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Map of China showing distribution localities of Old World fruit bats: 1-Qinghai, 2-Gansu, 3-Shaanxi, 4-Xizang, 5-Sichuan, 6-Yunnan, 7-Guizhou, 8-Guangxi, 9-Guangdong, 10-Jiangxi, 11-Fujian, 12-Hainan, 13-Taiwan. The symbols of each species as follows:-Cynopterus brachyotis,-C. sphinx,-Eonycteris spelaea,-Macroglossus sobrinus,-Megaerops ecaudatus, ×-M. niphanae, +-Pteropus giganteus,-P. lylei,-P. vampyrus,-Rousettus amplexicaudatus,-R. leschenaultii,-Sphaerias blanfordi,-Pteropus dasymallus
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We review the distribution and conservation status of Old World fruit bats (Pteropodidae) in tropical and subtropical China. Our results are based on a series of surveys conducted between 1999 and 2008 by Chinese researchers and international collaborators, spanning almost the entire range of pteropodids within China over nine provinces. Additional...
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... mark for assessing whether more recent records extend our knowledge of range. Sub sequently, Feng et al. (2006) identified two species (Mega erops ecau datus and M. niphanae) as first re cords for both the genus and species to the country. Pan et al. (2007) listed 13 pteropodid species as occurring in China (including Taiwan) (see Table 1 and Fig. 1, which also includes our data). This is the second in a series of papers on the dis- tribution of bats in China, and follows a review of recent records of rhinolophid and hipposiderid bats (Zhang et al., 2009a). In this paper we report on the distribution and status of fruit bats in China, com- bining information from our recent ...
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... and Sphaerias blanfordi, and these are probably the commonest and most widespread fruit bat species in southern China. A further eight species were not en- countered in the field, but are discussed below, be- cause many of the papers that report them are in Chinese and may be difficult to access by readers from western countries ( Table 1 and Fig. 1).These records include two species new to the country, reported by Feng et al. (2006) in a Chinese ...
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Citations
... We searched the literature (Ali, 2022;Aninta et al., 2022;Bergmans & Rozendaal, 1988;Heaney, 1991;Irwin, 2017;IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2023;Kitchener et al., 1990;Koopman, 1982Koopman, , 1989Kruskop, 2011;Maryanto et al., 2012Maryanto et al., , 2019Mickleburgh et al., 1992;Rozendaal, 1984;Sheherazade & Tsang, 2015;Tsang, 2015;Wiantoro, 2016;Zhang et al., 2010; local species lists; List of Mammals of the Philippines, 2023; iNaturalist Bangka-Belitung, ID, 2023) to determine whether at least one bat species in the Pteropodidae (flyingfoxes and Old World blossom bats) occurred in the range of the Dillenia records. We did not attempt to determine the current exact distribution of each bat species because this information is unavailable. ...
Bat pollination of Dillenia in Fiji, a genus that was presumed to be pollinated by bees, posits that other Dillenia species may be bat‐pollinated, with implications for conservation and the understanding of angiosperm evolution. Botanical descriptions of some corolla behaviours (‘falling as a whole’) suggest bat removal of permanently closed corollas, as in D. biflora. Considering the remoteness of species of interest, we reviewed some Dillenia floral traits to hypothesise what they may mean for bat pollination of the genus. We investigated D. biflora pollen grains apertures and reviewed Dillenia literature concerning corolla behaviour and colour, and pollen apertures and presentation, including pores and staminodes. Our samples had dramatically different ratios of tricolpate to tetracolpate pollen grains, a trait that does not exclude pollination by bees. Petal colour polymorphism occurs, with mixed colours proportionately less common in flowers with corollas that open. The proportion of species with staminodes did not differ between those presumed to be pollinated by bats and others, but anthers of the former were significantly more likely to have apical pores, and stamens all had similar length or were slightly longer in the middle, whereas stamens in two distinct groups occurred in 55% of bee‐pollinated species. Pollen heteromorphy may facilitate pollination by different taxa in tropical environments. However, anther apical pores and stamen uniformity are more likely to be associated with bat‐pollinated species than are other morphologies. Dillenia could be a useful model to examine evolutionary aspects of colour, heteranthery, staminodes and pollen heteromorphy. Only field work will verify bat pollination and the implications of bat dependence for Dillenia species.
... As do other rhinolophids, R. paradoxolophus operates using signals with a strong second harmonic, while the first and higher harmonics are suppressed (Fig. 1). In previous studies, it was stated that the echolocation signals of R. paradoxolophus and Rhinolophus rex, another member of the philippinensis group, have the main energy at the first harmonic (Eger and Fenton 2003;Huihua et al. 2003;Zhang et al. 2009). Presumably, the amplitude of the first and the higher harmonics was so small in these recordings that they may not have appeared in spectrograms. ...
Flutter-detecting foragers require specific adaptations of the transmitter and the receiver of their echolocation systems to detect and evaluate flutter information in the echoes of potential prey. These adaptations include Doppler shift compensation (DSC), which keeps the echo frequency from targets ahead constant at a reference frequency (f ref), and an auditory fovea in the cochlea, which results in foveal areas in the hearing system with many sharply tuned neurons with best frequencies near f ref. So far, this functional match has been verified only for a very few key species, but is postulated for all flutter-detecting foragers. In this study we determined both, the transmitter and receiver properties within individuals of the Bourret's horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus paradoxolophus), an allometric outlier in the rhinolophid family. Here we show that the transmitter and receiver are functionally matched in a similar way as postulated for all flutter-detecting foragers. The performance of DSC, measured as the ability to keep the echo frequency constant at f ref , had a precision similar to that found in other flutter-detecting foragers, and the audiogram showed the characteristic course with a minimum at f ref. Furthermore, we show for a rhinolophid bat a variation over time of the coupled resting frequency and f ref. Finally, we discuss the tight match between transmitter and receiver properties, which is guaranteed by the link between the foveal areas of the receiver and the audio-vocal control system for DSC.
... The landscape surrounding caves consists of Diploknema butyracea, Ficus spp., Psidium guajava, Musa spp., Diospyros malabarica, etc. which serves as a potential food resource during June to November (Bhagat and Subedi 2017). R. leschenaultii is regarded as a migratory species (Mohammadi et al. 2022) while the only case of E. spelaea migration was reported from Yunnan province, China (Zhang et al. 2010). In peripheral regions, R. leschenaultii is reported from World Peace Cave in Pokhara, Alpeshwor cave in Kushma, Tara cave in Myagdi, Chamero cave in Vimad, Tahanu and Dhan Khola cave in Dang during multiple seasons Dahal et al. 2014;Sharma et al. 2020). ...
... Vanitharani et al. (2005) recorded the species at 1960 ft from Injikudi, Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, which was mistaken as 1960 m by Waldien et al. (2020) and wrongly assessed as elevation record. Since E. spelaea share roost with R. leschenaultii Thapa et al. 2012;Zhang et al. 2010) the species might have been previously unnoticed, and therefore considered data deficient nationally (Jnawali et al. 2011). Moreover, an individual of R. leschenaultii with abnormal coloration was also noticed and photographed ( Figure 2). ...
In 2019, we surveyed the Karuna bat cave during spring and autumn seasons and recorded two species of fruit bats; Rousettus leschenaultii and Eonycteris spelaea, and two species of insectivorous bats; Hipposideros armiger and Rhinolophus macrotis. Although there was no variation in colony size of insectivorous bats, the fruit bat population (around 38,000 individuals) was only recorded in autumn which indicated seasonal migration. Occasional killing of bats, unsustainable guano extraction, and tourism development threaten this major cave for bats in Nepal. The study recommends prioritizing scientific research and bat friendly cave conservation actions.
... Distribution data for all taxa for the last two decades were downloaded from GBIF and cleaned to remove all suspect records for all birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians for the mainland Southeast Asian region. Additional data for bats was included using the database compiled by Hughes et al. (2012), in addition to further data for China (Zhang et al., 2009(Zhang et al., , 2010. Duplicate records (i.e. ...
Southeast Asian biodiversity is a global priority for conservation, due to the high levels of diversity and endemism, combined with some of the greatest levels of threat. Conservation planning is essential to ensure that hotspots of biodiversity and endemism have the protection needed to prevent deforestation, hunting and other forms of exploitation in some of the Southeast Asia's most diverse areas, yet this requires data which in many cases does not exist.
Growing volumes of online available data provides the ability to develop accurate models of species distributions, and gain new perspectives on regional diversity patterns and provide essential baseline data for planning and conservation.
Here, using the best available information I develop maps of the ranges of 2471 vertebrate (birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians) and 1198 plant species, and explore patterns of biodiversity and the adequacy of protection. Each taxon shows different patterns of diversity, and no taxa provided an effective surrogate for diversity patterns in different groups. I show that for the majority of biodiversity hotspots fall outside protected areas, with between 10 and 55% of areas with at least > 75% of the maximum number of species unprotected. The percentage of species ranges protected areas also varies by taxa, from a maximum of 40% to reptiles with a mean of only 13.5% of species ranges protected. Furthermore comparison between my predictions and IUCN maps of diversity differed greatly for all taxa examined, with IUCN hotspots covering a much larger portion of the region and potentially overestimating the ranges of many species. Further efforts are needed to better protect centres of diversity, and the inclusion of these methods into regional conservation planning may greatly assist in increasing the effectiveness of conservation.
... d. formosus) was once widespread on the Taiwanese mainland, but as a result of overhunting, it is believed to remain in very small numbers on at most two small islands (less than 20 km 2 in total). It is listed as "Endangered" (EN) on the China Species Red List (Zhang et al., 2012). ...
... It was declared extinct in the mid-1990s when a 2.5-year long survey failed to find a single individual. In 2005, however, three bats were sighted (Zhang et al., 2012). Since then, no sighting has been reported on Green Island to our knowledge. ...
The conservation status of the Ryukyu flying fox (Pteropus dasymallus), a solitary island fruit bat inhabiting the Ryukyu archipelago in Japan, Green Island in Taiwan, and some islands of the Batanes and Babuyan chain in the Philippines, was last assessed by the IUCN in 2008, when it was upgraded from Endangered (EN) to Near Threatened (NT). We review here the current status of P. dasymallus through a description of the perceived demographic trends of its different subspecies as well as the current threat factors that it faces. Important amendments to the initial assessment are advanced, such as a less pronounced consideration of the Philippines population, whose size seems much smaller than once expected. Coupled with new elements that were only recently reported (i.e. natural risks, such as typhoons and volcanic activity, as well as direct anthropogenic threats in the form of ongoing culling by farmers in Japan), these lead us to call for a prompt relisting of P. dasymallus to a higher threat level.
... Microchiroptera have no (Pettigrew, 1986b) or very few IRP (Scalia et al., 2015). Fruit bats, Megachiroptera, which commonly use claws on the wing to climb trees and manipulate fruit (Zhang et al., 2010), possess a primate-like visual system with a large proportion of IRP and an extensively developed primary visual area (Pettigrew, 1986b;Rosa et al., 1993). ...
Ipsilateral retinal projections (IRP) in the optic chiasm (OC) vary considerably. Most animal groups possess laterally situated eyes and no or few IRP, but, e.g., cats and primates have frontal eyes and high proportions of IRP. The traditional hypothesis that bifocal vision developed to enable predation or to increase perception in restricted light conditions applies mainly to mammals. The eye-forelimb (EF) hypothesis presented here suggests that the reception of visual feedback of limb movements in the limb steering cerebral hemisphere was the fundamental mechanism behind the OC evolution. In other words, that evolutionary change in the OC was necessary to preserve hemispheric autonomy. In the majority of vertebrates, motor processing, tactile, proprioceptive, and visual information involved in steering the hand (limb, paw, fin) is primarily received only in the contralateral hemisphere, while multisensory information from the ipsilateral limb is minimal. Since the involved motor nuclei, somatosensory areas, and vision neurons are situated in same hemisphere, the neuronal pathways involved will be relatively short, optimizing the size of the brain. That would not have been possible without, evolutionary modifications of IRP. Multiple axon-guidance genes, which determine whether axons will cross the midline or not, have shaped the OC anatomy. Evolutionary change in the OC seems to be key to preserving hemispheric autonomy when the body and eye evolve to fit new ecological niches. The EF hypothesis may explain the low proportion of IRP in birds, reptiles, and most fishes; the relatively high proportions of IRP in limbless vertebrates; high proportions of IRP in arboreal, in contrast to ground-dwelling, marsupials; the lack of IRP in dolphins; abundant IRP in primates and most predatory mammals, and why IRP emanate exclusively from the temporal retina. The EF hypothesis seams applicable to vertebrates in general and hence more parsimonious than traditional hypotheses.
... Likewise, the four rodent pinna samples all fell within the area occupied by the bat sample. The studied data set also included four bat species without an active biosonar system (Cynopterus brachyotis, Cynopterus sphinx, Eonycteris spelaea, Macroglossus sobrinus) and Pteropus lylei as well as the tongue-click producing Rousettus leschenaultii (Zhang et al 2010) (none of these species is marked with individual symbols in figure 10(a)) were also found to cluster with the biosonar-utilizing bats in the plane spanned by the first two eigenears. A better separation (see figure 10(b)) was obtained when the samples were sorted into low-duty-cycle and high-duty-cycle species (Jones 1999, Lazure andFenton 2011). ...
A quantitative analysis of the interspecific variability between beamforming baffle shapes in the biosonar system of bats is presented. The data set analyzed consisted of 100 outer ear (pinna) shapes from at least 59 species. A vector-space representation suitable for principal component analysis (PCA) was constructed by virtue of a transform of the pinna surfaces into cylindrical coordinates. The central axis of the cylindrical transform was found by minimizing a potential function. The shapes were aligned by means of their respective axes and their center of gravity. The average pinna of the sample was a symmetrical, obliquely truncated horn. The first seven eigenvalues accounted already for two-thirds of the variability around the mean, which indicates that most of the biodiversity in the bat pinna can be understood in a more low-dimensional space. The first three principal components show that most of the variability of the bat pinna sample is in terms of opening angle, left-right asymmetry, and selective changes in width at the top or the bottom of the pinna. The beampattern effects of these individual components have been characterized. These insights could be used to design bioinspired beamforming devices from the diversity in biosonar.
Stoliczka’s Asian trident bat (Aselliscus stoliczkanus) is a small-bodied species and very sensitive to climate change. Here, we presented a chromosome-level genome assembly of A. stoliczkanus by combining Illumina sequencing, Nanopore sequencing and high-throughput chromatin conformation capture (Hi-C) sequencing technology. The genome assembly was 2.18 Gb in size with 98.26% of the genome sequences anchored onto 14 autosomes and two sex chromosomes (X and Y). The quality of the genome assembly is very high with a contig and scaffold N50 of 72.98 and 162 Mb, respectively, Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCO) score of 96.6%, and the consensus quality value (QV) of 47.44. A total of 20,567 genes were predicted and 98.8% of these genes were functionally annotated. Syntenic blocks between A. stoliczkanus and Homo sapiens, together with previous comparative cytogenetic studies, provide valuable foundations for further comparative genomic and cytogenetic studies in mammals. The reference-quality genome of A. stoliczkanus contributes an important resource for conservative genomics and landscape genomics in predicting adaptation and vulnerability to climate change.
Pollination studies in East Asia have been developing rapidly in recent decades. East Asia may provide important information on many aspects of plant-pollinator interactions because of the rich fauna and flora and highly heterogeneous environments that occur there. In this review, plant-pollinator interactions in East Asia were summarized. Bumblebees are important pollinators of many plant species in East Asia, as well as in Europe and North America. Native honeybees may also have important roles in pollination in East Asia. Bird pollination and hawkmoth pollination may be less common in East Asia than in North America. Geographic variation in pollination interactions is expected because several types of pollinators are rare or absent in some habitats or geographic regions. For example, specialized nectar-feeding vertebrates like sunbirds and pteropodid bats are absent from most of East Asia except for some areas in its southern part. Opportunistic nectar-feeding vertebrates may have important roles in pollination where specialized nectar-feeding vertebrates are absent. Human impacts on plant pollinator interactions are understudied in this region. However, climate change, habitat degradation, and invasive species may have negative impacts on plant-pollinator interactions and thus plant reproductive success there. The information available on the plant-pollinator interactions in East Asia is still limited because many plant and pollinator taxa and many types of habitats are understudied.
