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Map illustrating the approximate range of Corallus caninus. Localities from which tissue samples used for DNA sequencing originated are designated by number: 1. GUYANA: unspecified locality; 2. VENEZUELA: Amazonas: Neblina; 3. BRAZIL: Para: 101 km south and 18 km east of Santarem; 4. PERU: Loreto: Yarinacocha: Pacaya-Samiria Reserve; 5. BRAZIL: Rondô nia: Rio Formosa: Parque Estadual Guajara-Mirím. The enclosed area associated with locality 5 indicates where specimens of C. caninus exhibit pattern characteristics similar to material from the Guiana Shield.
Source publication
Phylogenetic relationships of Corallus caninus phylogeny were examined with DNA samples from five geographically disparate localities from across the range of the species (Guyana, Venezuela, Brazilian states of Paraand Rondonia, and Peru). The Peruvian sequence was the most divergent (16.2%) and the closest relative of a clade including Brazilian,...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... was extracted from specimens of C. caninus from the following localities ( Fig.1): Guyana: unspec- ified locality (private collection, Joseph Polanco, Cin- cinnati, Ohio); Venezuela: Amazonas, Neblina (USNM 559977); Brazil: Pará : Agropecuaria Treviso LTDA, ap- proximately 101 km south and 18 km east of Santarem (LSUMZ H-14433); Brazil: Rondô nia: Rio Formosa, Parque Estadual Guajara-Mirím, approximately 90 km north of Nova Mamore (LSUMZ H-17648-17650); and Peru: Loreto: Yarinacocha, Pacaya-Samiria Reserve (private collection, Lima, Peru [upon death, to be deposited in the Universidad Mayor de San Marcos in Lima]). ...
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Citations
... In addition to the strong mitochondrial DNA support, there is a well-established pattern of the presence of sister species with northern and southern distributions on the continent. These include lizards of the genus Tupinambis, with T. cryptus occupying a distribution similar to the northern species and other species in the south [97]; Dracaena, with D. guianensis in the north and D. paraguayensis in the south [98,99]; matamata turtles with Chelus orinocensis in the north and C. fimbriata in the south [100]; Red-headed Amazon River turtles (Podocnemis erythrocephala) [101]; the arboreal boas Corallus with C. ruschenbergerii in the north and others to the south [102,103]; boas of the genus Epicrates with E. maurus in the north and the other lineages in the south [104]. While there may not be a clear barrier separating the northern clades from the southern species today, these patterns likely speak to paleogeographic events that produced this split at the continental scale in a variety of taxa (see below). ...
Anacondas, genus Eunectes, are a group of aquatic snakes with a wide distribution in South America. The taxonomic status of several species has been uncertain and/or controversial. Using genetic data from four recognized anaconda species across nine countries, this study investigates the phylogenetic relationships within the genus Eunectes. A key finding was the identification of two distinct clades within Eunectes murinus, revealing two species as cryptic yet genetically deeply divergent. This has led to the recognition of the Northern Green Anaconda as a separate species (Eunectes akayima sp. nov), distinct from its southern counterpart (E. murinus), the Southern Green Anaconda. Additionally, our data challenge the current understanding of Yellow Anaconda species by proposing the unification of Eunectes deschauenseei and Eunectes beniensis into a single species with Eunectes notaeus. This reclassification is based on comprehensive genetic and phyloge-ographic analyses, suggesting closer relationships than previously recognized and the realization that our understanding of their geographic ranges is insufficient to justify its use as a separation criterion. We also present a phylogeographic hypothesis that traces the Miocene diversification of anacondas in western South America. Beyond its academic significance, this study has vital implications for the conservation of these iconic reptile species, highlighting our lack of knowledge about Citation: Rivas, J.; De La Quintana, P.; Mancuso, M.; Pacheco, L.F.; Rivas, G.A.; Mariotto, S.; Salazar-Valenzuela, D.; Baihua, M.T.; Baihua, P.; Burghardt, G.M.; et al.
... The porcupine, hedgehog, and spiny anteater, for example, are mammals that have convergently evolved their quill structures. Emerald tree boas from the Amazon are strikingly convergent with Australia's tree python (Vidal et al., 2005). Both ecological equivalents are bright green and live high up in the jungle canopy feeding on birds. ...
Preassembly refers to an evolutionary mechanism that complements current theory. It proposes that genes and gene fragments, formed over the eons among libraries of noncoding genes, ultimately contributed to coding sequences. Previous publications of ours on preassembly have helped explain many enigmas that beset modern biology; for example, the Cambrian explosion (“one of the most remarkable and puzzling events in the history of life,” S. J. Gould), and the appearance of flowering plants with their sparsity of precursors (an “abominable mystery,” C. R. Darwin). The rapid evolutionary development of the domestic cat and human intelligence is also viewed as evidence for a mechanism supplementing neo-Darwinism. The current account centers on convergent evolution as interpreted via DNA preassembly. Convergent evolution refers to the development of near-identical traits in organisms that lack a common ancestor. A prime example is the remarkable similarity between the eyes of humans and octopuses. When early ancestors of these species split apart on the evolution tree, hundreds of millions of years ago, only eyespots existed. Clearly, convergent eyes in the two organisms evolved independently. Current evolutionary belief says that the eyes appeared after Nature had first screened hundreds of mutations, one at a time, and that this multistep and random process produced, fortuitously, two near identical structures. Preassembly, on the other hand, proposes primeval genes, or DNA segments, that had been collected over vast time periods within huge libraries of noncoding DNA (i.e., “preassembled genes”). Ultimately, these DNA units were incorporated into functional genes, a process possibly aided by genetic site-scanning.
... Boids are viviparous species inhabiting a wide range of environments and microhabitats, including different forest landscapes that reflect their varied behaviors, such as generalist (Boa and Epicrates), aquatic (Eunectes), and arboreal (Corallus and Chilabothrus) [9,17,18]. Part of the diversification of these snakes was also mediated by vicariant events (e.g., marine incursions, uplift of the Andes, and geology of the Isthmus of Panama) [6,16,[19][20][21]. Boidae is also the most speciose group inside the Booidea superfamily, comprising more than 30 species allocated in five genera, Boa, Corallus, Eunectes, Epicrates, and Chilabothrus [4][5][6], representing the Neotropical radiation from this superfamily [5,9,15]. ...
The Boidae family is an ancient group of snakes widely distributed across the Neotropical region, where several biogeographic events contributed towards shaping their evolution and diversification. Most species of this family have a diploid number composed of 2n = 36; however, among Booidea families, the Boidae stands out by presenting the greatest chromosomal diversity, with 2n ranging between 36 and 44 chromosomes and an undifferentiated XY sex chromosome system. Here, we applied a comparative chromosome analysis using cross-species chromosome paintings in five species representing four Boidae genera, to decipher the evolutionary dynamics of some chromosomes in these Neotropical snakes. Our study included all diploid numbers (2n = 36, 40, and 44) known for this family and our comparative chromosomal mappings point to a strong evolutionary relationship among the genera Boa, Corallus, Eunectes, and Epicrates. The results also allowed us to propose the cytogenomic diversification that had occurred in this family: a process mediated by centric fissions, including fission events of the putative and undifferentiated XY sex chromosome system in the 2n = 44 karyotype, which is critical in solving the puzzle of the karyotype evolution of boid snakes.
... Originally described as Chrysensis batesii, but relegated to the synonymy of Corallus caninus by Boulenger (1893). Based on molecular (Vidal et al., 2005) and morphological data, resurrected the species. No subspecies are recognized. ...
The booid snakes (superfamily Booidea) are a near–circumglobally distributed group of macrostoman alethinophidian squamates, and several lineages are of significant conservation concern. A number of taxonomic changes have occurred among the superfamily Booidea over the last decade, including the resurrection and description of new families, elevation of a genus, elevation of 13 species, and the discovery of a new species. Here, we aim to synthesize existing knowledge of booid diversity, systematics, and conservation status. We provide a comprehensive checklist of all 66 species and 33 subspecies of booid snakes recognized herein, distributed among 14 genera and six families. For each species and subspecies, we evaluate taxonomy, distribution, type specimens, and conservation status.
... grenadensis and C. cookii) due to morphological and ecological differences in addition to the unique locations of these populations. We also found support for the distinction between Guyanian C. caninus and Amazonian C. batesii Vidal et al., 2005), though this relationship is complicated by the unclear origins of sequence data on Genbank. Our sequences for C. batesii were generated from a known specimen in a related study (Reynolds et al., 2013a); however, it is possible that some Genbank sequences labeled as C. caninus might actually be from Amazonian (C. ...
... Of great interest is the fact that the morphological and meristic data (Fig. 1) exhibit a remarkable con-gruence with Colston et al.'s (2013) molecular phylogeny (Fig. 3). The large-headed, heavier-bodied, shorttailed, mammal specialist C. caninus is basal to all other species and is sister to the mammal specialist C. batesii (Vidal et al., 2005;Henderson, Passos & Feitosa, 2009). Corallus cropanii is closely aligned with those two species and Pizzatto et al. (2007), based on two proposed phylogenetic hypotheses (Kluge, 1991;Burbrink, 2005), determined that the common ancestor of boines was stout, short-tailed, and with a moderately long head; that is, in some respects not unlike the most basal species of Corallus. ...
Nine members of the Neotropical treeboa genus Corallus occur from Guatemala to south-eastern Brazil and recent studies have provided an inconclusive picture about the relationship between morphology and trophic ecology in these snakes. To construct a more complete picture, we conducted the first study of morphology and diet to consider all nine species. Using adult specimens from museum collections, we examined several morphometric and meristic variables and their possible relationship to Corallus diets. Broadly, we found three basic morphologies within the genus: a short, narrow head and a slender body (C. cookii, C. grenadensis, C. hortulanus, and C. ruschenbergerii), useful for exploiting a wide variety of prey; a relatively stout body with a long, wide head (C. batesii, C. caninus, and C. cropanii) associated with feeding on larger mammalian prey; and an intermediate morphology, found in C. annulatus and C. blombergii, which may be indicative of endotherm generalists. These morphological and dietary patterns exhibit a strong degree of congruence with a recent molecular phylogeny of Corallus and highlight a heretofore unexamined ecological diversification within Corallus.
... cookii and C. grenadensis) (Henderson, 2002;Henderson et al., 2009). Phylogenetic relationships have been explored using morphology (Kluge, 1991;Henderson, 1997Henderson, , 2002Henderson and Hedges, 1995;Henderson et al., 2009) and molecular phylogeographic analyses have been conducted on individual species (Vidal et al., 2005). However, a time-calibrated phylogeny for all members of the genus, which could be used to test both spatial and temporal components of biogeographic hypotheses, is not presently available. ...
Inferring the evolutionary and biogeographic history of taxa occurring in a particular region is one way to determine the processes by which the biodiversity of that region originated. Tree boas of the genus Corallus are an ancient clade and occur throughout Central and South America and the Lesser Antilles, making it an excellent group for investigating Neotropical biogeography. Using sequenced portions of two mitochondrial and three nuclear loci for individuals of all recognized species of Corallus, we infer phylogenetic relationships, present the first molecular analysis of the phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic C. cropanii, develop a time-calibrated phylogeny, and explore the biogeographic history of the genus. We found that Corallus diversified within mainland South America, via over-water dispersals to the Lesser Antilles and Central America, and via the traditionally recognized Panamanian land bridge. Divergence time estimates reject the South American Caribbean-Track as a general biogeographic model for Corallus and implicate a role for events during the Oligocene and Miocene in diversification such as marine incursions and the uplift of the Andes. Our findings also suggest that recognition of the island endemic species, C. grenadensis and C. cookii, is questionable as they are nested within the widely distributed species, C. hortulanus. Our results highlight the importance of using widespread taxa when forming and testing biogeographic hypotheses in complex regions and further illustrate the difficulty of forming broadly applicable hypotheses regarding patterns of diversification in the Neotropical region.
... begun in the late Cretaceous or early Tertiary (Noonan & Chippindale 2006). The only species subjected to a detailed analysis, Corallus caninus, displays very high divergences between a sample from northern Peru and samples from the Guianas, Rondônia and eastern Amazonia, suggesting a divergence during the Miocene or earlier (Vidal et al. 2005), a similar pattern to that displayed by the gecko genus, Thecadactylus (Kronauer et al. 2005) as well as other lizards (see above). ...
... begun in the late Cretaceous or early Tertiary (Noonan & Chippindale 2006). The only species subjected to a detailed analysis, Corallus caninus, displays very high divergences between a sample from northern Peru and samples from the Guianas, Rondônia and eastern Amazonia, suggesting a divergence during the Miocene or earlier (Vidal et al. 2005), a similar pattern to that displayed by the gecko genus, Thecadactylus (Kronauer et al. 2005) as well as other lizards (see above). ...
Explaining the origins and evolution of Amazonian biodiversity continues to be an outstanding question in evolutionary biology. A plethora of mechanisms for promoting diversifi cation has been proposed, generally invoking ecological and vicariance processes associated with major geological, hydrological and climatic events in the history of the Amazon drainage basin. Here, we review recent advances on this topic in the light of a rich new source of information: molecular phylogenetics and especially phylogeography. We present a comparison of phylogeographical studies covering over 50 clades of amphibians, birds, non-avian reptiles and mammals, focusing on studies where estimates of divergence times were explicitly calculated. We then discuss the congruence of the speciation patterns found in these studies with previous hypotheses of diversifi cation. Based on the estimates of crown group ages, we conclude that a high proportion of present-day diversity is a result of Neogene diversifi cation. The origin of most clades clearly predates the Pleistocene by a considerable margin, refuting the long-held hypothesis that repeated expansion and contraction of lowland forests during Pleistocene climatic changes would be responsible for most of the Amazonian biodiversity. However, some evidence from phylogenetic and distributional patterns suggests that climate cycles did trigger speciation. Speciose lineages of tetrapods tend to be older than groups containing one to a few species, with a few notable exceptions. Considering each tetrapod group alone, amphibians and non-avian reptiles are generally older than birds, while mammals contain both recent and ancient clades of approximately the same number of species. Finally, we make recommendations about future research approaches and animal systems that deserve further attention from phylogeographers.
... Although M. nigropunctata is the most widely distributed Amazonian species of the genus Mabuya, five other such species live in this region (Ávila-Pires, 1995; Miralles et al., 2006 Miralles et al., , 2009a). The phylogenetic relationships and the timing of diversification between these species can be used to check if cladogenesis in this group coincided with a burst of diversification in other studied Amazonian (or ''Peri-amazonian " ) animal groups including amphibians (Chek et al., 2001; Symula et al., 2003; Noonan and Wray, 2006), reptiles (Glor et al., 2001; Gamble et al., 2008; Zamudio and Green, 1997; Vidal et al., 2005; Wüster et al., 2005; Quijada-Mascareñas et al., 2007), mammals (Patton and Da Silva, 1997; Da Silva and Patton, 1998; Patton and Pires Costa, 2003; Steiner and Catzeflis, 2004), birds (Cracraft and Prum, 1988; Aleixo, 2004; Pereira and Baker, 2004; Ribas et al., 2006), insects (Hall and Harvey, 2002), or mollusks (Wesselingh and Salo, 2006). The Oligocene and early Miocene periods were dominated by dramatic climatic change and Andean orogeny, therefore, it has been suggested that these factors might have played an important role in the origin of diversity found in tropical rainforests (Gamble et al., 2008). ...
... These estimations suggest that diversification within the M. nigropunctata species complex was not triggered by the climatic changes that occurred during the Pleistocene, as has been suggested by several authors (Haffer, 1969; see also Colinvaux, 1998 ). Our data support the hypothesis that the late tertiary period (essentially the Miocene epoch) played a very important role in the generation of biological diversity in the Amazonian forests (Bush, 1994; Nores, 1999; Glor et al., 2001; Da Silva and Patton, 1998; Moritz et al., 2000; Patton and Pires Costa, 2003; Pereira and Baker, 2004; Vidal et al., 2005; Noonan and Wray, 2006 ). The east–west division observed between the occidental and (oriental + meridional) clades has frequently been inferred from numerous biogeographic and/or molecular phylogenetic studies of butterflies (Hall and Harvey, 2002), lizards (Ávila-Pires, 1995; Glor et al., 2001; Kronauer et al., 2005; Gamble et al., 2008), frogs (Ron, 2000; Symula et al., 2003), birds (Bates et al., 1998; Eberhard and Bermingham, 2005), and mammals (Da Silva and Patton, 1993; Da Silva and Oren, 1996; Steiner and Catzeflis, 2004). ...
Phylogenetic analyses using up to 1532 base pairs (bp) of mitochondrial DNA from 106 specimens of Neotropical Mabuya, including 18 of the 19 recognized South American and Mesoamerican species, indicate that most species of the genus are monophyletic, including M. nigropunctata that had previously been reported to be paraphyletic. The present results shows that this species includes three highly divergent and largely allopatric lineages restricted to occidental, meridional, and oriental Amazonia. Our dataset demonstrates that previous claims regarding the paraphyletic status of M. nigropunctata and the phylogenetic relationships within this species complex based on the analysis of three mitochondrial and four nuclear genes (approx. 5000 bp) were erroneous and resulted from two contaminated cytochrome b sequences.
