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Mantel test and the variance partitioning analysis (VPA) between microbial community and geographic/edaphic variables factors. Mantel test between the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity of a bacterial, b fungal, and c protistan communities and geographic/edaphic variables factors. The geographic distance was calculated by Euclidean distance. Heatmaps show the Pearson correlation between environmental variables, and different colored lines show the P-values Mantel correlation, which were corrected for nonindependence of pairwise comparisons using a permutation test. Variation partitioning analysis based on CCA illustrating the effects of geographic/edaphic variables factors on the bacterial (d), fungal (e), and protistan (f) communities in tobacco soils. The environmental stress group consisted of pH, the soil nutrients group consisted of SOM, TOC, TN, TP, TK, AP, AK, NO 3 −
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Abstract Background It has become commonplace to explore the spatial distribution patterns of microbial communities in natural ecosystems. However, few have looked at the responses of community diversity, structure, and assembly processes from different microbial groups to changes in environmental stress caused by altitude. Purpose We investigated...
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... 0.05), followed by AP, NO 3 -N, and pH ( Fig. S1). Other properties (i.e., SOM, TOC, NH 4 + -N), although exhibiting significant differences among treatment, did not respond to altitude (P > 0.05) (Figs. S1, S2). PCA (principal components analysis) results of edaphic physicochemical properties displayed a significant separation with spatial scale (Fig. S3). The above results proved that tobacco soil physical and chemical properties had a strong vertical scale distribution pattern along the altitudinal gradient, specifically in nutrient content (i.e., NPK) and pH value. Thus, hereafter, we identified the environmental stress gradient as following the soil properties of these eight ...
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... evaluate the impact of environmental factors and geographic distance on the soil microbial community, the Mantel test (i.e., Bray-Curtis dissimilarity) was used (Fig. 3a, b, c). The results showed that the dissimilarity of bacterial, fungal, and protistan communities in tobacco soil was all strongly correlated with geographic distance (i.e., altitude and latitude, P < 0.001) and environmental stress (i.e., pH,P < 0.05). The bacterial community was significantly correlated with some soil nutrients, i.e., SOM ...
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... soil nutrients, environmental pressure, and geographical distance to the bacterial, fungal, and protistan communities, VPA (variance partitioning analysis) was performed. The results indicated that environmental and spatial factors could explain only a portion of the bacterial (30.1%), fungal (20.7%), and protistan (21.1%) communities' variation (Fig. 3d, e, f ). The VPAs performed on environmental stress (i.e., pH), soil nutrients (i.e., SOM, TOC, TN, TP, TK, AP, AK, NO 3 -N, and NH 4 + -N), and geographic spatial (i.e., altitude, latitude, and longitude) models showed that for the three communities (i.e., bacterial, fungal, and protistan communities) in tobacco soil, the pure environmental ...
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... community diversity and alters community structure. Firstly, this result might be caused by the variation in environmental nutrients (i.e., NPK) and geographic conditions along the altitudinal gradient ( Chen et al. 2019). Mantel test showed that the bacterial, fungal, and protistan communities were significantly correlated with soil nutrients (Fig. 3a, P < 0.05). Secondly, the niche width that a habitat could provide has been reduced. Previous studies have shown that the niche width of non-native species decreased with increasing altitude ( Ahmad et al. 2021). Thirdly, an environmental filter (e.g., pH) was increased along stress gradients from H10 to H8 (Her- nandez et al. 2021;Zhang et al. ...
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... Previous studies have shown that the niche width of non-native species decreased with increasing altitude ( Ahmad et al. 2021). Thirdly, an environmental filter (e.g., pH) was increased along stress gradients from H10 to H8 (Her- nandez et al. 2021;Zhang et al. 2021). We found that pH was significantly correlated with the microbial community ( Fig. 3a, P < 0.01). Therefore, as altitude continues to increase, more diverse microbial communities will be formed along the environmental stress gradients. Soil variable differences caused by altitude are not the only factor that could affect microbial communities. Geographic distance also plays an important role in shaping communities ( Du et al. ...
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... 2a). This biogeographical pattern suggested these communities have comparable spatial sensitivity ( Logares et al. 2013). The geographic distance as an indicator of microbial dispersal ( Xiong et al. 2012), and our Mantel test results, revealed a strong correlation between soil bacterial, fungal, and protistan communities with geographic distance (Fig. 3a). Furthermore, previous studies have shown that the effects of geographic distance and environmental filtration on microorganisms were covariant ( Hanson et al. 2012;Logares et al. 2020). Additionally, the Mantel test revealed a strong correlation between soil bacterial, fungal, and protistan communities and pH (Fig. 3a). Current ...
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... with geographic distance (Fig. 3a). Furthermore, previous studies have shown that the effects of geographic distance and environmental filtration on microorganisms were covariant ( Hanson et al. 2012;Logares et al. 2020). Additionally, the Mantel test revealed a strong correlation between soil bacterial, fungal, and protistan communities and pH (Fig. 3a). Current consensus within the scientific community is that soil pH is a critical driver for microbial community diversity and structure at local ( ), regional ( Liu et al. 2014), and continental ( Bahram et al. 2018) scales. Furthermore, we observed a steeper slope in bacterial community, indicating that soil bacteria possessed greater ...
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... a critical driver for microbial community diversity and structure at local ( ), regional ( Liu et al. 2014), and continental ( Bahram et al. 2018) scales. Furthermore, we observed a steeper slope in bacterial community, indicating that soil bacteria possessed greater dissimilarity over geographic distance than the fungal and protistan communities (Fig. 3b). The difference in spatial turnover patterns between the communities might be explained by species characteristics (e.g., body size) (De Bie et al. 2012), niche selection ( Ahmad et al. 2021), and microbial dispersal limitation ( Du et al. 2021). Firstly, in contrast to fungi and protists, bacteria experience greater difficultly in ...
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... soil variables and geographic distance were identified as playing important roles in reshaping the microbial community, our VPA results demonstrated that environmental and spatial factors accounted for a small proportion (20.7-30.1%) of community variation, meaning they had only a minor effect on the communities (Fig. 3b). Several previous studies that used VPA have also found that a large proportion of microbial community variation among different habitats are unexplained ( Chen et al. 2019;Roguet et al. 2015;Zhang et al. 2018). This result could have several possible explanations. First, although we measured several soil variables, there were still a ...
Citations
... Sample variability encompasses environmental factors influenced by fence installation as well as inherent location characteristics, such as slope direction, temperature fluctuations, and water flows from upper slopes. Differences in soil microbial communities are often attributed to environmental variables and geographical distances (Xiang et al., 2019;Li et al., 2020Li et al., , 2023. In our study sites, samples were collected inside and outside fences along mountain ridges. ...
The increasing deer population has significantly altered the forest ecosystems. Deer browsing affects not only plant species diversity and composition but also other organisms indirectly, along with soil properties. However, the effects of deer grazing on the soil microbial community and the underlying mechanisms have not been well understood. To assess these effects, we compared the understory environment and soil microbial community inside and outside fences at Mt. Shiraga, where severe soil environmental degradation has occurred due to sika deer grazing. We selected 20 Fagus trees inhabiting areas within and outside the fences with similar topological features. Eleven environmental variables and both soil prokaryotic and fungal communities were compared between samples inside and outside the fences. The area inside the fence had significantly higher dwarf bamboo density and soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content, whereas soils outside the fences had higher pH and bulk density. The diversity index of the fungal community, in terms of the number of amplicon sequence variants, inside the fence was higher than that outside, whereas that of the prokaryotic community did not differ between fences. Both prokaryotic and fungal communities differed between inside and outside fences. The prokaryotic community changed with the soil C/N ratio, and the relative abundance of oligotrophic bacteria increased with decreasing soil C/N ratio. The fungal community also changed with soil pH and dwarf bamboo density, with the relative abundances of symbiotrophic fungi and ectomycorrhizae increasing with increasing soil pH. Comparative analyses between inside and outside fence samples might provide information on soil microbial community changes with the changes in soil properties after deer grazing.
