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Male femora and sternal lobe between male coxae 4 of Spinaxytes gen. n. A–CS. biloba sp. n. (A Sternal lobe B Femur 8 C Femur 9) D, ES. efefi sp. n. (D Sternal lobe E Femur 5 or 6) F, GS. hasta sp. n. (F Sternal lobe G Femur 5 or 6) H–JS. krabiensis sp. n. (H Sternal lobe I Femur 6 J Femur 7) K–MS. macaca sp. n. (K Sternal lobe L Femur 6 M Femur 7) N, OS. palmata sp. n. (N Sternal lobe O Femur 5 or 6) P, QS. sutchariti sp. n. (P Sternal lobe Q Femur 5 or 6) R, SS. tortioverpa sp. n. (R Sternal lobe S Femur 5 or 6) T–VS. uncus sp. n. (T Sternal lobe U Femur 6 V Femur 7).
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Nine new species constituting the ‘ spiny ’ group of dragon millipedes are assigned to the new genus Spinaxytes Srisonchai, Enghoff & Panha, gen. n. Seven new species are described from Thailand: S.biloba Srisonchai, Enghoff & Panha, sp. n. and S.palmata Srisonchai, Enghoff & Panha, sp. n. from Surat Thani Province, S.hasta Srisonchai, Enghoff & Pa...
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Citations
... Desmoxytes flabella [191] Desmoxytes golovatchi [191] Desmoxytes octoconigera [191] Desmoxytes perakensis [191] Desmoxytes Gigaxytes fusca [193] Gigaxytes parvoterga [193] Gigaxytes suratensis [193] Kronopolites lunatus [148] Nagaxytes erecta [192] Nagaxytes gracilis [192] Nagaxytes spatula [192] Orthomorpha alutaria [ [194] Spinaxytes efefi [194] Spinaxytes hasta [194] Spinaxytes krabiensis [194] Spinaxytes macaca [194] Spinaxytes palmata [194] Spinaxytes sutchariti [194] Spinaxytes tortioverpa [194] Spinaxytes uncus [194] Coxobolellus albiceps [225] Coxobolellus compactogonus [225] Coxobolellus fuscus [225] Coxobolellus nodosus [225] Coxobolellus serratus [225] Coxobolellus simplex [225] Coxobolellus tenebris [225] Coxobolellus tigris [225] Coxobolellus transversalis [225] Coxobolellus valvatus [225] Siliquobolellus amicusdraconis [256] Siliquobolellus constrictus [256] Siliquobolellus prasankokae [256] Family Sinocallipodidae Macrobrachium naiyanetri [227] Macrobrachium palmopilosum [227] Macrobrachium puberimanus [227] Phylum Chordata Class Amphibia: Amphibians ...
... Desmoxytes flabella [191] Desmoxytes golovatchi [191] Desmoxytes octoconigera [191] Desmoxytes perakensis [191] Desmoxytes Gigaxytes fusca [193] Gigaxytes parvoterga [193] Gigaxytes suratensis [193] Kronopolites lunatus [148] Nagaxytes erecta [192] Nagaxytes gracilis [192] Nagaxytes spatula [192] Orthomorpha alutaria [ [194] Spinaxytes efefi [194] Spinaxytes hasta [194] Spinaxytes krabiensis [194] Spinaxytes macaca [194] Spinaxytes palmata [194] Spinaxytes sutchariti [194] Spinaxytes tortioverpa [194] Spinaxytes uncus [194] Coxobolellus albiceps [225] Coxobolellus compactogonus [225] Coxobolellus fuscus [225] Coxobolellus nodosus [225] Coxobolellus serratus [225] Coxobolellus simplex [225] Coxobolellus tenebris [225] Coxobolellus tigris [225] Coxobolellus transversalis [225] Coxobolellus valvatus [225] Siliquobolellus amicusdraconis [256] Siliquobolellus constrictus [256] Siliquobolellus prasankokae [256] Family Sinocallipodidae Macrobrachium naiyanetri [227] Macrobrachium palmopilosum [227] Macrobrachium puberimanus [227] Phylum Chordata Class Amphibia: Amphibians ...
... Desmoxytes flabella [191] Desmoxytes golovatchi [191] Desmoxytes octoconigera [191] Desmoxytes perakensis [191] Desmoxytes Gigaxytes fusca [193] Gigaxytes parvoterga [193] Gigaxytes suratensis [193] Kronopolites lunatus [148] Nagaxytes erecta [192] Nagaxytes gracilis [192] Nagaxytes spatula [192] Orthomorpha alutaria [ [194] Spinaxytes efefi [194] Spinaxytes hasta [194] Spinaxytes krabiensis [194] Spinaxytes macaca [194] Spinaxytes palmata [194] Spinaxytes sutchariti [194] Spinaxytes tortioverpa [194] Spinaxytes uncus [194] Coxobolellus albiceps [225] Coxobolellus compactogonus [225] Coxobolellus fuscus [225] Coxobolellus nodosus [225] Coxobolellus serratus [225] Coxobolellus simplex [225] Coxobolellus tenebris [225] Coxobolellus tigris [225] Coxobolellus transversalis [225] Coxobolellus valvatus [225] Siliquobolellus amicusdraconis [256] Siliquobolellus constrictus [256] Siliquobolellus prasankokae [256] Family Sinocallipodidae Macrobrachium naiyanetri [227] Macrobrachium palmopilosum [227] Macrobrachium puberimanus [227] Phylum Chordata Class Amphibia: Amphibians ...
... It is, therefore, suggested that the genus Tylopus needs to be revised accordingly, using both morphological and molecular data. This case may be similar to that of the genus Desmoxytes Chamberlin, 1923, which was recently intensively revised by Srisonchai et al. (2018aSrisonchai et al. ( , 2018bSrisonchai et al. ( , 2018cSrisonchai et al. ( , 2018d. Finally, the genus Hylomus Cook & Loomis, 1924 has been re-validated, with three new genera proposed for other so-called Desmoxytes members (Srisonchai et al. 2018a(Srisonchai et al. , 2018b(Srisonchai et al. , 2018c(Srisonchai et al. , 2018d. ...
... This case may be similar to that of the genus Desmoxytes Chamberlin, 1923, which was recently intensively revised by Srisonchai et al. (2018aSrisonchai et al. ( , 2018bSrisonchai et al. ( , 2018cSrisonchai et al. ( , 2018d. Finally, the genus Hylomus Cook & Loomis, 1924 has been re-validated, with three new genera proposed for other so-called Desmoxytes members (Srisonchai et al. 2018a(Srisonchai et al. , 2018b(Srisonchai et al. , 2018c(Srisonchai et al. , 2018d. Furthermore, the relationship between Tylopus species was very poorly supported (less than 70% bootstrap value), especially within the second lineage. ...
A conspicuous Tylopus species is described from Northern Vietnam, namely T. helicorthomorphoides sp. nov. The new species is clearly diagnosed by the gonopodal solenophore completely sheathing the solenomere, both being coiled three times, and the absence of spine z and process h of the gonopod. Fragments of the COI and 16S rRNA genes were extracted, and the phylogenetic analysis also supports the new species.
... All specimens were carefully examined for non-gonopodal and gonopodal characteristics under a stereo microscope. The morphological terminology used in this study follows that of previous publications (Chamberlin, 1923;Jeekel, 1964Jeekel, , 1980Jeekel, , 2003Golovatch & Enghoff, 1994;Enghoff et al., 2007;Golovatch et al., 2012;Srisonchai et al., 2016Srisonchai et al., , 2018aSrisonchai et al., , 2018bSrisonchai et al., , 2018cSrisonchai et al., , 2018d. Details of gonopodal terms are shown in the gonopod terminology section below. ...
... N. gracilis Srisonchai, Enghoff & Panha, 2018, and Spinaxytes tortioverpa Srisonchai, Enghoff & Panha, 2018vs. congeners (Srisonchai et al., 2018b, 2018d. Until male specimens from this locality are been collected and studied we cannot confirm that this female specimen represents another species (and a new species to science). ...
... Their presumed limited dispersal abilities would probably restrict them to small distribution areas. According to our field observations, all specimens of Burmaxytes occurred on rock walls, where they almost perfectly blended with the environment (Fig. 6B, C), as reported before for many species of Desmoxytes, Nagaxytes and Spinaxytes (Srisonchai et al., 2018a(Srisonchai et al., , 2018b(Srisonchai et al., , 2018d. These two new species exclusively inhabit such a narrow distribution that they are viewed as highly endemic species for Myanmar (Fig. 6A). ...
... Pimvichai et al. 2016) and 68 species of the Paradoxosomatidae (e.g. Likhitrakarn et al. 2011;Srisonchai et al. 2018aSrisonchai et al. , 2018b). This turns out to apply also to the Pseudospirobolellidae, as will be illustrated with this paper in which 10 new species and one new genus of DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing Total genomic DNA was extracted from dissected legs using the NucleoSpin Tissue kit (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany) following the manufacturer's instructions. ...
Pseudospirobolellidae is a poorly known family of spirobolidan millipedes with only two genera and five described species. Yet, the descriptive taxonomy and molecular systematics of this group have been largely neglected. Therefore, the present work presents an integrative taxonomic study of new pseudospirobolellid taxa in Thailand. To this end, two mitochondrial gene fragments (COI and 16S rRNA) combined with morphological characters were used to define the genus Coxobolellus, gen. nov. with 10 new species, viz. C. albiceps, sp. nov., C. compactogonus, sp. nov., C. fuscus, sp. nov., C. nodosus, sp. nov., C. serratus, sp. nov., C. simplex, sp. nov., C. tenebris, sp. nov., C. tigris, sp. nov., C. transversalis, sp. nov. and C. valvatus, sp. nov. The interspecific COI sequence divergences among the new species ranged from 6 to 15%. The intergeneric COI sequence divergence between species of Coxobolellus, gen. nov., Benoitolus birgitae and Pseudospirobolellus sp. ranged from 20 to 23%. Three major morphological differences separate Coxobolellus, gen. nov. from Benoitolus and Pseudospirobolellus, namely (1) the protruding process on the 3rd (and 4th) coxae on male legs, (2) the posterior gonopod telopodite divided into two parts, and (3) a conspicuous opening pore at the mesal margin at the end of the coxal part of the posterior gonopod. Thus, the new genus is well supported by both mtDNA and morphological evidence, while the delimitation of the 10 new species is supported by the congruence between mtDNA and morphological data. Yet, with respect to the relationships of Benoitolus birgitae, morphological data suggest a similarity with Coxobolellus, gen. nov. and Pseudospirobolellus, whereas mtDNA data place this species in the Pachybolidae. Further phylogenetic analyses are needed to explore this apparent incongruence and test the monophyly of Pseudospirobolellidae.
... DIAGNOSIS. Following the available key to all nine known species of the genus Spinaxytes Srisonchai, Enghoff et Panha, 2018, all confined to southern Thailand and the adjacent parts of Malaysia and Myanmar [Srisonchai et al., 2018b], S. typica sp.n. is distinguished by the lack of adenostyles, combined with the presence of 4+4 setae in the anterior row on the collum, the erect postfemoral part of the gonopod, the apically curved lamina medialis etc. ...
Recent taxonomic revision of the strikingly ornamented millipedes known as ‘dragon millipedes’ in the family Paradoxosomatidae, has revealed generic division into six genera. The majority of species are distributed in mainland South-East Asia and each genus is restricted to a well-delimited area. However, their evolutionary history has remained poorly understood, particularly the relationships among genera and their biogeographic distribution. We present a comprehensive and well-resolved molecular phylogeny based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes. A dataset of 256 sequences representing 40 dragon millipede species was newly generated and analysed in order to reveal the relationships and to explore the origin using ancestral range reconstruction. All dragon millipedes were retrieved together as monophyletic, each genus except Hylomus forming a distinct clade with strong statistical values, supporting the previous classification using morphology. A new monotypic genus and new species, Siamaxytes bifurca Srisonchai and Panha gen. nov. et sp. nov., was revealed based on distinct morphological and DNA data. The Tenasserim mountain range was inferred to be the centre of origin of dragon millipedes with a series of subsequent diversifications across mainland South-East Asia. Our analysis provides evidence that both dispersal and vicariance presumably played a role in shaping these millipedes’ distribution and diversification.
Thailand, a relatively small country in Southeast Asia, is outstanding in biodiversity owing to three zoogeographic regions overlapping there: the Sino-Himalayan, the Indo-Chinese, and the Sundaic ones. Based on all available published records until 2022, an updated checklist of the millipedes (Diplopoda) of Thailand presently comprises 263 species belonging to 54 genera, 17 families, and nine orders. No less than 222 of these species are endemic to subendemic to Thailand, with only eight being synanthropic and up to subcosmopolitan in distribution. Since the previous checklist in 2005, the fauna has gained 144 species described as new to science, as well as a further 20 representing new country records. This steep progress has largely become possible through the activities of the Animal Systematics Research Unit of Chulalongkorn University, a zealous team of young researchers organized and led by Professor Dr. Somsak Panha. The present full-scale catalogue of the Thai millipedes seems to be particularly topical as a certain landmark, however temporary, not only because of the very considerable time elapsed since the previous, strongly outdated, 2005 catalogue, but also on the occasion of the 65th birthday of Professor Panha, the leader of invertebrate taxonomic research in Thailand.
The millipede genus Malayorthomorpha Mršić, 1996, so far monospecific and previously known only from Park Belum, Perak State, northern Malaysia, is recorded from a mountain in Betong District, Yala Province, southern Thailand for the first time, being represented there by two new species: M. halabala sp. nov. and M. hulutbeeda sp. nov. Both new species are found to occur syntopically and can be assumed as narrowly endemic to the Titiwangsa Mountain Range which begins in southern Thailand, crosses the Malaysian border, and extends into east and west coast regions of the Malay Peninsula. In addition, the generic diagnosis is slightly updated, and a key to all three species is provided.
Material of the giant pill-millipede genus Zephronia Gray, 1832 recently collected from Thailand contains three new species: Zephronia enghoffi sp. nov. , Zephronia golovatchi sp. nov. , and Zephronia panhai sp. nov. The first Zephronia species recorded for Thailand, Z. siamensis Hirst, 1907, is also redescribed based on new specimens collected both from the type locality in Chonburi Province and from neighboring areas. Morphological characters of all new species, Z. phrain Likhitrakarn & Golovatch, 2021, and Z. siamensis are illustrated, and a distribution map of the confirmed Zephronia species occurring in Thailand is also provided.
The predominantly Indochinese to southern Chinese millipede genus Tylopus presently comprises 76 described species, including two new, T. monticola sp. nov. and T. sutchariti sp. nov., both described and illustrated based on material from a limestone mountain in Taunggyi District, Shan State, Myanmar. Both new species have been found to occur syntopically near limestone caves and are assumed to be narrowly endemic to the Taunggyi Mountains, southwestern Shan State, Myanmar. A key to all six Tylopus species known to occur in Myanmar is provided, and their distributions are also mapped.
