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![Map illustrating the change in the study site land mass from an aerial view from 2007 to 2017. EPR represents the statistic used [39], which transformed the total change in land mass into change per year. Receding shoreline (erosion) is represented by red, orange, and yellow colors. Shoreline accretion is represented by green.](publication/355592502/figure/fig1/AS:1083255495360512@1635279644087/Map-illustrating-the-change-in-the-study-site-land-mass-from-an-aerial-view-from-2007-to.png)
Map illustrating the change in the study site land mass from an aerial view from 2007 to 2017. EPR represents the statistic used [39], which transformed the total change in land mass into change per year. Receding shoreline (erosion) is represented by red, orange, and yellow colors. Shoreline accretion is represented by green.
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By combatting erosion and increasing habitat, mangrove living shorelines are an effective alternative to hard-armoring in tropical and subtropical areas. An experimental red mangrove living shoreline was deployed within Mosquito Lagoon, Florida, using a factorial design to test the impact of mangrove age, breakwater presence, and mangrove placement...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... 2007 and 2017, the mean (± SD) change in shoreline (m year −1 ) was −0.50 ± 0.34, ranging from −1.45 m to 0.57. The majority of the shoreline was dominated by patterns of erosion, and areas denoting land acquisition corresponded to the location of mature A. germinans ( Figure 1). ...
Context 2
... with mangroves included 16 plants total, separated into two staggered rows of eight, at an elevation inhabited by the closest naturally occurring mature R. mangle. Within the treatments, mangroves were centered with approximately 0.7 m distance to adjacent mangroves (Supplementary Figure S1). Each treatment with a mixture of developmental stages had between five and seven seedlings, three and seven transitionals, and three and seven adults (totaling 16 mangroves in two rows of eight) (Sup- plementary Table S1); however, the exact ratio of seedlings to transitionals to adults and the placement of each developmental stage within the treatment replicate was haphazard. ...
Context 3
... seemingly appropriate placement was not suitable for the survival of younger mangroves. The discrepancy could be explained by the results of the GIS analysis that revealed the restoration site underwent erosion from the years 2007 to 2017 (Figure 1), suggesting that when the mature R. mangle trees first recruited, the elevation was higher than it was at the time of the restoration. Additionally, the center of the adult red mangrove prop root mass (~1.5 m wide) was referenced for planting the young mangroves. ...
Context 4
... Table S3: Mean values (±SD) for water level, minimum temperature, salinity, precipitation, and wind speed over the 12-month monitoring period. Supplementary Figure S1: Visual representation of a mangrove treatment replicate that had an oyster shell bag breakwater present. Supplementary Information S1: Extra information on the tagging of the mangroves. ...
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Salt marshes are dynamic biogeomorphic systems that respond to external physical factors, including tides, sediment transport, and waves, as well as internal processes such as autochthonous soil formation. Predicting the fate of marshes requires a modeling framework that accounts for these processes in a coupled fashion. In this study, we implement...
Citations
... At degraded or eroding sites that historically had mangroves, hard structures placed seaward, such as the use of Melaleuca fences (Van Cuong et al., 2015), or rock and oyster shell (Fillyaw et al., 2021) breakwaters, can provide a low-energy zone for mangrove seedling establishment. The mangrove pods were designed to protect propagules and seedlings planted inside them by reducing the wave energy they experience, thus extending the window of opportunity for successful establishment. ...
... Mangroves are intentionally planted to allow natural accretion of sediment via mangrove root growth over time (Lewis, 2005) Interior (Fillyaw et al., 2021) Intact marsh habitat to increase seedling survival (Adgie & Chapman, 2021;Yando et al., 2019); annual tidal inundatioñ 30% (Fillyaw et al., 2021;Lewis, 2005); minimal natural mangrove recruitment (Fillyaw et al., 2021); low energy wave setting (Fillyaw et al., 2021) Impact of marsh species diversity (Adgie & Chapman, 2021;Yando et al., 2019); differences in mangrove species' elevation benefits and temperature thresholds ; public perception of mangrove planting Liquete et al., 2013;Arkema et al., 2013). Through dialogues with land managers and stakeholders, we identified multiple factors contributing to coastal exposure and the areas of the GTMNERR that are most vulnerable to habitat loss due to low elevation, shoreline composition, and waves generated by wind and boat wakes. ...
... Mangroves are intentionally planted to allow natural accretion of sediment via mangrove root growth over time (Lewis, 2005) Interior (Fillyaw et al., 2021) Intact marsh habitat to increase seedling survival (Adgie & Chapman, 2021;Yando et al., 2019); annual tidal inundatioñ 30% (Fillyaw et al., 2021;Lewis, 2005); minimal natural mangrove recruitment (Fillyaw et al., 2021); low energy wave setting (Fillyaw et al., 2021) Impact of marsh species diversity (Adgie & Chapman, 2021;Yando et al., 2019); differences in mangrove species' elevation benefits and temperature thresholds ; public perception of mangrove planting Liquete et al., 2013;Arkema et al., 2013). Through dialogues with land managers and stakeholders, we identified multiple factors contributing to coastal exposure and the areas of the GTMNERR that are most vulnerable to habitat loss due to low elevation, shoreline composition, and waves generated by wind and boat wakes. ...
... Mangroves are intentionally planted to allow natural accretion of sediment via mangrove root growth over time (Lewis, 2005) Interior (Fillyaw et al., 2021) Intact marsh habitat to increase seedling survival (Adgie & Chapman, 2021;Yando et al., 2019); annual tidal inundatioñ 30% (Fillyaw et al., 2021;Lewis, 2005); minimal natural mangrove recruitment (Fillyaw et al., 2021); low energy wave setting (Fillyaw et al., 2021) Impact of marsh species diversity (Adgie & Chapman, 2021;Yando et al., 2019); differences in mangrove species' elevation benefits and temperature thresholds ; public perception of mangrove planting Liquete et al., 2013;Arkema et al., 2013). Through dialogues with land managers and stakeholders, we identified multiple factors contributing to coastal exposure and the areas of the GTMNERR that are most vulnerable to habitat loss due to low elevation, shoreline composition, and waves generated by wind and boat wakes. ...
The existence of coastal ecosystems depends on their ability to gain sediment and keep pace with sea level rise. Similar to other coastal areas, Northeast Florida (United States) is experiencing rapid population growth, climate change, and shifting wetland communities. Rising seas and more severe storms, coupled with the intensification of human activities, can modify the biophysical environment, thereby increasing coastal exposure to storm-induced erosion and inundation. Using the Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve as a case study, we analyzed the distribution of coastal protection services-expressly, wave attenuation and sediment control-provided by estuarine habitats inside a dynamic Intracoastal waterway. We explored six coastal variables that contribute to coastal flooding and erosion-(a) relief, (b) geomorphology, (c) estuarine habitats, (d) wind exposure, (e) boat wake energy, and (f) storm surge potential-to assess physical exposure to coastal hazards. The highest levels of coastal exposure were found in the north and south sections of the Reserve (9% and 14%, respectively) compared to only 4% in the central, with exposure in the south driven by low wetland elevation, high surge potential, and shorelines composed of less stable sandy and muddy substrate. The most vulnerable areas of the central Reserve and main channel of the Intracoastal waterway were exposed to boat wakes from larger vessels frequently traveling at medium speeds (10-20 knots) and had shoreline segments oriented towards the prevailing winds (north-northeast). To guide management for the recently expanded Reserve into vulnerable areas near the City of Saint Augustine, we evaluated six sites of concern where the current distribution of estuarine habitats (mangroves, salt marshes, and oyster beds) likely play the greatest role in natural protection. Spatially explicit outputs also identified potential elevation maintenance strategies such as living shorelines, landform modification, and mangrove establishment for providing coastal risk-reduction and other ecosystem-service co-benefits. Salt marshes and mangroves in two sites of the central section (N-312 and S-312) were found to protect more than a one-quarter of their cross-shore length (27% and 73%, respectively) from transitioning to the highest exposure category. Proposed interventions for mangrove establishment and living shorelines could help maintain elevation in these sites of concern. This work sets the stage for additional research, education, and outreach about where mangroves, salt marshes, and oyster beds are most likely to reduce risk to wetland communities in the region.
... Stricklin et al. [77] found that the ecological function of constructed reefs, as measured by reduction in marsh edge erosion, was equivalent or exceeded the function of nearby natural oyster reefs. In addition, oyster bag reef breakwaters have been found to increase survivability of plantings behind the reef [78]. An oyster reef used for shoreline protection can respond to changing conditions including subsidence and sea level rise [71,79], and intertidal reefs have the potential to match even the highest predictions of sea level rise by the year 2100, provided sea level rise does not coincide with or create additional stresses on oyster reefs that reduce productivity [80]. ...
... Abrasi atau erosi pantai telah menjadi permasalahan lingkungan yang sering terjadi secara global, dan juga di wilayah pesisir Indonesia. Abrasi menyebabkan persamalahn lingkungan seperti perubahan garis pantai, kerusakan ekosistem dan perubahan sosioekonomi masyarakat pesisir (Choirunnisa & Giyarsih, 2018;Fillyaw et al., 2021;Kostianaia & Kostianoy, 2021;Rangel-Buitrago et al., 2020). Provinsi Jawa Tengah menjadi salah satu wilayah yang terdampak abrasi cukup parah sekitar 5.500 hektare, tersebar di sepuluh kabupaten termasuk Kabupaten Jepara (Karmilah, 2020;Purnaweni, 2016). ...
Kabupaten Jepara di Provinsi Jawa Tengah terdapat wilayah yang terdampak abrasi cukup parah dan meningkat cukup tinggi yaitu Kecamatan Kedung. Salah satu upaya guna meminimalisir dampak abrasi adalah hutan mangrove, tetapi kondisi hutan mangrove di beberapa lokasi Kecamatan Kedung terbilang memprihatinkan. Oleh karena itu studi ini akan melalukan kajian perubahan tutupan lahan hutan mangrove menggunakan citra satelit Sentinel-2. Untuk data yang digunakan dalam studi ini selain citra satelit Sentinel-2 adalah data kondisi hutan mangrove yang didapat melalui wawancara dan observasi. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa hutan mangrove di Kecamatan Kedung, Kabupaten Jepara terjadi peningkatan luasan. Dalam 5 tahun terakhir terjadi peningkatan luasan hutan mangove sekitar 18,8 Ha yang disebabkan oleh kegiatan rehabilitasi dan penanaman. Walaupun begitu, hutan mangrobe di Kecamatan Kedung tetap memiliki potensi kerusakan yang salah satunya disebbakna oleh faktor manusia seperti penebangan, peternakan dan sampah.
... As L. racemose inhabit areas that are comparatively less geomorphologically active [33], this species was not tested. Active shoreline restoration is ongoing in both locations, incorporating living shoreline techniques of emergent halophytic grass and mangrove plantings to combat widespread shoreline erosion [17]. To test the Type I removal thresholds of mangrove seedlings, study sites were chosen from within mature reference-condition mangrove forests (2 forest patches in CANA, 3 forest patches in DSNM) where evidence of erosion (e.g., scarping and slumping, exposed roots of vegetation) was not observed. ...
Mangrove-forest sustainability hinges upon propagule recruitment and seedling retention. This study evaluates biophysical limitations to mangrove-seedling persistence by measuring anchoring force of two mangrove species (Rhizophora mangle L. and Avicennia germinans (L.) L.). Anchoring force was measured in 362 seedlings via lateral pull tests administered in mangrove forests of two subtropical estuaries and in laboratory-based experiments. Removal mechanism varied with seedling age: newly established seedlings failed due to root pull-out while seedlings older than 3 months failed by root breakage. The anchoring force of R. mangle seedlings was consistently and significantly greater than A. germinans (p = 0.002); however, force to remove A. germinans seedlings increased with growth at a faster rate (p < 0.001; A. germinans: 0.20–0.23 N/g biomass; R. mangle: 0.04–0.07 N/g biomass). Increasing density of surrounding vegetation had a positive effect (p = 0.04) on anchoring force of both species. Critical velocities at which seedlings become susceptible to instantaneous uprooting estimated from anchoring forces measured in the field were 1.20 m/s and 1.50 m/s, respectively, for R. mangle and A. germinans. As estimated critical velocities exceed typical flow magnitudes observed in field sites, removal of established seedlings likely occurs following erosion of sediments from the seedling base.
... Oyster habitat enhancement is often a component of living shoreline designs, where materials are deployed as breakwaters to protect plants along the water's edge also become living reefs following natural oyster recruitment [33]. One common approach involves creating breakwater structures out of Naltex™ Duronet ® aquaculture-grade polyethylene mesh netting and filling bags with 20-30 pounds of recycled oyster shell [34]. The bags are laid perpendicular to the shore so they do not roll or dislodge when met with wave energy. ...
Oyster and shoreline restoration is occurring around the globe to recover lost ecosystem services. In the state of Florida, USA, dozens of estuarine habitat restoration projects are underway. These projects have traditionally relied on both natural and man-made materials, including plastics. As the impacts of plastics on marine ecosystems are better understood, practitioners are increasingly focused on plastic-free restoration. To better understand this transition, we surveyed Florida restoration practitioners in April 2021 to capture current non-plastic restoration project trends and their status. Our descriptive survey goals were to understand: (1) what non-plastic materials have been tested, (2) trade-offs between plastic and non-plastic materials (e.g., cost, sourcing, volunteer engagement), and (3) the performance of non-plastic materials. Responses indicated that a variety of non-plastic materials are currently being used, including rock, cement-infused jute structures, cement Reef Balls™ (Reef Ball Foundation, USA), BESE-elements®, and metal gabions. Overall, these materials are more expensive and equally or more difficult to install than previously popular plastic-based materials. No “best” non-plastic material emerged from our survey in part because many novel materials have been deployed for under three years. Long-term performance under a variety of abiotic and biotic conditions is thus a future research priority.
... Unfortunately, there was not sufficient data to evaluate changes in survival over time. Overall, this type of additional information will complement global-scale mangrove studies, providing open and transparent data to increase the update and impact of large-scale mangrove research and conservation [84]. ...
Mangrove planting has been employed for decades to achieve aims associated with restoration and afforestation. Often, survival of planted mangroves is low. Improving survival might be aided by augmenting the understanding of which planting methods and environmental variables most influence plant survival across a range of contexts. The aim of this study was to provide a global synthesis of the influence of planting methods and background environment on mangrove survival. This was achieved through a global meta-analysis, which compiled published survival rates for the period 1979–2021 and analyzed the influence of decisions about minimum spacing and which life stage to plant, and environmental contexts such as climate, tidal range and coastal setting on the reported survival of planted individuals, classified by species and root morphology. Generalized Additive Mixed Modeling (GAMM) revealed that planting larger mangrove saplings was associated with increased survival for pencil-rooted species such as Avicennia spp. and Sonneratia spp. (17% increase cf. seedlings), while greater plant spacing was associated with higher survival of stilt-rooted species in the family Rhizophoraceae (39% increase when doubling plant spacing from 1.5 to 3.0 m). Tidal range showed a nonlinear positive correlation with survival for pencil-rooted species, and the coastal environmental setting was associated with significant variation in survival for both pencil- and stilt-rooted species. The results suggest that improving decisions about which species to plant in different contexts, and intensive care after planting, is likely to improve the survival of planted mangroves.
This chapter describes the coastal wetlands of the Indian River Lagoon system, including their types, distribution, condition, management and restoration.
