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Map of Turkey, Greece, Albania, Russia, and Azerbaijan showing localities of samples sequenced for this study and haplotype group (Bufotes viridis, lineage 1, and lineage 2 of B. variabilis) assignments for populations based on phylogenetic analyses.
Source publication
Although there have been several studies based on the molecular data of green toads, some ambiguities related to the systematics of these toads in Turkey still remain. Thus, we used combined mitochondrial genes (D-loop and 12S ribosomal RNA) to resolve these taxonomic problems. We also applied demographic analysis to elucidate the evolutionary hist...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... total of 46 green toads were sampled from Turkey, Russia, Greece, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and Albania ( Figure 1; Table 1). The animals were treated in accordance with the guidelines of the local ethics committee (Karadeniz Technical University, 2007/12-05). ...
Context 2
... hundred inferences were executed using RAxML, and nonparametric bootstrap proportions with 1000 replicates were used for estimating nodal support. Phylogenetic analysis showed that there are 3 haplotype groups (Figure 1). They were addressed as distinguishing units to examine regional genetic variety between and within populations. ...
Context 3
... Clade 2 was divided into 2 main lineages: lineage 1 and lineage 2. Lineage 1 had strong support from likelihood bootstrap values (>70%) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (>0.95%), whereas lineage 2 was weakly supported in combined mitochondrial genes (Figure 2). While lineage 1 was found only in western Anatolia, lineage 2 was found in all eastern locations, including Russia (to the north of the Caspian Sea) and Azerbaijan (Figure 1). ...
Context 4
... Turkey, 2 lineages of B. variabilis could be distinguished. The first lineage only occurs in western Anatolia, and the second lineage occurs in all eastern regions (Figure 1). ...
Context 5
... results showed the presence of a genetic break across Anatolia. This is probably due to the Anti-Taurus curving northeast from the Taurus (Toros) and western Anatolian Mountains, a well-known biogeographical hotspot for amphibians and reptiles (Schmidtler, 1998), which also showed a strongly supported and divergent sublineage of lineage 2 in this study (BV46, 85-86) ( Figure 1). In addition, the causes of more sublineages of lineage 2 were explained by Anatolian mountain ranges (especially the Anatolian Diagonal), because Anatolia was exposed to more geological events during the glacial period. ...
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Citations
... B. sitibundus, registration points and habitat in the vicinity Lentekhi town, Lower Svanetia; specimens are also shown in the table of records (table 2). samples from Turkey, Georgia, Russia and other countries (Özdemir et al., 2014;Dufrenes et al., 2019) we assume that our samples belong to the species B. sitibundus based on their location and coloration patterns. ...
... What is more lack of modern registrations makes it harder to assess real actual state of Georgian populations of amphibians and reptiles it terms of modern molecular research that highlights new species even from relatively isolated mountain populations or bigger populations divided by mountain ridges as natural barriers. For example, it can be connected with distribution of representatives of rock lizards (Darevskia Arribas, 1999) complex (Tarkhnishvili et al., 2002;Ciobanu et al., 2003), sand lizards (Lacerta Linnaeus, 1758) (Andres et al., 2014), slow worms (Anguis Linnaeus, 1758) (Jablonsky et al., 2021) and green toads (Bufotes Rafi nesque, 1815) (Özdemir et al., 2014;Dufresnes et al., 2019). ...
This paper contains information on the records of bottom macroinvertebrates, fish, amphibians and reptiles collected during a fi eld expedition to the valley of the river Tskhenistskali (in the vicinities of town of Lentekhi and village of Sasashi) in April 2018. According to the results of the study, three fish species (Actinopterigii) of three families (Salmonidae, Cyprinidae and Nemacheilidae) inhabits three studied rivers (Kheledula, Devashi and Tskhenistskali Rivers). Seven species of reptiles (Squamata: Anguidae — 1, Colubridae — 1, Viperidae — 1, Lacertidae — 4), and five species of amphibians (Anura: Hylidae — 1, Bufonidae — 1, Ranidae – 2; Caudata: Salamandridae — 1) were registered within the investigated area. Around Lentekhi town three species of the genus Darevskia Arribas, 1999, namely Darevskia rudis svanetica (Darevsky & Eiselt, 1980), Darevskia brauneri brauneri (Mehely, 1909) and Darevskia derjugini abchasica (Bischoff , 1982) were found to live almost sympatrically, with only river serving as a natural barrier between the species. The paper also contains descriptions of habitats characteristic of the region for the species found and the results of route surveys with D. d. abchasica and P. ridibundus being the most numerous species of herpetofauna (sensu lato) — up to 35 and 20 individuals per 100 m of route. In order to illustrate the feeding base of the registered vertebrates, the study of species composition (n = 114) of bottom macroinvertebrates, that form the main component of food source for them. The recorded invertebrates belong to 16 taxonomic groups of the higher rank (up to 98.1 % of all benthic invertebrates appeared to be insects, including Ephemeroptera — 51 %, Plecoptera — 17.4 % Сhironomidae — 14.2 %, Trichoptera — 11.5 %, Diptera — 3 %). Other groups, namely Turbellaria, Nematoda, Oligochaeta, Araneida, Acarina, Collembola, Heteroptera, Coleoptera, in total form a little less than 3 % of all recorded species. Registrations of fauna from mountain regions will help to update actual maps of natural ranges of the species within the country and tend to be a valuable addition to the data that can be potentially used in GIS-modelling of species’ distribution according to predicted climate changes.
... Then Dubois and Boer (2010) showed that Pseudepidalea is a junior synonym for Bufotes (Rafinesque, 1815) [4]. They also recommended 3 different subgenus of the same genus Bufo (Bufo, Bufotes, Epidalea); therefore, Pseudepidalea variabilis was changed to Bufo (Bufotes) variabilis (Pallas, 1769) [5]. ...
The paper contains data on sexual size dimorphism of Bufotes sitibundus Pallas, 1771 with samples from the “Greater Caucasus”, “Lankaran” and “Absheron” territories of Azerbaijan. The 139 adult specimens (62♂ and 77♀) from 3 populations were collected. They were released after morphometric measurements and pattern morphs analysis. The data were processed in the STATISTICA Stat Soft 10 program. Reliability of differences was estimated using Independent Sample t-test. Statistical analysis of morphological features showed that there are differences in different features between males and females in different populations. In each of the populations studied, the femur (FmL) and tibia (TbL) were longer in males than in females. Investigation of the pattern polymorphism in 126 specimens has shown that dorsal pattern with spots separated by short distance between them is dominant in 2 studied populations (“Absheron” and “Lankaran”). There were not found any differences between males and females according to pattern charcteristcs.
... Only the nominal species B. viridis (Dufresnes et al., 2019) inhabits the territory of Bulgaria although the diploid complex of green toads (B. viridis complex) includes at least 12 evolutionary lines and at least 14 morphologically similar species distributed throughout Europe, much of Asia and North Africa (Stöck et al., 2008, Özdemir et al., 2014, Vences et al., 2019. ...
This paper summarizes and presents the results from our years-long in situ analyses of the populations of the Marsh frog P. ridibundus and the Green toad B. viridis inhabiting freshwater ecosystems in South Bulgaria with different degrees of anthropogenic transformation. It covers the period 2009-2017 with tests of the application of fluctuating asymmetry in meristic morphological traits as a marker for deviation assessment of the developmental stability of individuals of both species as well as for parallel and independent from physicochemical analyses assessment of the quality of their living environment. The analyses held on the territory of South Bulgaria are divided into three phases: first (2009-2010), second (2011-2015) and third (2016-2017). The results of our investigations conducted over a period of 9 years, show that changes in asymmetry levels in meristic morphological traits in adult and sexually mature representatives of P. ridibundus and B. viridis are a very good bioindication method.
... In recent years, there has been an increase in research involving Turkish fauna to explore the phylogenetic and phylogeographic structure of various animal groups [19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. Although there have been certain faunistic studies to determine Tabanidae diversity [7,8,[26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41], there has been only one molecular-based study on horse flies in Turkey [42]. ...
... Moreover, the absence of shared haplotypes/ alleles between the eastern and western sides of the mountain line supports the importance of the Anatolian Diagonal on T. bromius. In fact, it has been shown that the Anatolian Diagonal plays a key role in the distribution of species and genetic lineages, not only in plants [74,75], but also in animals [23,25,68,[76][77][78]. A geographic structuring across the distribution range of T. bromius in Turkey is further supported by the pairwise F ST analysis predicting the levels of genetic differentiation of populations and reveals significant differences from each other in many populations. ...
Background
Tabanus bromius (Diptera: Tabanidae) is one of the most notable Tabanidae species of veterinary and medical importance distributed throughout the Palearctic region. In this study, we investigate the genetic diversity and the phylogeographic structure of T. bromius sampled from Turkey, Croatia, and Iran.
Methods
For this purpose, a 686-base-pair (bp) fragment of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I gene ( COI ) and 1339 bp of the nuclear DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) were sequenced from 247 individuals representing 15 populations.
Results
The sequences generated 169 COI haplotypes and 90 ITS alleles. A higher haplotype/allele diversity ( h = 0.9909 for the COI gene and A d = 0.8193 for the ITS region) compared to a low nucleotide diversity ( π = 0.020605 for COI gene and π = 0.013667 for the ITS region), present for a high number of singleton and private haplotypes/alleles imply population expansion in the past. The results of phylogenetic analysis led to the uncovering of geographically significant groupings of lineages with regard to the entrance of the species into Anatolia and the location of major geographic barriers. According to current data, the species appears to have entered Turkey from Caucasia and Iran. A molecular clock applied to the COI data suggests that T. bromius diverged from the outgroup species nearly 8.83 million years ago, around the end of the Miocene era.
Conclusions
The results of this study indicate remarkable genetic diversity across the studied range of the species. High haplotype/allele versus low nucleotide diversity and demographic analyses implied that the T. bromius populations have undergone a series of expansions and retreats in the past. Our current findings suggest that T. bromius split from outgroups around the Late Miocene. Subsequent diversification events during the climatic and environmental fluctuation times of the Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene periods also significantly influenced the species, resulting in the formation of some major genetic lineages. The phylogenetic analyses indicate that T. bromius most likely entered Turkey from the Caucasus region and Iran.
Graphical Abstract
... B. viridis diploid complex is one of the most polytopic amphibian groups of the Palearctic (Stöck et al. 2006, Özdemir & Kultrup 2007, Fayzulin et al. 2018. It includes at least 12 major evolutionary lineages and 14 morphologically similar species distributed across Europe, Asia and Northern Africa and overall the taxonomy is still controversial and unspecified (Batista et al. 2006, Litvinchuk et al. 2007, Stöck et al. 2008, Özdemir et al. 2014, Vences et al. 2019. In Bulgaria B. viridis complex occurs across the territory of the whole country (Beschkov & Nanev 2002). ...
The current study presents data about the variations in body size and color polymorphism of toads from the Bufotes viridis complex inhabiting two semi-natural habitats-"Hulm Bunardzhik" Hill (Site 1) and "Mladezhki hulm" Hill (Site 2) located in a highly urbanized area of Plovdiv City, Bulgaria. The purpose of the analyses was to obtain data allowing a better understanding of the adaptive capabilities of this anuran complex, allowing it to survive in diverse, incl. anthropogenically transformed habitats. The results of our study showed that for the parameter snout-vent length (SVL) the main effect of the habitat (site) was significant, while the effects of sex and the combination sex and site were insignificant. We found significant interactions between all three tested variables (site, sex and combination sex and site) for the parameter body weight (BW). The population from "Mladezhki hulm" Hill was strongly dominated by individuals from the two dark-background morphs (C and D), while the population from "Hulm Bunardzhik" Hill was dominated by the light-colored (A and B morphs) individuals. Our results support the hypothesis that color polymorphism in anurans is also influenced by environmental factors and habitat characteristics.
... Kuraklığa dayanıklı olan Bufotes variabilis (Pallas, 1769) türü geceleri aktif olup gündüzleri taş altlarında veya topraktaki deliklerde gizlenir [7]. Ülkemizde uygun biyotop olan her yerde bulunan türe ayrıca Yunanistan, Kıbrıs, Suriye, Lübnan, Irak, İran, Kafkasya, Rusya, Kazakistan ve Suudi Arabistan'ın batı bölümlerinde rastlanılır [29]. Türün taksonomik durumu son dönemde yürütülen çalışmalar neticesinde önemli değişiklikler göstermiş olup ilk olarak Bufo cinsinin pek çok cinse ayrılmasının gerekliliğine işaret edilen bir çalışmayla takson Pseudepidalea cinsine dahil edilmiştir [30]. ...
Bu çalışmada Meke Maarı civarında dağılış gösteren kurbağa ve sürüngen türleri tespit edilerek bölgenin herpetofaunasına ait eksik bilgiler giderilmeye çalışılmıştır. Yapılan arazi çalışmaları sonucunda 1 kuyruksuz kurbağa, 1 kaplumbağa, 7 kertenkele ve 6 yılan olmak üzere toplam 15 tür tespit edilmiştir.
... However, the studies on amphibian and reptile species from Kırıkkale province are very limited (İlhan and Tosunoğlu, 2015). Various researchers reported amphibians and reptiles that they were encountered in the border of Kırıkkale province during their general survey in Turkey without any detailed location information (Eiselt and Spitzenberger, 1967;Baran and Atatür, 1986;Fritz and Freytag, 1993;Mulder 1995;Sindaco et al., 2000;Gözütok and Albayrak, 2009;Toyran and Albayrak, 2009;Bülbül and Kutrup, 2011;Çiçek et al., 2011;İnci et al., 2013;Özdemir et al., 2014). Besides published data, an oral presentation was delivered about the amphibians and reptilians of Kırıkkale province at the twelfth national ecology and Environment symposium Muğla University (Turkey) (İlhan and Tosunoğlu, 2015). ...
The aim of this study is to investigate the amphibian and reptile species of Kırıkkale province (central Anatolia, Turkey). For this purpose, 30 days of field studies were carried out between March 2016 and June 2017 at the study area. A total of 24 herptile species (four anurans, three chelonians, seven lizard and ten snake species) were determined in Kırıkkale Province. Among the determined species, Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) and Malpolon insignitus (Geoffroy De St-Hilaire, 1809) were recorded for the first time from Kırıkkale province.
... Turkey is one of the refugia including mountain ranges such as Anatolian Diagonal, and Taurus and Black Sea mountains and many seaways (Black, Aegean, and Mediterranean seas) that inhibited gene flow between populations (Bilgin, 2011). Especially, Anatolian Diagonal has acted as an important biogeographical barrier by dividing the lines or species into eastern and western parts (Hewitt, 1999(Hewitt, , 2000Veith et al., 2003;Çıplak, 2003, 2004Mutun, 2010;Bilgin, 2011;Plötner et al., 2010;Kapli et al., 2013;Özdemir et al., 2014;Allegrucci et al., 2017;Riemsdijk et al., 2017;Yiğit et al., 2017). ...
The aim of this study is to determine the genetic diversity of species in Rocky mouse, Apodemus mystacinus, using SSR (the simple sequence repeat) loci and to reveal the reasons of this variations, if any. In this study, 69 A. mystacinus samples were studied collected from 18 localities in Turkey. 7 SSR loci were used to determine the genetic diversity of A. mystacinus. As a result of this study, A. mystacinus includes 2 genetic groups that indicate the presence of two subspecies as A. m. mystacinus that is distributed in western Anatolia and A. m. euxinus in eastern Anatolia. This result also supports that one of the micro refugium areas is eastern Turkey and the other western and southern Turkey.
... Even though the sampling of A. quercustozae was limited to only seven localities, a clear separation and timing of the split between the south-western and north-eastern Turkish clades created by the Anatolian Diagonal also support our current results. Similar diversifi cation events in other species of animals (Veith et al., 2003;Çıplak, 2004bGündüz et al., 2007;Bellati et al., 2011;Kaya et al., 2014;Özdemir et al., 2014) and plants (Ansell et al., 2011) in Turkey have shown that lineages diverge into more sub lineages with deep/intermediate to shallow splits. Overall these fi ndings may provide the robust data necessary to draw the general conclusion that in the last 10 million years the dynamic geographic and climatic changes in the Turkish landmass together with its neighbouring area left strong imprints on oak gall wasps. ...
Cynips quercusfolii is an oak gall wasp species distributed across the western Palearctic region. In this study, C.
quercusfolii adults were used to investigate the possible effects of past climatic fluctuations and topography on the genetic
structure of this species in Turkey. For this, the partial mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome b gene (cyt b) and nuclear DNA
(nDNA) ITS2 region of 294 individuals from 38 populations covering the distribution of this species in Turkey were sequenced.
The sequences generated 125 mtDNA haplotypes and 30 nDNA alleles. High variation was revealed in Turkish populations of
C. quercusfolii (h = 0.7328 and π = 0.0102 for cyt b, and h = 0.5865 and π = 0.0058 for ITS2). Demographic analyses and high
haplotype versus low nucleotide diversity indicated that C. quercusfolii populations might have undergone a series of expansions
and contractions in the past. Phylogenetic analyses showed that this species is structured geographically between east and west
due to a major physical barrier, the Anatolian Diagonal. Furthermore, divergence times of the lineages implied that deep splits occurred before the Pleistocene, while intermediate to shallow splits were associated with climatic changes during the Pleistocene.
We conclude that ongoing geological events and associated climatic cycles were responsible for the current population genetic
structure of this species in Turkey.
... In Egypt, this species appears along the Mediterranean coast (including the Sinai Peninsula), Nile Valley, and in oases of the Western Desert (Baha El Din, 2006). There are also records farther east, to Israel and Jordan, but they could refer to the eastern green toad, Bufotes variabilis (Özdemir et al., 2014;Salman et al., 2014). Bufotes boulengeri is known from about sea level to 2670 m in the High Atlas (Bons and Geniez, 1996). ...
Amphibians of North Africa is a comprehensive compilation of available data on the amphibians found in various ecosystems across North West Africa and parts of the Mediterranean region. The book included also the description of a new species of hylid for the northeast Maghreb: Hyla numidica (Holotype-MZB 2019-0924; Terra Typica: Nefza, Tunisia; urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:154236EB-0CCA-4835-85C7-7516BB6231D1).The first of its kind, this book is essential to identifying and understanding the ecological role of regional herpetofauna and its conservational importance.
