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1 Map of Albania showing major oil and gas fields and selected deep exploration wells (from Petroconsultants, 1991).
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The Albanian fold-and-thrust belt is well documented by means of seismic reflection profiles, potential data, wells and outcrops. The continuous Oligocene to Plio-Quaternary sedimentary records help to constrain the burial history of Mesozoic carbonate reservoirs, the deformation timing and the coupled fluid flow and diagenetic scenarios. The fract...
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The Amin sandstone is a primary reservoir target of the Haima Supergroup (Vendian -Cambrian) for a Tight Gas Play for the Non-Associated Gas exploration in the Fahud Salt Basin, onshore Oman. Recent development in Tight Gas exploration in Oman have focused on possible fractured reservoirs of the Haima Supergroup. However, uncertainty remains in map...
One of the main reservoirs of La Concepción Field is a section of about 1,400' of Cretaceous carbonate rocks that comprise 300' of La Luna Formation (Santonian) and 1,100´of Cogollo Group (Aptian-Albian). This Cretaceous reservoir, discovered in 1948, had accumulated 68 MMbbls of oil in 1997 from 16 wells that included 3 major, 6 medium and 7 poor...
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Citations
... The External Albanides are home to a thick succession of homogeneous and fractured calciturbidites, wherein the vein system, its diagenetic properties and tectonic history have been well studied due to the presence of hydrocarbons in the region (Velaj et al., 1999;Nieuwland et al., 2001;Van Geet et al., 2002;Roure et al., 2004;Graham Wall et al., 2006;Vilasi et al., 2006;Le Goff et al., 2015;Le Goff et al., 2019). The calciturbidite succession is of Cretaceous to Paleocene age, and was buried to depths of 4 ± 1 km, at temperatures up to 100°C (Van Geet et al., 2002;Roure et al., 2004;Vilasi, 2009;Lacombe et al., 2009). In this area, unrealistically low a c-fi paleotemperatures were recorded by de Graaf et al. (2019), which might be the result of post-entrapment oxygen exchange. ...
... The carbonates are incorporated in a thin-skinned southwest-verging thrust system that was active from the late Oligocene to the lower Miocene, leading to the formation of three decoupled anticlinal belts: the Berati, Kurveleshi and Ç ika belt (Velaj et al., 1999;Meço et al., 2000). Their main décollement level is formed by Permo-Triassic evaporites, which provided flow pathways for fluids that circulated the Ionian basin deposits during their incorporation in the Albanide fold and thrust belt and led to the widespread formation of calcite veins (Vilasi, 2009). ...
... The paragenetic sequence of vein formation was established by analysing the crosscutting relations between veins and stylolites, both in the field and petrographically. The vein populations were matched to the vein populations previously defined in studies performed by Graham Wall et al. (2006), Vilasi et al. (2006) and Vilasi (2009), and were categorized as V1, V2 or V3 veins, which link to different deformational phases that affected the Ionian Zone (de Graaf et al., 2019). We have selected clean (i.e. ...
The distribution of oxygen isotopes between calcite and fluid inclusions has demonstrated utility for reconstructing near-surface calcite precipitation temperatures. For calcite that formed at depth, however, the resilience of this paleothermometer to diagenetic oxygen isotope alteration is poorly constrained. Clumped isotopes also document calcite precipitation temperatures and are similarly vulnerable to diagenetic alteration. Post-entrapment isotope exchange between calcite and fluid-inclusions could alter the calcite-fluid oxygen isotope distribution (αc-fi), as well as the clumped isotope composition (Δ47) of calcite, and therefore these two seemingly independent paleo-thermometers are potentially linked via the same alteration process. Using closed-system batch fractionation equations, we have modelled various scenarios of oxygen isotope exchange between water and host-rock during burial, as well as internal oxygen isotope exchange between calcite and fluid inclusions during exhumation. Assuming both paleo-thermometers record concordant temperatures at the time of vein formation, our models predict that if a fraction of calcite is available for isotopic interaction with fluid inclusions, the fluid inclusion and clumped isotope-derived paleothermometers yield discrepant temperature estimates after exhumation. We show that the fluid inclusion thermometer is more sensitive to isotopic alteration than the clumped isotope thermometer and that the mass balance of oxygen between calcite and fluid inclusions determines the sensitivity of both paleothermometers as well as the vulnerability of fluid inclusions (δ¹⁸Ofi) to diagenetic overprinting. We applied coupled clumped isotope and fluid inclusion measurements on calcite veins from the External Albanides (Albania), which were formed at depth and subsequently exhumed, in order to compare natural samples to our isotope exchange model. These veins show strongly discrepant calcite-water equilibrium temperatures and clumped isotope temperatures, suggesting the fraction of calcite available for isotope exchange with internal fluids may indeed be a key parameter of diagenetic alteration during exhumation. Even though the clumped isotope temperatures of our samples appear to be insensitive towards internal oxygen isotope exchange, our model predicts that at low burial temperatures, the carbonate clumped isotope thermometer may be susceptible to alteration by diagenetic isotope exchange with fluid inclusions under certain conditions.
... A variety of geological formations characterize the Albanian territory. The Albanides (Channell et al., 1979;Robertson and Shallo, 2000;Meço et al., 2000) are composed of seven litho-tectonic units or zones (Fig. 1A) integrated in the Albanian fold-and-thrust belt (Swennen et al., 2003;Vilasi, 2009) which extends along the country following a NNE-SSW orientation (Fig. 1A). This structural framework attests a general continuity northward in the Dinarides (Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia) and southward in the Hellenides (Greece) (Fig. 1B). ...
... Among the potential source rocks in the Sazani and Ionian zones, two main kind may be distinguished: i) mature source rocks (4.96% TOC and Ro= 0.7 to 0.87) comprising the Upper Triassic and Liassic series ii) immature source-rocks (5% TOC and R0 0.55) comprising the Toarcian shales, composed of Posidonia shales and likely accounting for most of the oil production in the Ionian Basin. The Early Tortonian shales and the Neogene lignites and brown coil deposits account for the other source-rocks occurring in the Peri-Adriatic Depression (Fig. 5B) (information summarized from Vilasi, 2009). ...
... This succession is exposed near Kruja (Fig. 6, 7) where two distinctive thrust fronts allow studying the massive Upper Cretaceous limestones outcropping in the landscape. "L'Escalier" and "La Route" successions ( Fig. 6) were studied by Heba and Prichonnet (2006, 2009) and Heba (2008. In the framework of this field trip, "L'escalier" succession will be documented with regards to the sedimentation, diagenesis and biostratigraphical results. ...
... In contrast, little information exists with regard to the sedimentary processes involved in the sedimentation of a thick succession of about 300 m of Upper Cretaceous deposits outcropping in Albania. Dewever et al. (2007), Vilasi (2009) and Rubert et al. (2012) recently gave a first overview of the resedimented facies composing the basinal succession. Nevertheless, little assessment was provided regarding the sediment distribution along the Apulian carbonate margin and the basinal characteristics. ...
Integrated in the peri-Adriatic domain, the Ionian Basin extended along a NW-SE direction during the Late Cretaceous, limited on its sides by the Apulian and Gavrovo-Tripolitza (Kruja) platforms. The basinal / slope succession was studied in seven outcrops exposed in the Albanian thin-skinned fold and thrust belt. Sedimentological investigations, supported by bio- and chronostratigraphy were performed on calcareous Upper Cretaceous hemipelagites, gravity-flow deposits and slumps. The resedimentation in the Ionian Basin is governed by both surrounding platforms. The western part of the basin was studied, revealing a strong influence of the Apulian margin, alternatively shedding sediment basinward, by means of a tectonically controlled edge. Several sedimentation stages are identified. The Late Albian to Cenomanian period is characterized by the settling of muddy debrites along the margin. A deep basinal environment characterizes this period which prolongs until the Santonian, with no significant influx of the platform basinward. This sedimentary setting abruptly changed at the end of the Santonian, with an important calciclastic influx derived from both platforms. Gravity-flow deposits document coarsening and thickening upward sequences showing a progressive increase in sediment shedding during the Campanian. The Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian period points out a major change in the resedimentation processes with the settling of several slumped units reworking thick sediment packages. The latter can be traced along the Apulian margin and document an eastwards downslope movement, testifying of instabilities along the edge of Apulia during this period.
... Actually the deltaic activity is creating new small bays and lakes of type Butrinti. From the Greek border to Vlora City in the north, morphologically building the Ionian coast the Cika anticlinal belt represent a height zone with the carbonate structures well development that outcrop until the level of Upper Tiaiassic ( Figure 2) Carbonate and sandy beaches, lagoons, fiords etc. compose a special, precious nature and tourist resource [5]. ...
Butrinti region is the part of the Cika anticlinal belt, which is the most western part of the Ionian zone. This region located in the most southern part of Albania, near the Greek border. From the tectonic point of view, it is the part of the Cika anticlinal belt, which is in the western part of the External Albanides. In the western side of this anticlinal belt developed one regional over thrust fault. Through this over thrust Cika anticlinal belt and all the Ionian zone over thrust in westward with amplitude around 50-100 km above the Apulian Platform (Sazani zone in Albania) and the South Adriatic basin. The most widespread formation there is: Evaporite (Upper Triassic), carbonate (Upper Triassic-Eocene), flysch (Oligocene-Aquitaniane), molasses (Serravalian-Pliocene) and Quaternary.
... A variety of geological formations characterized the Albanian territory. The Albanides (Channell et al., 1979;Robertson et al., 2000;Meço and Aliaj, 2000) are composed of seven litho-tectonic units or zones (Fig. 3A) integrated in the Albanian fold-and-thrust belt (Swennen et al., 2003;Vilasi, 2009) which extends along the country following a NNE-SSW orientation (Fig. 3A). This structural framework attests a general continuity northward in the Dinarides (Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia) and southward in the Hellenides (Greece) (Fig. 3B). ...
... This succession is exposed near Kruja (Fig.6, 7) where two distinctive thrust fronts allow studying the massive Upper Cretaceous limestones outcropping in the landscape (Fig.7B). "L'Escalier" and "La Route" successions ( Fig.6) were studied by Heba and Prichonnet (2006, 2009), Heba (2008, Heba et al. (2009) (Fig.7A). In the framework of this field trip, "L'escalier" succession will be documented with regards to the sedimentation, diagenesis and biostratigraphical results. ...
... In contrast, little information exists with regard to the sedimentary processes involved in the sedimentation of a thick succession of about 300 m of Upper Cretaceous deposits outcropping in Albania. Dewever et al. (2007), Vilasi (2009) and Rubert et al. (2012) recently gave a first overview of the resedimented facies composing the basinal succession. Nevertheless, little assessment was provided regarding the sediment distribution along the Apulian carbonate margin and the basinal characteristics. ...
