy, it is obvious that human rabies can only be eliminated through rabies control at the animal source. This ‘paradigm shift’, however, needs new grassroot initiatives as well as political will and the closing of ranks of all stakeholders in the near future.
... The red fox is one of the most widespread carnivore distibuted in Turkey [9][10][11]. Many studies were achieved on the ecology, biology, distribution, molecular, taxonomy and rabies epidemiology of red fox from Turkey [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] however, the karyotype of the species has not been reported. ...
