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Map of P. machaon group larval sampling localities in Alberta and British Columbia. Pie charts represent relative numbers of reared Papilio butterflies (white) and Trogus parasitoids (grey) per locality (ignoring pupae that did not produce either), and pie chart size reflects sample size of Papilio and Trogus combined (see inset). Collection regions for P. machaon are indicated by ovals: Red Deer River, for P. m. dodi, and Peace River, for P. m. pikei. All other localities represented P. zelicaon collections. Map image is public domain from: www.simplemappr.net.
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Diapause that extends across multiple years is considered a bet-hedging strategy in insect species that are exposed to unfavorable environmental conditions. The dynamics of extended diapause in herbivores can be complicated when their parasitoids can also extend diapause, although our knowledge of these dynamics is based primarily on pest species....
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Citations
... The aim of our study was to evaluate IBD, IBR, and IBE for a taxon with high habitat specificity, a discrete dispersal stage, and distribution across a variable environment. The Old World swallowtail butterfly (Papilio machaon L.) species group has been the subject of considerable study in North America (e.g., Dupuis, Cullingham, Nielsen, & Sperling, 2019;Dupuis, Mori, & Sperling, 2016;Dupuis & Sperling, 2015Sperling, 1987Sperling, , 1990 (Sperling, 1987;Bird, Hilchie, Kondla, Pike, & Sperling, 1995;Dupuis et al., 2019;oc-currence records are visualized in Figure 1, inset h). After mating, females travel downslope from hilltops to oviposit on their larval host plant, Artemisia dracunculus L., which is generally restricted to south-facing eroding slopes of river valleys. ...
Previous work in landscape genetics suggests that geographic isolation is of greater importance to genetic divergence than variation in environmental conditions. This is intuitive when configurations of suitable habitat are the dominant factor limiting dispersal and gene flow, but has not been thoroughly examined for habitat specialists with strong dispersal capability. Here, we evaluate the effects of geographic and environmental isolation on genetic divergence for a vagile invertebrate with high habitat specificity and a discrete dispersal life stage: Dod’s Old World swallowtail butterfly, Papilio machaon dodi. In Canada, P. m. dodi are generally restricted to eroding habitat along major river valleys where their larval host plant occurs. A series of causal and linear mixed effects models indicate that divergence of genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphisms is best explained by a combination of environmental isolation (variation in summer temperatures) and geographic isolation (Euclidean distance). Interestingly, least‐cost path and circuit distances through a resistance surface parameterized as the inverse of habitat suitability were not supported. This suggests that, although habitat associations of many butterflies are specific due to reproductive requirements, habitat suitability and landscape permeability are not equivalent concepts due to considerable adult vagility. We infer that divergent selection related to variation in summer temperatures has produced two genetic clusters within P. m. dodi, differing in voltinism and diapause propensity. Within the next century, temperatures are predicted to rise by amounts greater than the present‐day difference between regions of the genetic clusters, potentially affecting the persistence of the northern cluster under continued climate change.
Physiological time is important for understanding the development and seasonal timing of ectothermic animals, but has largely been applied to developmental processes that occur during spring and summer such as morphogenesis. There is a substantial knowledge gap in the relationship between temperature and development during winter, a season that is increasingly impacted by climate change. Most temperate insects overwinter in diapause, a developmental process with little obvious morphological change. We used principles from the physiological time literature to measure and model the thermal sensitivity of diapause development rate in the apple maggot fly Rhagoletis pomonella , a univoltine fly whose diapause duration varies substantially within and among populations. We showed that diapause duration could be modelled with simple linear relationships between diapause development rate and temperature. Low temperatures were necessary for most individuals to complete diapause, similar to many insects. However, we also found evidence for an ontogenetic shift in the thermal sensitivity of diapause: diapause development proceeded more quickly at high temperatures later in diapause and in the absence of quiescence, a phenomenon not previously reported. Increasingly warmer temperatures during and after winter may impact the phenology of this and other insects with temperature-sensitive diapause, impacting their viability.
Our highly seasonal world restricts insect activity to brief portions of the year. This feature necessitates a sophisticated interpretation of seasonal changes and enactment of mechanisms for bringing development to a halt and then reinitiating it when the inimical season is past. The dormant state of diapause serves to bridge the unfavourable seasons, and its timing provides a powerful mechanism for synchronizing insect development. This book explores how seasonal signals are monitored and used by insects to enact specific molecular pathways that generate the diapause phenotype. The broad perspective offered here scales from the ecological to the molecular and thus provides a comprehensive view of this exciting and vibrant research field, offering insights on topics ranging from pest management, evolution, speciation, climate change and disease transmission, to human health, as well as analogies with other forms of invertebrate dormancy and mammalian hibernation.
