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![Map of Africa with Coastal undersea Fiber-Optic Networks. Egypt Cable Locations are Encircled. [20].](profile/Ibrahim-Gomaa/publication/349733306/figure/fig1/AS:997257050595329@1614776017576/Map-of-Africa-with-Coastal-undersea-Fiber-Optic-Networks-Egypt-Cable-Locations-are.jpg)
Map of Africa with Coastal undersea Fiber-Optic Networks. Egypt Cable Locations are Encircled. [20].
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Fiber optics cables present various benefits over regular cables when used as a data transportation medium in today’s communication networks. It is noted that there are significant challenges in the connectivity of inner cities that are located far inland away from the coastal areas. Most of the networks developed in Africa, especially in Egypt, ar...
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... although they last longer than copper cables. Also, optical fibers require repeating at distance intervals, and Fragility [21] [8]. In addition to that, optical fibers require more protection around cables compared to copper [1]. Various projects aim to link Africa to the world networks through undersea fiber-optic cable networks; as shown in Fig. 1 [20]. However, there is a difficult challenge in the connectivity of inner towns and cities that are located far inland away from the coastal ...
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... generated a grid network. This grid covers a distance of 18 km along the shoreline. A fine grid (5m*5m) used in the model as shown in Fig. 10. The initial boundary condition is defined as the initial water levels. The initial water levels were used to simulate the flow characteristics. Both upstream and downstream boundary conditions were given to the model as inputs. The upstream boundary condition was the discharge downstream from the Assiut barrage. Also, Upstream Delta ...
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... computed and measured values of the flow velocity distributions and morphological changes at the chosen cross-sections. The model was carried out by adjusting roughness coefficients at various locations along the modeled study reach, the calibration process was run to attain the finest agreement between measured and resulted values of the model. Fig. 11 shows the velocity calibration process and velocities comparison at different cross-sections along the study area. Besides, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) which is presented in Eq. 1 was computed to quantify the model's performance for the observed and measured bed level values ...
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... to our database, there are twenty-five fiber optic cables that cross the Nile River as recent as 2019. In this scenario; the Delft3D model simulation for selected fiber optic cable crossing the Nile River in the study reach is represented. The selected fiber optic cable crosses the Nile at km 928.15 from Aswan High Dam in May 2007 as shown in Fig. 13. Also, the natural changes of the river that could affect the cable efficiency have been evaluated. The numerical simulation was performed for maximum and minimum flows at the study reach to indicate the locations of deposition and erosion. According to NRI technical reports; as this cable is laid directly on the riverbed, it falls 25 ...
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... changes of the river that could affect the cable efficiency have been evaluated. The numerical simulation was performed for maximum and minimum flows at the study reach to indicate the locations of deposition and erosion. According to NRI technical reports; as this cable is laid directly on the riverbed, it falls 25 cm below the bed as shown in Fig. 14. Fig. 15 shows the predicated water depths, water velocities, and bed levels patterns for the initial river bed levels surveyed in 2016 and the predicted for the year 2030 in case of releasing discharges for maximum and minimum. As shown in Fig. 15a, as a result, after running the model for fourteen years, it is clear that the maximum ...
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... of the river that could affect the cable efficiency have been evaluated. The numerical simulation was performed for maximum and minimum flows at the study reach to indicate the locations of deposition and erosion. According to NRI technical reports; as this cable is laid directly on the riverbed, it falls 25 cm below the bed as shown in Fig. 14. Fig. 15 shows the predicated water depths, water velocities, and bed levels patterns for the initial river bed levels surveyed in 2016 and the predicted for the year 2030 in case of releasing discharges for maximum and minimum. As shown in Fig. 15a, as a result, after running the model for fourteen years, it is clear that the maximum erosion ...
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... reports; as this cable is laid directly on the riverbed, it falls 25 cm below the bed as shown in Fig. 14. Fig. 15 shows the predicated water depths, water velocities, and bed levels patterns for the initial river bed levels surveyed in 2016 and the predicted for the year 2030 in case of releasing discharges for maximum and minimum. As shown in Fig. 15a, as a result, after running the model for fourteen years, it is clear that the maximum erosion occurs when the maximum discharge is passed compared to minimum discharge, particularly at the location of the fiber cable that crosses the Nile. Furthermore, Fig. 15b, and 15c, the initial velocity distribution in 2016 ranges between 0.4 and ...
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... the year 2030 in case of releasing discharges for maximum and minimum. As shown in Fig. 15a, as a result, after running the model for fourteen years, it is clear that the maximum erosion occurs when the maximum discharge is passed compared to minimum discharge, particularly at the location of the fiber cable that crosses the Nile. Furthermore, Fig. 15b, and 15c, the initial velocity distribution in 2016 ranges between 0.4 and 0.5 ...
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... Scenario 2: Laying fiber optic cable along the riverbed. The model simulated laying the fiber optic cable along the bed of Nile River as shown in Fig. 16. In this scenario, a numerical simulation was performed for maximum and minimum flows at the upstream and water levels at the downstream boundary of the study reach. Science and Applications, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2021 527 | P a g e www.ijacsa.thesai.org ...
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... related to river processes as maximum and minimum flow, erosion, and deposition. Hence, it is very important to simulate and check with different flow cases. Any changes in river morphology are prohibited unless they are of absolute importance such as maintenance operations. That is including pump intakes and pipeline crossing under the river. Fig. 17 shows the predicted max and min flow morphological changes in 2030 for the first scenario, where the fiber optic cable was laid by crossing Nile River at km 928.15 downstream OAD through the tunnel drilling of the river for laying the fiber optic cable along the riverbed by 3 (m). It can be noted that the rate of erosion was greater ...
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... the other hand, Fig. 18 shows the longitudinal bed level profiles for both the initial riverbed in 2016 and the predicted in 2030 for the release of maximum and minimum flows for the second scenario, where the fiber optic cable is laid along the Nile River bed. It can be observed that in the first scenario, the erosion rate relative to the length of the ...
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... characterized by high-speed, which transmits data at much faster rates without any quality degradation compared to copper wires. Also, they contain an outer optical casing, which surrounds the light. The core can be configured in two different types: 1) Single-mode fiber optic cable: This type has a small core size (less than 10 µm) as shown in Fig. 19a. It allows the transmission of one light ray only. So, as the light passes through the single-mode fiber core, a little reflection of light is formed. This decreases fiber attenuation and further increases the signal's ability to travel. Thus, single-mode fibers are usually used in long distances up to 1000 km and high bandwidth ...
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... Multimode fiber optic cable: Multimode fibers are characterized by larger cores (62.5 µm or 50 µm) -as shown in Fig. 19b -which introduce more data. This will allow more light reflections, and increase the rate of dispersion and attenuation, which may reduce the signal quality over long distances. Therefore, it can be noted that in short distances, multimode fibers are often ...
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