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Map of Southern Islands of Singapore illustrating the survey site locations. Inset: Enlarged maps of Kusu Island and Pulau Hantu indicating transect sites (H1 = P. Hantu 1, H2 = P. Hantu 2, K1 = Kusu Island 1, K2 = Kusu Island 2, S1 = P. Semakau 1, S2 = P. Semakau 2)
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Studies concerning subtidal octocoral species from Singapore reefs are few. This study documents the diversity and abundance of octocoral communities from fringing reefs at Singapore's Southern Islands, namely, Pulau Semakau, P. Hantu and Kusu Island. Belt transects of 20 m ( 5) were employed to survey the octocoral communities at these reef sites...
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Context 1
... coral reefs located at t,hree Southern Islands of Singapore, namely P. Semakau ( , over a two month duration from January to February 2014. These sites were selected based on previous reports on the occurrence of octocorals at these reef systems ( Goh et al. 2009). A total of six sites were surveyed using SCUBA, with two sites from each island (Fig. ...
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... and P. Semakau (Fig. 2). Interestingly, in terms of community structure, multivariate analyses revealed that Kusu Island and P. Semakau octocoral communities were not significantly dissimilar. Based on nMDS analysis, only P. Hantu octocoral communities were significantly dissimilar from Kusu Island. Despite the close proximity of survey sites (Fig. 1), localized environmental factors at these study sites may have influenced the octocoral diversity, abundance and community structures. Anthropogenic stresses could perhaps be one contributing factor for the observed differences, particularly in community structures. Pulau Hantu and P. Semakau lie in close proximity to each other ( Fig. ...
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... sites (Fig. 1), localized environmental factors at these study sites may have influenced the octocoral diversity, abundance and community structures. Anthropogenic stresses could perhaps be one contributing factor for the observed differences, particularly in community structures. Pulau Hantu and P. Semakau lie in close proximity to each other ( Fig. 1), with the latter presently functioning as a landfill for the Republic ( Ng et al. 2011). During the development of this landfill in the 1990s, the resulting dredged spoils and silt layer formation may have caused a degradation of benthic biodiversity around P. Semakau ( Chou and Loo 1994). In addition, the construction of an extensive ...
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Background
Taxonomy offers precise species identification and delimitation and thus provides basic information for biological research, e.g. through assessment of species richness. The importance of molecular taxonomy, i.e., the identification and delimitation of taxa based on molecular markers, has increased in the past decade. Recently developed...
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... The number of genera found is less than that reported in the Andaman Sea (Chanmethakul et al. 2010), with 19 genera, but more than 12 genera found in the Gulf of Thailand (Chanmethakul et al. 2010). In Singapore, Goh (2009) found seven genera from 10 sites, and 16 morphotypes in 2015 (Seah et al. 2015). Mohammad et al. (2016) recorded 15 genera, 8 families of soft corals from North Malacca straits. ...
Putra AW, Priawandiputra W, Litaay M, Atmowidi T. 2022. Comparison of shallow water soft coral (Octocorallia) diversity and distribution among three islands in Makassar Strait, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 5951-5961. There are only a few soft coral research in Indonesia. In the last ten years, there has been only seven published research. On the other hand, there are still many areas that are still unexplored, and every unexplored location has a chance to find a new species, thus we did this research. This study aims to conduct biodiversity research in the selected areas where soft corals biodiversity papers have never been published before. The distribution of soft coral in three small islands in Makassar strait and close to Sulawesi main island is reported in this paper. We hope that there is a correlation between the soft coral community in each researched island. The research was done by using a modified visual census method with 50 meters transect in the shallow water area (approx. 5 meters in depth). The data was collected by diving, sampling, and capturing images of each species found. Identification was made by comparing morphological characteristics using the book soft coral and Sea fans by Fabricius and Alderslade and newest papers about soft coral. In total, there are 41 species belonging to 14 genera and eight families found in this research. There is not much correlation between these three islands' soft coral communities. Every island had its key species based on the characteristics of the underwater habitats. The genera Acrossota and Dendronephtya only occur in Barrang Caddi Island, while, Cladiella, Clavularia and Xenia were only found in Gusung Toraja Island, and Anthellia and Heteroxenia were only found in Pannikiang Island. The genera Litophyton, Lobophytum, Sarcophyton, and Sinularia were found in all three researched islands. The south side of every island has the highest species abundance compared to the North, West, and Eastside.
... Nepthea sp., a species of Nepthea (Nephtheidae) is a soft coral found in Waworaha and Hoga Island. It is also present in the Indo-Pacific region (Seah et al., 2015), Mauritius and Rodrigues Island (Jahajeeah et al., 2021), and the Brazilian coast (Almeida et al., 2014). Some Nepthea sp.'s chemicals that are tetraprenyl-bezoquinone derivatives and nephtoacetal from Nepthea sp. is active against HeLa cell lines (Zhang et al., 2013). ...
Nepthea sp., a soft coral In Indonesia's South-East Sulawesi, it thrives. The chemical and pharmacological properties of this genus have not been studied in this location. As a result, the goal of this page is to offer a broad overview of both properties of Nepthea sp. The sample was taken from Hoga Island. Methanol was used to extract the material, which was then fractionated with hexane and ethyl acetate to produce n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol fractions. Vacuum liquid chromatography was also used to fractionate the ethyl acetate fraction. Phytochemical screening, LC-MS/MS, Total Phenolics Content (TPC), and Total Flavonoids Content (TFC) were used to determine the chemical contents. DPPH radicals and ABTS were used to assess antioxidant activity and MTT assays for cytotoxicity. Six subfractions are produced by fractioning the ethyl acetate fraction (160 g), with the most polar subfraction (F) weighing 15.4 g. The phenolics and flavonoids constituents in Subfraction F have IC50 values of 68.77±4.8 mg GAE/g extract and 0.22±0.1 mgQE/g extract, respectively. The presence of phenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids in the subfraction F is supported by the LC-MS/MS data, Subfraction F has 3-ter-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (terpenoids or phenolics compound), isosalsoline (alkaloids), valine (amin acid), and several unidentified chemicals with molecular formulas C15H23NO3, C33H47NO4, C29H49NO3 (alkaloids or amino acid) and C8H18O3 (phenolic compound).The IC50 values (mg/L) of 101.1 ± 8.8 (DPPH) and 89.76 ± 7.5 (ABTS) indicate that F has antioxidant capacity, and it is also cytotoxic against breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7) with an IC50 of 170.72±6.5mg/mL.
... Nepthea sp. (Nephtheidae) is one of the soft corals found in Waworaha, It is also considered widespread in the Indo-Pacific region (Seah et al., 2015), Mauritius and Rodrigues Island (Jahajeeah et al., 2021), and the Brazilian Coast (Almeida et al., 2014). Some compounds reported from Nepthea that are tetraprenyl-benzoquinone derivative from Nepthea sp. and a guaiane-based sesquiterpene from N. chabroli (Almeida et al., 2014), nephtoacetal from Nepthea sp. is active against HeLa cell lines (Zhang et al., 2013), erectasteroids A-H from N. erecta are cytotoxic against P-388 and HT-29 cell lines (Cheng et al., 2007), nebrosteroids A-H from N. chabroli have potential as anti-inflammation (Huang et al., 2008). ...
Soft coral Nepthea sp. grows in the seas of South-East Sulawesi, Indonesia. However, information on the chemical and pharmaceutical aspects of this genus is still limited. Therefore, this research aims to explore the chemical contents and biological activities of Nepthea sp. The sample was collected from the waters of Saponda Island by SCUBA diving. It was extracted by ethyl acetate and fractionated using vacuum liquid chromatography. The chemical content was analyzed by phytochemical screening, LC-MS/MS analysis, Total Phenolics Content and Total Flavonoids Contents. Antioxidant potency was evaluated by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radicals and ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid). Cytotoxicity property was analyzed by MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays. The result showed that the fractionation of Nepthea ethylacetate extracts produced six fractions (A-F). Fractions A and B contain non-polar compounds. Based on LC-MS/MS data, the non-polar compounds in Fraction A and B include achillin, atractylenolide II, buthyl isobuthyl phthalate, rengyolester, 2a-acetoxycostic acid, ocotillol acetate, petasitolone and some unidentified compounds that are C33H58O4, C15H21NO, C21H33NO, and C16H20O4. In general, the antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of all samples are in the weak category, however, when examined for each sample, the antioxidant properties of fraction B is slightly better than fraction A based on the IC50 value of DPPH and ABTS. Cytotoxicity of Fraction A is better than Fraction B against Breast Cancer cell lines MCF-7. The non-polar fraction of Nepthea sp. can be developed as raw material for the discovery of new compounds, antioxidant and anticancer agents, especially breast cancer.
... In Thailand waters, only 4 families were reported by Chanmethakul et al. (2010) despite the larger study area covered. In the southern islands of Singapore, Goh et al. (2009) and Seah et al. (2015) reported genera from a total of 3 families only (i.e., Alcyoniidae, Nephtheidae, and Clavulariidae). In Hong Kong, which is generally characterized by turbid waters, only 5 of the 9 soft coral families observed in the present study were documented (Yeung et al., 2014). ...
Octocorals are relatively understudied than other coral reef organisms despite their ecological and economic values. The Philippines is known to have high marine biodiversity, but information on octocorals is lacking. This study investigated spatial and temporal variations in the assemblage of octocorals in selected reef sites in the West Philippine Sea (WPS)- the Kalayaan Island Group (i.e., Pag-asa, Sabina, Lawak, and Northeast Investigator) and Ulugan in 2017 and 2019. Results showed high octocoral taxonomic richness (at least 10 families) in the study sites. Mean percent octocoral cover in WPS was 5.35% SE ± 0.55, with Sabina having the highest octocoral cover in both years. Significant differences in octocoral cover were observed among sites in both years, but among-station differences were only observed in 2017. Octocoral assemblage also differed among sites in both years (ANOSIM: R > 0.5, p < 0.05), wherein different octocoral taxa dominated in different sites. In particular, variations were driven by high cover of holaxonians, nephtheids, and coelogorgiids in Sabina, and clavulariids, tubiporiids, and xeniids in Northeast Investigator in 2017. In 2019, significant variations were driven by high cover of helioporiids in Pag-asa, while Sabina had higher abundance of holaxonians, nephtheids, alcyoniids, and xeniids. Short-term temporal variation on octocoral cover in monitoring stations in Pag-asa was not observed (Kruskal-Wallis, p > 0.05), although the overall mean octocoral cover increased from 1.23% ± SE 0.47 in 2017 to 2.09% SE ± 0.37 in 2019. Further, there was no significant change in the octocoral assemblage in Pag-asa between years (ANOSIM, R = 0.11, p = 0.07). This study highlights high octocoral taxonomic richness in the WPS relative to other sites in the Indo-Pacific Region and provides baseline information on the octocoral assemblages, which can be useful for future ecological studies and marine biodiversity conservation efforts.
... Coral reefs are one of the unique and much important ecosystem in the oceans (Knowlton, 2001), supporting crucial aquatic habitats for many marine organisms (McClanahan et al., 2002;Hughes et al., 2003). Despite their importance, due to global warming, the frequency and extent of corals bleaching around the world have been increased, and the coverage of coral reefs has been decreased significantly (Brown, 1997;Chou and Loo, 1994;Chou 2002;Seah et al. 2015;Lu et al. 2021ab). The growing risk of coral reefs destruction can confirm the importance of constantly monitoring of composition and abundance of corals. ...
... Coral reefs are distributed widely in South China Sea and have importance ecological roles in local economic development (Seah et al. 2015, Benayahu et al. 2012. There is a lack of information on ecological status and communities' structure of coral reefs in Hainan Province (China) especially in the territory of the Sanya city, due to the lack of sequential taxonomic studies. ...
... Successive Study on abundance and composition of coral can help to get knowledge about effect of regional environmental conditions on coral communities and help to improve taxonomic information about local coral reefs (Seah, et al., 2015). can be used to construct two-dimensional. ...
... Data on octocorals were collected by using visual census methods in combination with belt transects (BT) (English et al., 1994;Seah et al., 2015). A 200 m belt transect was applied at 14 stations (three transects per station), in which observations of octocorals were made within an area 2 m to the left and right sides of the transect. ...
Studies concerning octocoral species from the Persian Gulf coral reefs are few. This study documents the diversity and abundance of octocoral communities from three islands in the north Persian Gulf, namely, Larak Island, Hengam Island and Qeshm Island. Belt transects were used to survey the octocoral communities at these islands. We used a rapid ecological assessment technique (REA) to assess the status and abundance of octocorals. Also, K Independent sample analysis was conducted on abundance and Shannon Diversity index data to determine if octocoral abundance and species diversity varied between islands. A total of 22 morphospecies, belonging to seven alcyonacean families, including Plexauridae, Ellisellidae, Alcyoniidae, Nephtheidae, Briareidae, Acanthogorgiidae and Subergorgiidae, were identified in this study. Statistical analysis indicated octocoral abundance and diversity at Larak Island reefs were higher than those around Hengam and Qeshm islands.
... Data on octocorals were collected by using visual census methods in combination with belt transects (BT) (English et al., 1994;Seah et al., 2015). A 200 m belt transect was applied at 14 stations (three transects per station), in which observations of octocorals were made within an area 2 m to the left and right sides of the transect. ...
Studies concerning octocoral species from the Persian Gulf coral reefs are few. This study documents the diversity and abundance of octocoral communities from three islands in the north Persian Gulf, namely, Larak Island, Hengam Island and Qeshm Island. Belt transects were used to survey the octocoral communities at these islands. We used a rapid ecological assessment technique (REA) to assess the status and abundance of octocorals. Also, K Independent sample analysis was conducted on abundance and Shannon Diversity index data to determine if octocoral abundance and species diversity varied between islands. A total of 22 morphospecies, belonging to seven alcyonacean families, including Plexauridae, Ellisellidae, Alcyoniidae, Nephtheidae, Briareidae, Acanthogorgiidae and Subergorgiidae, were identified in this study. Statistical analysis indicated octocoral abundance and diversity at Larak Island reefs were higher than those around Hengam and Qeshm islands. The primary data presented in this study could serve as the baseline data for long-term biomonitoring programmes to estimate the status of octocorals in the Persian Gulf.
... Similar species are Lobophytum angulatum Tixier-Durivault, Lobophytum caledonense Tixier-Durivault, Lobophytum crassospiculatum Moser and Lobophytum cristagalli von Marenzeller [18]. Habitat is found in the reflate zone on the same water parameters as recorded by [19], [20], [21], [22]. (Figure 4). ...
The soft coral’s existents of the Maspari Island waters are strongly influenced by the dynamics of the physical-chemical parameters, which the turbidity of this water is reported very high due to is impacted discharge the freshwater masses from the mainland of Sumatra Island. This study aimed to identify the soft coral's species of Maspari Island waters. The research methodology was carried out by a survey on the fringing reefs and photographed for identified based on the coral shape and morphology. The results found three soft coral species identified as Lobophytum classarum von Marenzeller 1886, Nephthea acuticonica Verseveldt 1974 and Sinularia polydactyla Ehrenberg 1834.
... About 31 species of soft corals are known. However the state of their population and health remain unknown Chou 1994, 1996;Benayahu and Chou 2010;Benayahu and Ofwegen 2011;Seah et al. 2015). Singapore has more sea anemone species than the entire west coast of North America (Fautin 2013(Fautin , 2016. ...
he Singapore Blue Plan 2018 (hereafter ‘The Blue Plan’) is a proposal for the conservation of marine ecosystems, prepared by members of Singapore society, and submitted to the Government for consideration. It was initiated by marine biologists with academics, volunteers, stakeholders, and concerned citizens. The Blue Plan synthesizes the current state of knowledge for marine environments, reviews relevant legislature and advocates comprehensive sustainable methods to manage this important ecosystem
