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Background
The recent rise in mobile phone use and increased signal coverage has created opportunities for growth of the mobile Health sector in many low resource settings. This pilot study explores the use of a smartphone-based application, VetAfrica-Ethiopia, in assisting diagnosis of cattle diseases. We used a modified Delphi protocol to select...
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Citations
... In these cases, having diagnostic support in the form of a CDS tool that can emulate the way a veterinarian thinks could be an aid in managing disease. For example, a study carried out in Ethiopia demonstrated that the use of a smartphone-based application can be a valuable means to provide disease diagnosis and appropriate treatment recommendations by less experienced animal health professionals, which may lead to increased animal productivity (36). Another CDS tool, Fish-VET has been in operation since 1996 and has shown to be a useful diagnostic aid for veterinarians, students, and others seeking to manage disease in tropical and pond fish (34). ...
... The majority of CDS tools evaluated were designed for human health (n = 35), in addition to a number of CDS tools for animal health (n = 9) ( Table 2). Of the CDS tools for humans, 13 targeted general patients in hospitals (15,17,18,(54)(55)(56)(57), healthcare facilities (21,36,(58)(59)(60), or primary healthcare (61), while 5 tools targeted pediatric patients (23,26,(62)(63)(64) (Table 2). The remaining CDS tools assisted with decision-making for pregnancy (65), diabetes (66), critically ill patients (67), older adult patients with polypharmacy (68), patients with syncope (69), drug allergies (25), diarrhea (70), neurological disorders (71), urinary tract infections (72), dermatology symptoms (22), obstructive sleep apnea (73), hypertension (74), systemic lupus erythematosus (75), as well as patients requiring joint replacements (76) and oncology surgery (77). ...
... The remaining CDS tools assisted with decision-making for pregnancy (65), diabetes (66), critically ill patients (67), older adult patients with polypharmacy (68), patients with syncope (69), drug allergies (25), diarrhea (70), neurological disorders (71), urinary tract infections (72), dermatology symptoms (22), obstructive sleep apnea (73), hypertension (74), systemic lupus erythematosus (75), as well as patients requiring joint replacements (76) and oncology surgery (77). The CDS tools for animals were for cattle (36,80,81), swine (31, 85), companion animals (29, 82, 83), and a CDS tool for dogs, cats, cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine, birds, and poultry (84). Eleven digital CDS tools were commercially available, all implemented in high-income countries (15,18,22,29,31,58,59,62,82,83,85). ...
Introduction
Digital clinical decision support (CDS) tools are of growing importance in supporting healthcare professionals in understanding complex clinical problems and arriving at decisions that improve patient outcomes. CDS tools are also increasingly used to improve antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) practices in healthcare settings. However, far fewer CDS tools are available in lowerand middle-income countries (LMICs) and in animal health settings, where their use in improving diagnostic and treatment decision-making is likely to have the greatest impact. The aim of this study was to evaluate digital CDS tools designed as a direct aid to support diagnosis and/or treatment decisionmaking, by reviewing their scope, functions, methodologies, and quality. Recommendations for the development of veterinary CDS tools in LMICs are then provided.
Methods
The review considered studies and reports published between January 2017 and October 2023 in the English language in peer-reviewed and gray literature.
Results
A total of 41 studies and reports detailing CDS tools were included in the final review, with 35 CDS tools designed for human healthcare settings and six tools for animal healthcare settings. Of the tools reviewed, the majority were deployed in high-income countries (80.5%). Support for AMS programs was a feature in 12 (29.3%) of the tools, with 10 tools in human healthcare settings. The capabilities of the CDS tools varied when reviewed against the GUIDES checklist.
Discussion
We recommend a methodological approach for the development of veterinary CDS tools in LMICs predicated on securing sufficient and sustainable funding. Employing a multidisciplinary development team is an important first step. Developing standalone CDS tools using Bayesian algorithms based on local expert knowledge will provide users with rapid and reliable access to quality guidance on diagnoses and treatments. Such tools are likely to contribute to improved disease management on farms and reduce inappropriate antimicrobial use, thus supporting AMS practices in areas of high need.
... The recent rise in mobile phone use and increased signal coverage has created opportunities for the growth of the mobile health sector in many low-resource settings. A smartphone-based application, VetAfrica-Ethiopia, helps in the diagnosis of cattle diseases through the estimation of the related disease probabilities based on various clinical signs being present in Ethiopian cattle (Beyene et al., 2017). This application can be a valuable means of assisting less experienced animal health professionals in disease diagnosis and consequently helping in treatment (Beyene et al., 2017). ...
... A smartphone-based application, VetAfrica-Ethiopia, helps in the diagnosis of cattle diseases through the estimation of the related disease probabilities based on various clinical signs being present in Ethiopian cattle (Beyene et al., 2017). This application can be a valuable means of assisting less experienced animal health professionals in disease diagnosis and consequently helping in treatment (Beyene et al., 2017). Even though India lacks adequate healthcare infrastructure and disease epidemiological data, particularly in rural regions, the concept of veterinary public telemedicine is far from being developed there (Pathak and Kumar, 2017). ...
... can be a valuable means of assisting less experienced animal health professionals in disease diagnosis and consequently helping in treatment (Beyene et al., 2017). ...
Telehealth is a rapidly developing field of veterinary medicine, particularly during and after the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The world and animal owners' expectations are changing to the point where veterinary practice will need to adapt due to information technology advancements. This narrative review describes the status, benefits, technology basics, applications, limitations, and legal aspects of veterinary telemedicine over the globe. Veterinary telemedicine is a service alongside other veterinary services that meets client needs, delivers quality medicine, and improves animal welfare. The most frequently utilized veterinary telemedicine applications include teleradiology, telesonography, teledentistry, telecardiology, telerehabilitation, anesthesia teleconsultation, telehospice and telepalliative care, telecytology, tele-endoscpy, teledermatology, tele-ophthalmology, tele-behavior therapy, and veterinary education and training. Veterinary telemedicine has a bright near future and will impact veterinary medicine and animal welfare due to its numerous advantages. These advantages include its low cost, availability, involvement in veterinary health care, online payment, and effectiveness in many clinical situations such as follow-up after an in-person examination, inspection of surgical sites, or mobility. Nevertheless, veterinary telemedicine should receive more attention from veterinary professional regulatory bodies in all countries. Moreover, it is necessary to conduct more studies to evaluate how telehealth is beginning to improve veterinary care, particularly for underserved regions.
... The recent rise in mobile phone use and increased signal coverage has created opportunities for the growth of the mobile health sector in many low-resource settings. A smartphone-based application, VetAfrica-Ethiopia, helps in the diagnosis of cattle diseases through the estimation of the related disease probabilities based on various clinical signs being present in Ethiopian cattle (Beyene et al., 2017). This application can be a valuable means of assisting less experienced animal health professionals in disease diagnosis and consequently helping in treatment (Beyene et al., 2017). ...
... A smartphone-based application, VetAfrica-Ethiopia, helps in the diagnosis of cattle diseases through the estimation of the related disease probabilities based on various clinical signs being present in Ethiopian cattle (Beyene et al., 2017). This application can be a valuable means of assisting less experienced animal health professionals in disease diagnosis and consequently helping in treatment (Beyene et al., 2017). Even though India lacks adequate healthcare infrastructure and disease epidemiological data, particularly in rural regions, the concept of veterinary public telemedicine is far from being developed there (Pathak and Kumar, 2017). ...
... can be a valuable means of assisting less experienced animal health professionals in disease diagnosis and consequently helping in treatment (Beyene et al., 2017). ...
Telehealth is a rapidly developing field of veterinary medicine, particularly during and after the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The world and animal owners' expectations are changing to the point where veterinary practice will need to adapt due to information technology advancements. This narrative review describes the status, benefits, technology basics, applications, limitations and legal aspects of veterinary telemedicine over the globe. Veterinary telemedicine is a service alongside other veterinary services that meets client needs, delivers quality medicine and improves animal welfare. The most frequently utilized veterinary telemedicine applications include; teleradiology, telesonography, teledentistry, telecardiology, telerehabilitation, anesthesia teleconsultation, telehospice and telepalliative care, telecytology, tele-endoscpy, teledermatology, tele-ophthalmology, tele-behavior therapy as well as veterinary education and training. Veterinary telemedicine has a bright near future and will impact veterinary medicine and animal welfare due to its numerous advantages. These advantages include; its low cost, availability, involvement in veterinary health care, online payment, and effectiveness in many clinical situations like follow-up after an in-person examination, inspection of surgical sites or mobility. Nevertheless, veterinary telemedicine should receive more attention by veterinary professional regulatory bodies in all countries. Moreover, it is necessary to conduct more studies to evaluate how telehealth is beginning to improve veterinary care, particularly for underserved regions.
... Reported that new technologies such as smartphone applications have brought a new opportunity when compared to the conventional paper-based data collection and reporting in terms of obtaining consistent, complete demographic and epidemiological information, as well as distributing information in a timeliness manner for cattle diseases. Consequently, it is possible to improve disease reporting and surveillance systems across low-and middle-income countries [9]. Smartphone format-based or electronic disease reporting systems play a fundamental role in avoiding data inconsistency, incompleteness, and time delay as compared to conventional (paper-based) reporting systems [5], [8]. ...
... To sum-up, up rigorous literature reviews on important papers tried to address on adopting of machine learning and mobile technology either for a particular disease in particular species for instance [5], [9], [11], [12] for only cattle disease [8] Adopting of the mobile phone as a surveillance tool for rabies diseases. However, decision maker for instance: veterinarian, animal health assistant needs support to diagnose and treat different species of animals on the other hand researchers and policy makers also need information not only on particular species and diseases but also the possible diseases which affect the reproduction and productivity of livestock animals such as cattle, sheep, goat, camel, horse, donkey and mule besides the studies lacks incorporating major stakeholders in the design and development process which are the main components of the technologies Therefore there is a need to design and develop a framework that is flexible, expandable, scalable, customizable and can be inclusive In animal healthcare, disease prediction and disease-related data management systems involve several actors to attain their objectives, identifying and incorporating appropriate participants and stakeholders is crucial for designing a framework and developing and implementing the software [14] product. ...
The advancement of ICT opens the exciting potential to improve and maintain the quality of healthcare systems. However, the lack of detailed consideration of inclusiveness, usability, completeness, and localization with societal issues is still lagging in designing the next-generation intelligent systems. Upon the rigorous survey of the existing state-of-the-art studies, it was observed that the intelligent veterinary services with support the experts specifically in the far-flung rural areas over hand-held small mobile devices are still not fully explored. This approach in a country such as Ethiopia can significantly be a game-changing support system to assist in the medication of livestock. The prime goal of this paper is to investigate and analyze the problems associated with the existing systems and practices available in the field of livestock disease data collection, management, diagnosis, and detection and explore the possible intervention of machine learning with smartphone/mobile technologies in livestock disease data collection, management, diagnosis, treatment, and predictions Upon findings of the survey, interview, and technical observations, this paper proposes a machine learning-based mobile livestock disease data collection, data management, diagnosis, prediction, and treatment system framework for livestock using selected parameters to support and alleviate the existing challenges in veterinary service delivery systems.
... The advancement of biosensors enables them to spot disease in its early stages and, with the help of a communication protocol, inform dairy cattle farmers. Sensors and wearable technologies are implanted in dairy cattle to measure body temperature [32,33], sweat constituents [34][35][36], detect stress [37], observe behaviour and movement [38,39], detect pH [40], analyse sound [41], prevent disease [42], detect analytes, and detect the presence of viruses and pathogens [43,44]. Wearable sensors aid farmers in detecting illness early and preventing animal deaths. ...
An intelligent ecosystem with real-time wireless technology is now playing a key role in meeting the sustainability requirements set by the United Nations. Dairy cattle are a major source of milk production all over the world. To meet the food demand of the growing population with maximum productivity, it is necessary for dairy farmers to adopt real-time monitoring technologies. In this study, we will be exploring and assimilating the limitless possibilities for technological interventions in dairy cattle to drastically improve their ecosystem. Intelligent systems for sensing, monitoring, and methods for analysis to be used in applications such as animal health monitoring, animal location tracking, milk quality, and supply chain, feed monitoring and safety, etc., have been discussed briefly. Furthermore, generalized architecture has been proposed that can be directly applied in the future for breakthroughs in research and development linked to data gathering and the processing of applications through edge devices, robots, drones, and blockchain for building intelligent ecosystems. In addition, the article discusses the possibilities and challenges of implementing previous techniques for different activities in dairy cattle. High computing power-based wearable devices, renewable energy harvesting, drone-based furious animal attack detection, and blockchain with IoT assisted systems for the milk supply chain are the vital recommendations addressed in this study for the effective implementation of the intelligent ecosystem in dairy cattle.
... Hemorrhagic septicemia is an acute septicemimc disease characterized by a sudden onset of fever (41°C-42°C), profuse salivation, sub mucosal petechiation, severe depression, death in about 24 hours, localization may occur in subcutaneous tissue, resulting in development of warm, painful swellings about the throat, dewlap, brisket or perineum, severe dyspnea occurs if respiration is obstructed in ruminants [19]. At necropsy generalized petechial hemorrhages particularly under the serosae, edema of lungs and lymph nodes and subcutaneous infiltration of gelatinous fluid [1]. ...
Ethiopia has the largest national livestock populations in Africa. However, the productivity is one of the marginal due to a number of technical and non-technical factors. Infectious diseases like pasteurellosis are highly affecting livestock industry in the country. Pasteurellosis is a multifactorial disease caused by numerous etiologic agents. Mannheimia haemolytica, Bibersteinia trehalosi and Pasteurella multocida cause pasteurellosis in animals and humans. Pasteurella are commensal organisms of healthy animals which can be trigger with stress factors to cause fatal disease in farm animals. Infective agents acquired by inhalation of infected droplets or close contacts among susceptible animals. Pasteurellosis is responsible for huge mortality in feedlot animals worldwide. Haemorrhagic septicemia is an acute and characterized by sudden onset of fever, profuse salivation, severe dyspnea and death in about 24 hours whereas shipping fever causes severe broncho-pneumonia and pleurisy. The diagnosis of the disease is based on the clinical signs, gross pathological lesions, isolation of the pathogens and molecular characterization. Pasteurellosis is complex multifactorial disease difficult to control however, good management, chemotherapy, chemoprophylaxis and early immunization are control and preventive measures. In Ethiopia pasteurellosis is an endemic disease posing a serious threat to the animal productions. However, data on epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and control is scarce. Therefore, a routine national wide survey encompassing multiple hosts and wider area should be undertaken to figure out prevalence and identify circulating serotypes in different agro ecology to design and implement appropriate interventions.
... Recently, smartphones have become used widely and smartphone- based apps are available anywhere; thus, there is an increased need for apps that can easily evaluate health conditions. In resource-poor countries, the diagnosis of certain diseases such as cattle diseases has been performed using a smartphone-based app and was shown to be useful [19]. In the field of ophthalmology, an application supporting primary care physicians in diagnosing ocular disease has been devel- oped, but there is no application that a patient can use to estimate their ocular conditions. ...
... Such tools and services have been proposed as a means to substantially improve animal health recording, reporting, and surveillance in developing countries (12), but few detailed field-based trials have been reported in the literature. In this study, the value of a previously developed smartphone application (20), whose main aim is to assist cattle disease diagnosis, was assessed in terms of its utility for disease reporting, with the outcomes for its use in the field being compared with the traditional manual disease reporting system currently used in Ethiopia. ...
... The details of the smartphone app used within this study, VetAfrica-Ethiopia, have been described elsewhere (20). However, a brief overview of its operation may be helpful to provide context to the research discussed in this study. ...
... The group given Android smartphones were provided with basic training on the use of the smartphone app for clinical case management as well as instruction on how to carry out rudimentary troubleshooting, such as ensuring that recorded cases were successfully delivered to the Cloud. The selection of diseases appropriate to Ethiopia, as well as the process of app development, has been reported elsewhere (20). During the initial project information session, those students who were not chosen by random selection to work in the "smartphone" group were informed that they would be given an Android phone with the application installed at the end of the trial. ...
Accurate disease reporting, ideally in near real time, is a prerequisite to detecting disease outbreaks and implementing appropriate measures for their control. This study compared the performance of the traditional paper-based approach to animal disease reporting in Ethiopia to one using an application running on smartphones. In the traditional approach, the total number of cases for each disease or syndrome was aggregated by animal species and reported to each administrative level at monthly intervals; while in the case of the smartphone application demographic information, a detailed list of presenting signs, in addition to the putative disease diagnosis were immediately available to all administrative levels via a Cloud-based server. While the smartphone-based approach resulted in much more timely reporting, there were delays due to limited connectivity; these ranged on average from 2 days (in well-connected areas) up to 13 days (in more rural locations). We outline the challenges that would likely be associated with any widespread rollout of a smartphone-based approach such as the one described in this study but demonstrate that in the long run the approach offers significant benefits in terms of timeliness of disease reporting, improved data integrity and greatly improved animal disease surveillance.
In today’s world identifying cattle disease and providing proper treatments is a challenging task in the current medical sector. As it is difficult to identify thecattle disease in real time, we require a method topredict cattle disease and related patterns. There are so many research works on this topic. Most of the researchworks just presented the idea of cattle disease prediction. There are many works where implementation is done and many papers predicts cattle disease using efficient data science algorithms. Research works where implementation is done uses PYTHON language or R language as programming language for cattle disease prediction. As PYTHON language and R language supports all ready libraries to process training datasets and to predict cattle disease. Many papers use training datasets from www.kaggle.com, www.dataworld.com etc.Research works uses efficient algorithms for prediction, algorithms such as Naive Bayes algorithm, KNNclassifier, SVM classifier, Decision Tree classifier, Random Forest algorithm etc. Most of the papers got very good results of using these algorithms. So many works on this cattle disease and pattern prediction is done using data science techniques.
Background
Formulating sophisticated fluid therapy plans can be complicated and time consuming. Consequently, veterinarians in the field who lack experience, time, or confidence may formulate suboptimal fluid therapy plans.
Objectives
Compare conventional and app‐guided fluid therapy plans for simulated cases of neonatal calf diarrhea.
Participants
Third and fourth year veterinary students (n = 55) from The University of Sydney.
Methods
We developed a web app to assist fluid therapy formulation (http://calfaid.com) that was evaluated in a randomized case simulation trial. Participants were instructed to perform fluid therapy calculations and formulate an integrated fluid therapy plan for case scenarios using conventional methods and using the fluid therapy app. Responses were scored by a blinded study investigator using an a priori scoring guide and groups (conventional vs. app‐guided) were compared using linear mixed models.
Results
On average, total scores for app‐guided fluid therapy calculations were 20.6% points higher (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.1‐27.1) than calculations completed using the conventional method (88.2% vs. 67.5%, respectively). On average, total scores for app‐guided integrated fluid therapy plans were 14.2% points higher (95% CI, 6.3‐22.2; 65.8% vs. 51.2%). Eighty percent of respondents indicated they would prefer to use the app‐guided method over the conventional method.
Conclusion and Clinical Importance
Our findings suggest that fluid therapy plans can be improved using apps.
