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Map of Basho Valley and its location within Pakistan. Note: some borders on the location maps are not officially recognized. (Source of map: Velle 1998; redrawn by Andreas Brodbeck)
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During the past century the "Theory of Himalayan Environmental Degradation" has dominated mainstream views concerning natural resource management in the Himalayan region. The main tenet of this theory is that increased human population has resulted in increased demands for natural resources, leading to severe resource depletion, especially deforest...
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... The factors of deforestation in Gilgit-Baltistan, as well as the dominant notion of Himalayan environmental degradation, have been the subject of several pieces of research. Unsustainable commercial harvesting and mismanagement were the primary causes of deforestation across 3 decades in the Basho valley of Gilgit-Baltistan (Ali and Benjaminsen, 2004). In the Darel/Tangir and Chilas valleys, sectarian conflicts and increasing access to forest resources have been highlighted as further indirect drivers of deforestation (Gohar, 2002). ...
Deforestation is the accelerating factor of climate change in developing countries. The German Watch Report 2020 had rated Pakistan number seventh most affected country due to adverse impacts of climate change. The problem of deforestation poses an existential danger to the forest-depleted country. It is of utmost importance to predict the main drivers to control deforestation. This study was conducted from October 2021 to August 2022 in dry temperate forests of the Chilas to investigate the current condition, causes of deforestation, and predicted the main drivers by using a binary regression model. Stratified random sampling techniques and fixed area plot method were used and taken ground measurements during field inventory to access current situation of deforestation. While a non-probability quota sampling technique and semi-structured questionnaire were utilized for the determination of main drivers of deforestation through respondent’s survey. The forest inventory result showed that most trees fall in immature and sub-mature (mainly in 10–20 and 20–30 cm) diameter classes while the binary logistic regression model predicted dominating four primary drivers (unsustainable fuel wood extraction, unsustainable timber extraction and urban crawling and rural expansion/habituation, and free and uncontrolled livestock grazing) and one secondary driver (wood for energy needs). To address the underlying causes of deforestation, the government must supply alternate energy sources, as well as other economic possibilities to reduce dependency on forests.
... As per the Scopus dataset, the first article related to Green HRM has been published in 2004 by Ali and Benjaminsen, in Mountain Research and Development [74]. In the first quarter, only 6 articles (1.08%) are published whereas in the last quarter (2019-2023), 51.18% of articles are published, which shows a phenomenal rise. ...
The current organisation is facing intensifying competition in the global business world with loads of challenges and tries to sustain itself in the market through innovation and cost-cutting. The scientific community has a growing interest in management to make a niche in the global competitive era. They have started focusing on the expediency of green human resource management (GHRM) to steer the way to excel the organizations and their employees for sustainability. Green HRM tries to build an organization that encourages employees to adopt environmentally friendly workplace behaviours and minimize costs. The aim of this study is to identify and analyse the comprehensive research advances made in the field of green human resource management through bibliometric analysis. The Scopus database has been used to conduct the research. A total of 551 documents were inferred from Scopus, considering the department time period, 2004 to 2023. The outcomes of the study shed light on the eminence of green HRM research, identifying prolific authors and co-authorship patterns, commonly used keywords, country-wise and organization-wise analysis, research themes, theoretical foundations and simple statistics. This comprehensive exploration has provided valuable insights into the concept of green HRM, its objectives, and its potential benefits for businesses and society as a whole.
... The findings of this study demonstrate the significance of population dynamics in changing plant cover in the Palas Valley of Kohistan, as many researchers have acknowledged in the HKH region and elsewhere [12][13][14]16,21,29,30,53,56]. Population growth and settlement expansion have major ecological implications [10,17,[25][26][27]35,52]. Our results are similar to those of earlier studies conducted in the HKH [10,20,21,51,70]. According to [71,72], population growth has a direct effect on deforestation, since it raises the demand for resources such as energy, land, and food. ...
Forest cover in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) mountains of northern Pakistan has changed dramatically due to community dynamics such as population growth, household dynamics, and intensive economic activity for people’s livelihoods. Demographic development is one of the major factors influencing forest cover change in a previously sparsely populated environment. An abrupt upsurge in population exerts adverse effects on the local natural resources, specifically forests. The present research shows an increase in population from 1980 to 2017, the development of human settlements, and a long-term decline in forest cover. This study was conducted in the Palas valley in the HKH mountains using GIS and remote sensing (RS) technology. Analysis of the changes between 1980, 2000, and 2017 was done using ArcGIS and the maximum likelihood algorithm for supervised classification of Landsat MSS TM ETM+ and Sentinel 2A satellite images. We used Euclidean distances and buffer analysis techniques to identify that most changes occurred within 1 to 3 km of the settlement’s proximity in each period. We also found changes in forest cover to be much greater near settlements than elsewhere in the study area. According to the findings of the study, population explosion and other socio-economic factors have imposed excessive pressure on vegetation cover, resulting in the loss of 17,076 ha of forests in the remote Palas valley.
... In the northeastern context, forest dependency is mostly due subsistence livelihood requirement, food habits of the people and extreme poverty of fringe villagers (Ramakrishnan, 1987) 1 . However, commercial extraction of such products has also been emerged to meet other livelihood requirement (Wonder, 1996;Iyenger, 1989;Jawad, 2004). Almost every tribal household uses to collect and consume some cpr products like firewood, bamboo, cane, etc. Firewood consumption in the tribal households is also influenced by the food habit of the tribals and the non-availability of alternate fuels at affordable prices (Khataniar R.& S. Benazir, 2018). ...
... Almost every tribal household uses to collect and consume some cpr products like firewood, bamboo, cane, etc. Firewood consumption in the tribal households is also influenced by the food habit of the tribals and the non-availability of alternate fuels at affordable prices (Khataniar R.& S. Benazir, 2018). The emergence of the market has pave-way the path for commercial extraction of forest product (Wonder, 1996;Iyenger, 1989;Jawad, 2004). At the same time, researchers also observed that the failure of the existing common property resources management system has resulted in the emergence of a 'neo-rich' class in society who has been exploiting common forest by extracting the resources for commercial purpose (Khataniar, 2009). ...
The edited volume is the outcome of research papers presented in the National Seminar on Measures of Socio-economic Deprivation (Data Requirements and its relation with Policy Formulation for Better Governance) organized by the Department of Statistics, Assam University, Silchar. The sponsor of the seminar and this seminar proceedings is the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Assam under the Support for Statistical Strengthening Scheme. Dibyojyoti Bhattacharjee is the editor of the seminar proceedings.
... km. The entire area falls within the high mountainous ranges of Karakoram, Himalayas, Hindukush and Pamir with most of the area situated at or above 4500m (Ali and Benjaminsen, 2004). Below 3000m, precipitation is very low, rarely exceeds from 200mm per annum. ...
... Temperature also vary from 40 0 C in valley bottoms in summer to less than -10 0 C in winter (GOP, 1991;IUCN, 2002). Major forest tree species of the study area includes Pinus gerardiana (Chilgosa), Cedrus deodara (deodar), Picea smithiana (Spruce), Pinus wallichina (kail), Abies pindrow (Iqbal 1982(Iqbal , 2001Ali and Benjaminsen, 2004;Abdul et al., 2014). ...
Land use and land cover change are affecting the global environment and ecosystems of the different biospheres. Monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) of these changes is of utmost importance as they often results in several global environmental consequences such as land degradation, mass erosion, habitat deterioration as well as micro and macro climate of the regions. The advance technologies like remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) are helpful in determining/ identifying these changes. In the current study area, changes in carbon stocks, notably in forest areas, are resulting in considerable dynamics of carbon stocks as a result of climate change and carbon sequestration. This study was carried out in the Diamer district of the Gilgit Baltistan (GB) Pakistan to investigate the change in cover change/land use change (particularly Forest Land use) as well as carbon sequestration potential of the forests in the district during almost last 25years. The land cover, temporal Landsat data (level 1, LIT) were downloaded from the USGS EROS (2016), for 1979-1989, 1990-2000 and 2001-2012. Change in land uses, particularly forest cover was investigated using GIS techniques. Forest inventory was carried out using random sampling techniques. A standard plot of size 0.1 ha (n=80) was laid out to determine the tree density, volume, biomass and C stocks. Simulation of C stocks was accomplished by application of the CO 2 FIX model with the data input from inventory. Results showed a decrease in both forest and snow cover in the region from 1979-2012. Similarly decrease was seen in tree volume, tree Biomass, dynamics of C Stocks and decrease was in occur tree density respectively. It is recommended we need further more like project such as BTAP (Billion Tree Afforestation Project) and green Pakistan project to increase the forest cover, to control on land use change, protect forest ecosystem and to protect snow cover. Keywords: land use cover changes, carbon sequestration, carbon stock, satellite data, simulation of carbon. Resumo O uso e as mudanças na cobertura da terra estão afetando o meio ambiente global e os ecossistemas das diferentes biosferas. O monitoramento, relatório e verificação (MRV) dessas mudanças são de extrema importância, pois muitas vezes resultam em várias consequências ambientais globais, como degradação da terra, erosão em massa, deterioração do hábitat, bem como micro e macroclima das regiões. As tecnologias avançadas, como sensoriamento remoto (RS) e sistema de informações geográficas (SIG), são úteis para determinar / identificar essas mudanças. Na área de estudo atual, as mudanças nos estoques de carbono, principalmente em áreas florestais, estão resultando em uma dinâmica considerável dos estoques de carbono como resultado das mudanças climáticas e do sequestro de carbono. Este estudo foi realizado no distrito de Diamer de Gilgit Baltistan (GB), Paquistão, para investigar a mudança na mudança de cobertura / mudança de uso da terra (particularmente uso de terras florestais), bem como o potencial de sequestro de carbono das florestas no distrito durante quase os últimos 25 anos. A cobertura da terra, os dados temporais do Landsat (nível 1, LIT), foram baixados do USGS EROS (. Mudanças nos usos da terra, particularmente na cobertura florestal, foram investigadas Assessment of land use cover changes, carbon sequestration and carbon stock in dry temperate forests of Chilas watershed, Gilgit-Baltistan Avaliação das mudanças na cobertura do uso da terra, sequestro de carbono e estoque de carbono em florestas temperadas secas da bacia hidrográfica de Chilas,
... The insufficient percentage (4.8%/4.2 million hectare) of the total land area covered by forest is primarily because of the climatic restrictions (Khan, 2006;Shahbaz et al., 2007;Shehzad et al., 2014). Majority of the household in Pakistan (70-79%) are dependent on wood for domestic fuel (Hafeez, 2000;Siddiqui, 2000) which constitute almost (53%) of the total consumed energy (Ali & Benjaminsen, 2004). This level of dependency is likely to increase in future because of low economic status of the inhabitant as well as deficiency of alternate energy in the country (Siddiqui & Amjid, 1993). ...
... The forest depletion rate reduced to 1.7% per annum between 1990 and 2000 which increased to 2.1% in 2005, and 2.4% per annum between 2005 and 2010 (FAO, 2010: p. 230). If deforestation and forest cover changes are continued at the same rate for the coming 3 to 4 decades the forest will be vanished from the considerable geographical area of the country (Ali & Benjaminsen, 2004). ...
Forest cover in Hindu Kush-Himalayas (HKH) Mountains has gone through a decline during the recent few decades. Amongst several other factors, road networks and their expansion has played a major role in forest cover degradation. This paper attempts to explore the association between forest cover change and the extension of the road network in a remote mountainous valley of Kohistan located in the HKH Mountains of northern Pakistan. For this purpose, Remote Sensing techniques and trajectory methods were used to detect the change in forest cover. The impact of road networks and their expansion on forest cover was determined using buffer analysis technique. It was found that forest cover of the study area has declined by 17,076 hectares (12.2%) from 1980 to 2017. It was further concluded that forest cover change was much higher near road networks in 1–3 km buffer than elsewhere in the study area. The results of the study will be useful for forestry and landscape planning and can be used by forest departments locally, provincially and nationally.
... In contrast, research sensitive to community dynamics shows that communities in the Kp regions are composed of multiple groups representing different interests and agendas. Studies have shown a wide range of actors/ stakeholders in Kp forests (Knudsen and Madsen, 1996;Ali and Benjaminsen, 2004;Simorankir, 2006;Shahbaz, Ali and Suleri, 2011). But experience from the previous CBnrM projects shows that the attention to communities is limited to rhetoric. ...
Large-scale tree planting programmes have become politically
attractive. They are claimed to be vital in tackling climate
change and to provide big social and environmental benefits.
This is a study of one such high-profile tree-planting project in
Pakistan – the Ten Billion Tree Tsunami Programme. With a
reported budget of US$700 million, this project claims so far
to have planted over a billion trees and created 165,000 jobs.
But evidence suggests a clear pattern of winners and losers.
The wealthier few enjoy most of the benefits, while herders
and others without land have been excluded. The programme
needs to go beyond rhetorical claims of participation to install
genuine inclusion and fair distribution of benefits.
... World Conservation Union (IUCN) has investigated that with the increase in the current population growth and the use of wood in Pakistan would be 3% increase per year. Hence IUCN (2002) predicted that if Pakistan continues the same rate of deforestation, there forests will be vanished within coming ten or fifteen years (Ali and Benjaminsen, 2004). In Pakistan Shisham, Oak, Teak, Chir, Kikar, Deodar woods and bamboo were utilized for furniture manufacture but now a day's wood panels are mostly used. ...
Life cycle assessment was carried out for a conventional wooden furniture set produced in Mardan division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan during 2018-19. Primary data regarding inputs and outputs were collected through questionnaire surveys from 100 conventional wooden furniture set manufacturers, 50 in district Mardan and 50 in district Swabi. In the present study, cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment approach was applied for a functional unit of one conventional wooden furniture set. Production weighted average data were modelled in the environmental impacts modelling software i.e., SimaPro v.8.5. The results showed that textile used in sofa set, wood preservative for polishing and preventing insects attack and petrol used in generator had the highest contribution to all the environmental impact categories evaluated. Total cumulative energy demand for wooden furniture set manufactured was 30,005 MJ with most of the energy acquired from non-renewable fossil fuel resources.
... World Conservation Union (IUCN) has investigated that with the increase in the current population growth and the use of wood in Pakistan would be 3% increase per year. Hence IUCN (2002) predicted that if Pakistan continues the same rate of deforestation, there forests will be vanished within coming ten or fifteen years (Ali and Benjaminsen, 2004). In Pakistan Shisham, Oak, Teak, Chir, Kikar, Deodar woods and bamboo were utilized for furniture manufacture but now a day's wood panels are mostly used. ...
Life cycle assessment was carried out for a conventional wooden furniture set produced in Mardan division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan during 2018-19. Primary data regarding inputs and outputs were collected through questionnaire surveys from 100 conventional wooden furniture set manufacturers, 50 in district Mardan and 50 in district Swabi. In the present study, cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment approach was
applied for a functional unit of one conventional wooden furniture set. Production
weighted average data were modelled in the environmental impacts modelling software i.e., SimaPro v.8.5. The results showed that textile used in sofa set, wood preservative for polishing and preventing insects attack and petrol used in generator had the highest contribution to all the environmental impact categories evaluated. Total cumulative energy demand for wooden furniture set manufactured was 30,005 MJ with most of the energy acquired from non-renewable
fossil fuel resources.
... ). Species like Dioscorea deltoidea, Rubus fruticosa, Viburnum grandiflorum and Indigofera heterantha are used in 4 ways, whereas Podophyllum hexandrum, Rheum webbianum and Dipsacus inermis have 3 different means of usage. However, several species among these are under serious anthropogenic pressure(Ali and Benjaminsen 2004; ...
This chapter deals with the ethnobotanical knowledge of plants used by the traditional healers and tribal communities in Dachigam National Park in Kashmir Himalayas. A total of 68 plant species from 36 families and 61 genera were documented with ethnobotanical use. Rosaceae was the predominant family representing 12% of the plants documented. Aerial parts especially leaves (32.3%) were the most abundantly used for preparing herbal remedies followed by whole plant (17.6%), shoot (14.7%), fruits (10.2%), flowers (7.38%), rhizome (7.35%) and seeds (4.41%). Out of the plant species, 67% were used to treat various diseases and 18% were consumed as wild edible fruits. Common method of preparation was decoction (33.8%), and a few were consumed as vegetables (19%). Rheum webbianum, Taraxicum officinale and Dioscorea deltoids are the most utilised medicinal plants with significant RFCi values (0.57, 0.56 and 0.51, respectively). Podophyllum hexandrum, Rheum webbianum and Dipsacus inermis are the most versatile and commonly used but are facing high anthropogenic pressure. The open scrubs of the Kashmir Himalayas host significant medicinal plants. Traditional knowledge on local edibles is of great importance to the locals, and their conservation is of utmost importance.KeywordsBiotic pressureEthnobotanyMedicinal plantsTraditional knowledge
