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Monitoring deforestation and forest degradation is central to assessing changes in carbon storage, biodiversity, and many other ecological processes in tropical regions. Mapping of forest site in urban environments is critical since the resulting map not only helps us identify hot green spots and set up long term plan on how to preserve or restore...
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Context 1
... of deforestation is estimated to be 160,000 to 200,000 ha per year. It is estimated that fertile topsoil is lost at a rate of one billion cubic meters per year (FAO, 1981; UNEP, 1983, Constable, 1985, Kuru, 1990, Yirdaw, 1996), resulting in massive environmental degradation and constituting a serious threat to sustainable agriculture and forestry ecosystem functions. Ethiopian city are experiencing an influx of people from rural area on unknown scale, looking for work and a better quality life. because of this rapid growth on the urban-rural fringe, planners and policy maker lack accurate, timely and cost effective urban land use data which is most essential to make decision concerning land resource management. Urban land is always modified by men’s activity and today in the study area continuously agricultural land and forest land are converted in to urban built up area without considering its social, economic, physical and environmental impact. Addis Ababa is the capital and the most populated city of Ethiopia with a population of 1423111 (CSA, 1984), 2112737 and 2738248 in the years 1994 and 2007 respectively. A rapid and unplanned expansion and commercial development, along with population pressure, has meant the city environment is deteriorating with time. At present the forests of Addis Ababa are almost transformed to urban habitats accommodating an excessive population due to a high rate of rural–urban migration. In addition, industrialization within the urban areas and conversion of different land use within the city and the surrounding urban areas has caused the rapid depletion of existing tree cover during the previous years This depletion of green resources has indicated that succeeding city governments had no proper long-term plans to keep the city green with the exception of intervening in some areas such as the establishment of a few parks and roadside plantations under a city beautification programme. These interventions also have diverse problems for sustainable management of the urban forest. Residents in general are not aware of the importance of existing tree cover in and around their living premises. With the rapid expansion of the city, wide roads replaced narrow and unpaved roads, leaving a host of disturbed areas. However, there are no plans to plant new trees along these roads and fill the space created by different development activities. No serious effort has been made to reclaim land in a well-planned manner to allow the city to have adequate space along with its growth. On the contrary, an alarming scenario observed is the reduction in forest areas over time especially in the upper catchment of the city. To ameliorate the existing conditions, there is an urgent need to identify the appropriate forest plantation sites within Addis Ababa upper catchment areas in order to formulate a mapping of plantation forests using GIS software to suite for a sustainable plan and strategy of upper catchment forest development and management. This study aimed to identify the upper catchments of plantation forests of Addis Ababa and to locate the area using slope, elevation and contour map based on results of the identification and to indicate the forest development planning areas based on the slope and elevation criteria. Therefore, this study focuses on identifying plantation forest cover in upper catchment of Addis Ababa City; the plantation forest cover change in the upper catchment of Addis Ababa and mapping plantation forest in the upper catchment of Addis Ababa for sustainable planning of forest development. Addis Ababa is located in the central highlands of Ethiopia. Geographically, it is located at 9o 38’ 0’’N between 38o 42’ 0’’E, with the lowest elevation of 2020m above sea level, in the southern periphery, and the highest over 3000m above sea level, north of the city using GIS analysis fig 1 The selected site for upper catchment plantation forest data collection was: Yeka mount plantation area where it is located above the British Embassy which has been selected for taking GPS point data for comparing with the current and previous forest coverage to indicate appropriate mapping of plantation site. The purpose of selection was based on the accessibility of the site. In order to obtain data about the amount of plantation forest cover, the forest cover change in upper catchment of Addis Ababa and related data were reviewed. Furthermore, data of CSA for the population of Addis Ababa and meteorological data were utilized and also the Addis Ababa Orto photo of 2011 was digitized to prepare maps. Moreover, few primary data was collected through interview of an expert and physical observation of the selected site. The data that was collected from the secondary source about the amount of plantation forest cover, the forest cover change in upper catchment of Addis Ababa and related data were reviewed. In addition for the study, the dataset was organized and used from aerial photo of 2011 (see figure 1 above). To use the aerial photo, the writer utilized ERDAS Imagine 9.2 and ArcGIS 9.3 software for image analysis and mapping purpose. Furthermore, the data collected using GPS from the sample study site were incorporated to see the changes of forest cover in the area using ArcGIS 9.3 and the chart were manipulated using SPSS 20 software for showing the identified forest cover share of the percent and qualitative explanation also used for the analysis of the data collected through interview. Since the aerial photography is geo-referenced, projection type used was datum of Adindan UTM Zone 37 North are the spatial reference coordinate systems used in this study. The researcher mosaic the images of the 10 sub-cities using Erdas Imagine 9.2. Then, using ArcGIS 9.3 the forest plantation areas were digitized by using on screen digitization methods. After this the areas that were covered by the forested plantation was identified and mapped. Parallel to this, contours with 20 meter interval was generated Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Elevation, Contour and slope maps were derived from DEM data set using 3D Analyst extensions of Arc GIS 9.3 software. Moreover, the elevation of Addis Ababa City is also shown on 3D orientation by using Arc GIS 9.3. This helps to identify the upper catchment areas to plan and map the plantation forest easily. This study focuses on identifying the forest sites of the upper catchments of Addis Ababa City using GIS tools and amount of forest cover by digitization on orto photo of 2011 and mapping of plantation forest in the upper catchment of Addis Ababa for sustainable planning of forest development. This study has achieved results and outputs based upon well-defined objectives. A brief discussion on the findings of this study has been mentioned below. An attempt has been made to identify forests in the upper catchment of Addis Ababa in different Sub-Cities. The amount of forest cover have been identified by digitizing the orto photo of 2011 in five Sub-Cities of Addis Ababa such as Yeka, Gulele, Kolefikeranyo, Akaki-kality and Bole Sub-Cities with different amount of areas in square kilometers 14.9, 10, 5, 0.42 and 4.84 respectively fig 2, whereas the other sub-cities of Addis Ababa such as Nefas selk lafeto, Kirkos, Ledeta, Addis Ketema and Arada did not have any forest cover. The forest cover contribution of the above sub-cities in fig 3 has been analyzed using SPSS 20 software and the result of the analysis has been indicated in percentage. As can be seen from fig 3 below the percentage share of the identified forest coverage of the sub-city Addis Ababa such as Yeka, Gulele, Kolefikeranyo, Akaki-kality and Bole are 42.37, 28.45, 14.22, 1.2 and 13.76 percent ...
Context 2
... This makes Eucalyptus a dominant hardwood plantation species (10-15 million ha worldwide; (Brown 2000). Since Eucalyptus sp. is widely used in exotic plantations, routine identification of superior clones has become increasingly important (Sekatuba et al ., 2004). Forests and the benefits they provide in the form of wood, food, income, and watershed protection have an important and critical role in enabling people to secure a stable and adequate food supply and sustainable ecosystem functions (Badege 2003). Deforestation and land degradation, however, are impairing the capacity of forests and the land to contribute to food security, and to provide other benefits, such as fuel wood and fodder in Ethiopia. Ethiopians are facing rapid deforestation and degradation of land resources. The increasing population has resulted in extensive forest clearing for agricultural use, overgrazing, and exploitation of existing forests for fuel wood, fodder, and construction materials. Forest areas of the country have been reduced from 40% a century ago to an estimated less than 3% today and the current rate of deforestation is estimated to be 160,000 to 200,000 ha per year. It is estimated that fertile topsoil is lost at a rate of one billion cubic meters per year (FAO, 1981; UNEP, 1983, Constable, 1985, Kuru, 1990, Yirdaw, 1996), resulting in massive environmental degradation and constituting a serious threat to sustainable agriculture and forestry ecosystem functions. Ethiopian city are experiencing an influx of people from rural area on unknown scale, looking for work and a better quality life. because of this rapid growth on the urban-rural fringe, planners and policy maker lack accurate, timely and cost effective urban land use data which is most essential to make decision concerning land resource management. Urban land is always modified by men’s activity and today in the study area continuously agricultural land and forest land are converted in to urban built up area without considering its social, economic, physical and environmental impact. Addis Ababa is the capital and the most populated city of Ethiopia with a population of 1423111 (CSA, 1984), 2112737 and 2738248 in the years 1994 and 2007 respectively. A rapid and unplanned expansion and commercial development, along with population pressure, has meant the city environment is deteriorating with time. At present the forests of Addis Ababa are almost transformed to urban habitats accommodating an excessive population due to a high rate of rural–urban migration. In addition, industrialization within the urban areas and conversion of different land use within the city and the surrounding urban areas has caused the rapid depletion of existing tree cover during the previous years This depletion of green resources has indicated that succeeding city governments had no proper long-term plans to keep the city green with the exception of intervening in some areas such as the establishment of a few parks and roadside plantations under a city beautification programme. These interventions also have diverse problems for sustainable management of the urban forest. Residents in general are not aware of the importance of existing tree cover in and around their living premises. With the rapid expansion of the city, wide roads replaced narrow and unpaved roads, leaving a host of disturbed areas. However, there are no plans to plant new trees along these roads and fill the space created by different development activities. No serious effort has been made to reclaim land in a well-planned manner to allow the city to have adequate space along with its growth. On the contrary, an alarming scenario observed is the reduction in forest areas over time especially in the upper catchment of the city. To ameliorate the existing conditions, there is an urgent need to identify the appropriate forest plantation sites within Addis Ababa upper catchment areas in order to formulate a mapping of plantation forests using GIS software to suite for a sustainable plan and strategy of upper catchment forest development and management. This study aimed to identify the upper catchments of plantation forests of Addis Ababa and to locate the area using slope, elevation and contour map based on results of the identification and to indicate the forest development planning areas based on the slope and elevation criteria. Therefore, this study focuses on identifying plantation forest cover in upper catchment of Addis Ababa City; the plantation forest cover change in the upper catchment of Addis Ababa and mapping plantation forest in the upper catchment of Addis Ababa for sustainable planning of forest development. Addis Ababa is located in the central highlands of Ethiopia. Geographically, it is located at 9o 38’ 0’’N between 38o 42’ 0’’E, with the lowest elevation of 2020m above sea level, in the southern periphery, and the highest over 3000m above sea level, north of the city using GIS analysis fig 1 The selected site for upper catchment plantation forest data collection was: Yeka mount plantation area where it is located above the British Embassy which has been selected for taking GPS point data for comparing with the current and previous forest coverage to indicate appropriate mapping of plantation site. The purpose of selection was based on the accessibility of the site. In order to obtain data about the amount of plantation forest cover, the forest cover change in upper catchment of Addis Ababa and related data were reviewed. Furthermore, data of CSA for the population of Addis Ababa and meteorological data were utilized and also the Addis Ababa Orto photo of 2011 was digitized to prepare maps. Moreover, few primary data was collected through interview of an expert and physical observation of the selected site. The data that was collected from the secondary source about the amount of plantation forest cover, the forest cover change in upper catchment of Addis Ababa and related data were reviewed. In addition for the study, the dataset was organized and used from aerial photo of 2011 (see figure 1 above). To use the aerial photo, the writer utilized ERDAS Imagine 9.2 and ArcGIS 9.3 software for image analysis and mapping purpose. Furthermore, the data collected using GPS from the sample study site were incorporated to see the changes of forest cover in the area using ArcGIS 9.3 and the chart were manipulated using SPSS 20 software for showing the identified forest cover share of the percent and qualitative explanation also used for the analysis of the data collected through interview. Since the aerial photography is geo-referenced, projection type used was datum of Adindan UTM Zone 37 North are the spatial reference coordinate systems used in this study. The researcher mosaic the images of the 10 sub-cities using Erdas Imagine 9.2. Then, using ArcGIS 9.3 the forest plantation areas were digitized by using on screen digitization methods. After this the areas that were covered by the forested plantation was identified and mapped. Parallel to this, contours with 20 meter interval was generated Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Elevation, Contour and slope maps were derived from DEM data set using 3D Analyst extensions of Arc GIS 9.3 software. Moreover, the elevation of Addis Ababa City is also shown on 3D orientation by using Arc GIS 9.3. This helps to identify the upper catchment areas to plan and map the plantation forest easily. This study focuses on identifying the forest sites of the upper catchments of Addis Ababa City using GIS tools and amount of forest cover by digitization on orto photo of 2011 and mapping of plantation forest in the upper catchment of Addis Ababa for sustainable planning of forest development. This study has achieved results and outputs based upon well-defined objectives. A brief discussion on the findings of this study has been mentioned below. An attempt has been made to identify forests in the upper catchment of Addis Ababa in different Sub-Cities. The amount of forest cover have been identified by digitizing the orto photo of 2011 in five Sub-Cities of Addis Ababa such as Yeka, Gulele, Kolefikeranyo, Akaki-kality and Bole Sub-Cities with different amount of areas in square kilometers 14.9, 10, 5, 0.42 and 4.84 respectively fig 2, whereas the other sub-cities of Addis Ababa such as Nefas selk lafeto, Kirkos, Ledeta, Addis Ketema and Arada did not have any forest cover. The forest cover contribution of the above sub-cities in fig 3 has been analyzed using SPSS 20 software and the result of the analysis has been indicated in percentage. As can be seen from fig 3 below the percentage share of the identified forest coverage of the sub-city Addis Ababa such as Yeka, Gulele, Kolefikeranyo, Akaki-kality and Bole are 42.37, 28.45, 14.22, 1.2 and 13.76 percent ...
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Citations
... Map of Akaki Kality sub-city. Source:Destaab and Tulubc (2015). ...
Calf diarrhoea, the eighth most common cause of death in this age group, affects over 75% of newborn calves under three weeks old. Fifty calves with diarrhoea from the nine intensive dairy farms were assessed during the study period. Of these, 72% (n =36) were positive for E. coli There was a strong link between the prevalence of E. coli in calf diarrhoea and the age groups. Therefore, those under the age of one month were 1.3 more likely to be infected with E. coli than those between one and three months of age. The Antibiogram test revealed that E. coli isolated was highly responsive to the antibiotics tetracycline, chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin and doxycycline, but less susceptible to the drugs amoxicillin, ceftazidime, nitrofurantoin, and kanamycin and resistant to the antibiotics cefotaxime and vancomycin. Results from interviews and regular observations in the study area indicate that young calves were more impacted by diarrhoea, which accounted for about half of all health issues in calves. The E. coli recovery rate was significantly higher in calves that were one week old. These findings supported the hypothesis that the level of calf diarrhoea was excessive and would be detrimental to dairy output.
... The map of Addis Ababa and Lideta sub-city. Source:Destaab and Tulubc (2015) adjusted. ...
... The first idea that comes to mind about urban afforestation is woody trees and ornamental shrubs, but it isn't like that precisely. It is a complex system of trees, smaller ornamental plants and all the abiotic factors that surrounds them (Mare and Fikirte, 2015). ...
... The first idea that comes to mind about urban afforestation is woody trees and ornamental shrubs, but it isn't like that precisely. It is a complex system of trees, smaller ornamental plants and all the abiotic factors that surrounds them (Mare and Fikirte, 2015). ...
There are many efforts being made to improve the green space in urban streets of Iraq. Recently, interest has increased considerably in planting Conocarpus erectus L. trees all over Iraq. A laboratory experiment based on factorial Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) with three replicates, was conducted in College of Science University of Al- Qadisiya to investigate the Allelopathic potential of leaf leachates and root exudations of Conocarpus erectus L. trees against four ornamental plants including Dimorphothica aurantiaca L. , Chrysanthemum carinatum L.,Calendula officinalis L. and Gaillardia pulchella L. Results showed that both Leaf leachates solution and root exudates solution of C. erectus , inhibited significantly the seed germination percentage (G%) , coefficient of velocity (CV), plumule length (PL) , radicle length (RL) and Vigor index(VI) of the experimental species under study. The data revealed that the reduction in all parameters measured was maximum when treated with Leaf leachates solution. It was also found that the seeds of Calendula officinalis L. was more resistant to the Allelopathic effects of C. erectus L. solutions, while Chrysanthemum carinatum L. Was the most vulnerable among all the seeds of other species. The total phenolics were measured using Folin–Ciocalteu’s assay, and the results revealed that leaf leachates solution scored the highest value in total phenolic content reached (120.46 mg gallic acid /g plant dry weight) in comparison to the root exudates content of total phenolics (89.12 mg gallic acid /g plant dry weight).
... The first idea that comes to mind about urban afforestation is woody trees and ornamental shrubs, but it isn't like that precisely. It is a complex system of trees, smaller ornamental plants and all the abiotic factors that surrounds them (Mare and Fikirte, 2015). ...
