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Map of Shanghai Municipality and modeling domain (solid line indicates 0.1° × 0.1° modeling domain; hatched area is Shanghai metropolitan area; triangles are power plants; and crosses are large industrial facilities)
Source publication
The large urban centers of the industrializing countries of the world are experiencing severe air quality problems as their demands for energy increase faster than their ability to afford strong environmental protection. This situation is particularly true in the fast-growing part of Asia, where coal often provides the fuel for power generation and...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... is one of the most populous and prosperous urban centers in China. Situated on the estuary of the Yangtze River facing the Pacific Ocean, the Shanghai Municipality is home to more than 14 million residents, as shown in Figure 1. Its major neighbors are Jiangsu Province to the northwest and Zhejiang Province to the southwest. ...
Context 2
... emissions were disaggregated at 0.1° × 0.1° resolution over the gridded approximation of the municipal boundary (see Figure 1) using appropriate distributions of total and rural populations, small industrial facilities, road traffic, and river and oceanic shipping lanes. Thirteen power plants and five major industrial installations were treated as individual point sources, and placed at their latitude/longitude coordinates. ...
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Fine and coarse fractions of atmospheric aerosol overlap in the particle size range of about 1–2.5 µm (aerodynamic diameter). Sources of both fractions contribute to PM 1-2.5 to different extents due to meteorological and spatial conditions. Therefore, there is ongoing discussion as to whether PM 2.5 or PM 1 should be included for monitoring as a f...
Citations
... Studies discussing health effects due to air pollution in economic terms are also useful in policy discussions (e.g. Chang et al. 2002;Kan and Chen 2004). Several studies of the costs and benefits of air pollution policy measures indicate that the economic benefits of air pollution policies can be much greater than their costs. ...
This paper aims to identify the most suitable and economically feasible policy measures to reduce concentrations of particulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3) in Israel. It describes a comprehensive methodology that takes into account the effects of PM and O3 and describes the overall costs and benefits expected from their reduction. Cost-benefit analysis of a series of proposed policy measures allows us to identify and recommend those that are most feasible and effective. These policy measures have a significant impact on reducing air pollution on one hand, while constituting the highest net benefit to the economy on the other.
... Beelen et al. (2014) investigated the associations between long-term exposure to particulate matter pollution and mortality based on data from 22 European cohort studies. Other studies evaluated the health benefits from alleviating air pollution in Shanghai (Chang et al., 2002;Li et al., 2004;Voorhees et al., 2014), Beijing (Zhang et al., 2007), Taiyuan (Tang et al., 2014), and other cities in China. ...
... The VSL as applied assigned the same value to individuals of all ages. Uniform mortality valuation remains a standard practice in benefits analysis (Ballaman, 1998;Chang et al., 2002;Danielis and Chiabai, 1998;Levy and Spengler, 2002;Olsthoorn et al., 1999;Raufer, 1997;US EPA, 2000). However, it is generally recognized that the value to an individual of a reduction in mortality risk may differ based on culture, nationality, age and other characteristics (Cropper and Sussman, 1990;Moore and Viscusi, 1988). ...
... This study did not include an estimate of benefits to agricultural productivity from reducing levels of PM, nor did it estimate ecosystem health or productivity effects due to a lack of sufficient C-R data for PM exposure. This has also been a limitation of other PM benefit studies (Ballaman, 1998;Chang et al., 2002;Danielis and Chiabai, 1998;Levy and Spengler, 2002;Olsthoorn et al., 1999;Raufer, 1997;US EPA, 2000;Mexico Air Quality Management Team, 2002). ...
The objectives of this study were to assess potential health and productivity benefits for the year 2010 with five scenarios for reducing particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) air pollution in the cities of Osaka, Houston, Bangkok and Seoul. Assuming a uniform 10% decline in ambient PM levels, the preventible cases of: (1) premature mortality ranged from 35 in Houston to 379 in Seoul, (2) chronic bronchitis ranged from 95 in Houston to 1,631 in Seoul, (3) cardiovascular disease ranged from 68 in Houston to 818 in Seoul, (4) pneumonia ranged from 28 in Houston to 336 in Seoul, (5) asthma attacks ranged from 388 in Osaka to 96,876 in Seoul, and (6) acute bronchitis ranged from 186 in Houston to 2,973 in Seoul. The per million population central estimate of the purchasing power parity adjusted value of health and productivity benefits ranged from $25 million in Bangkok to $160 million in Osaka. There was a wide variability in measured PM10 levels across cities. Percentages of active monitors reporting concentrations above 50 μg/m3 (annual average) or 150 μg/m3 (24-hour average) in 2001–2002 were 0% in Houston, 5% in Osaka, 33% in Bangkok and 92% in Seoul. Assuming a non-uniform reduction in PM only at concentration hotspots with levels above air quality standards, the number of preventible cases of mortality ranged from 0 in Houston to 1,104 in Seoul. The central estimate of total benefits ranged from $0 in Houston to $240 million in Seoul.
The objective of this case study was to assess economic benefits of past environmental policies of particulate matter (PM) in Tokyo by comparing observed pre‐control PM levels in 1975 and post‐control levels in 1998. The point estimates of the numbers of additional cases of avoided premature mortality and morbidity due to PM pollution control were (1) 3900 long‐term deaths in adults aged 30 years and older (population 5 098 000), (2) 4700 cases of chronic bronchitis in adults aged 30 years and older, (3) 7800 cases of in‐patient cardiovascular disease in adults aged 65 and older (population 1 281 942), (4) 3100 cases of in‐patient pneumonia in adults aged 65 and older, (5) 2500 cases of in‐patient chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults aged 65 and older, (6) 390 000 asthma attacks in asthmatics (population 450 000), and (7) 4500 cases of acute bronchitis in children aged 8–12 (population 300 300) during a one‐year period. The point estimate of medical costs in adults and children plus the cost of lost wages was a purchasing power parity‐adjusted $38 billion USD. Overall these results appear more likely to be underestimates than overestimates due to several unquantified benefits. The calculations of avoided health and productivity impacts suggest that pollution control policies successfully prevented a large expense to the society in extra medical care and lost work time.
The objective of this case study was to assess potential health risks and productivity loss in the absence of future additional environmental control of particulate matter (PM) in Japan. Assuming a 10% decline in PM, the estimates of the numbers of possible cases of premature mortality and morbidity that could be prevented in the year 2010 were (1) 8700 long term deaths, (2) 12,000 cases of chronic bronchitis, (3) 24,000 cases of cardiovascular disease, (4) 10,000 cases of pneumonia, (5) 18,000 asthma attacks, and (6) 12,000 cases of acute bronchitis during a one year period. The best estimate of medical costs plus lost productivity in adults and children was $56 billion USD. When compared to a separately derived estimate of $31 billion USD in avoided pollution control costs, the health risk to no‐control benefit ratio of 1.8 suggests that additional future pollution control policies would successfully prevent a large expense to the society in medical care and lost productivity while imposing a lesser cost to the private sector in control equipment, to government in oversight expenses and to society in opportunity costs.
