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Water resource systems have benefited both people and their economies for many centuries. The services provided by such systems are multiple. Yet in many regions of the world they are not able to meet even basic drinking water and sanitation needs. Nor can many of these water resource systems support and maintain resilient biodiverse ecosystems. Ty...
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Little is known about the diversity of Calanoida, Copepoda, in different habitats of the north-western Red Sea. In this study, biodiversity of Calanoida, Copepoda, during the cold and warm seasons of 2017, were observed at 12 stations belonging to four different habitats (coral reef (CR), sheltered shallow lagoons (SSL), seagrass (SG), and open dee...
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... Classification of groundwater systems as renewable or non-renewable is often based on natural fluxes of recharge or on estimates of aquifer volume storage and groundwater residence time (Culbert et al., 2023). In some ways, groundwater is a renewable resource, despite the fact that its rate of renewal and replenishment varies greatly depending on geological and environmental conditions (Altchenko and Villholth, 2015;Loucks and van Beek, 2017;Jasechko et al., 2024). The renewal process is a major component of the water cycle and is partly from infiltration and percolation of water from precipitation, runoff, and rivers. ...
In this study, electrical resistivity techniques were employed in the evaluation of overburden protective capacity at a location designated for industrial activities in southwest Nigeria. 40 VES stations and 6 resistivity imaging traverses were occupied using Schlumberger and Wenner configurations respectively. Results indicate the presence of typical multi-layered aquifer and aquitard system, presumably composed of sand, clayey sand, clay and hard clay. Predominant phreatic (unconfined) sand/clayey sand aquifers mapped at shallow depth (< 5m) are not suitable for long term sustainable groundwater development, since volume and quality of groundwater vary with seasons. 70% of surveyed locations are underlain by much deeper (5.0-68.0 m) sand/clayey sand aquifer. The occurrence of impermeable clay with resistivity range 29-71 Ωm and thickness range 2.5-10.0 m and/or hard clay with resistivity in the range 818-2557 Ωm and thickness range 1.4-52.4 m is depicted across 20 VES locations. Clay materials are lithological barriers to pollutants infiltration into the aquifer zone. However, fractures in hard compacted and consolidated clay can serve as pathways for rapid movement of water and dissolved contaminants into aquifer systems. The overburden protective capacity rating at the locations exhibits abysmally poor rating (0.0027-0.0813 S) in 27 (67.5%) l; weak (0.1044-0.1824 S) in 9 (22.5%) and moderate rating (0.348-0.472 S) in 4 (10%). These values suggest high probability of pollutants migration into groundwater resources. This is also supported by high values of transverse resistance (filtration coefficient).
... Among the various national infrastructures in any country, the water supply system is one of the most critical [5]. However, the provision of safe drinking water involves a large number of interconnected structures, plants and devices, many of which are at risk of cyberattack. ...
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems are vital in monitoring and controlling industrial processes through the web. However, while such systems result in lower costs, greater utilisation efficiency, and improved reliability, they are vulnerable to cyberattacks, with consequences ranging from the inconvenience and minor disruption to severe physical damage and even loss of life. The authors evaluate the security of the Dam system in the form of Common Criteria, develop safety goals to improve this safety, and focus on threats and risks to the dam SCADA system. Finally proposes an anomaly‐based machine‐learning framework for detecting malicious network attacks in the SCADA system of a dam. Three unsupervised classification algorithms are considered: hierarchical clustering, local outlier factor, and isolation forest. It is shown that the hierarchical clustering algorithm achieves the highest precision and F‐score of the three algorithms. Overall, the results confirm the effectiveness of anomaly‐based detection algorithms in enhancing the robustness of SCADA systems toward malicious attacks. At the same time, it complies with the security objectives of Common Criteria, achieving the safety and protection of the dam.
... Considerable amounts of time, effort, and money are invested in controlling, protecting, managing, and restoring surface water resources, recognizing the importance of water for the social well-being and economic development of nations [4][5][6]. Environmental standards and regulations are becoming more stringent, requiring more sophisticated and effective treatments to ensure safe liquid discharges [7]. Treatment plants have a series of processes to reduce contaminants in the water, but waste that can be reused is also Currently, Zn is one of the most important metals for the development of technology [27]. ...
Achieving sustainability in life involves increasing efforts to recover resources. This research proposes the recovery of Zn from the Milluni lagoons, an important water supply for Bolivia, where high concentrations of Zn have been identified that exceed permitted limits, exposing a risk to health and ecosystems. The application of reverse osmosis (RO), operated with low pressures, is proposed as a first stage for the concentration of Zn and subsequent recovery of this metal through chemical precipitation. The aim was to maintain the separation efficiency of the RO operated at low pressures without presenting operational problems. As a result, 98.83% metal concentration was achieved with a laboratory-scale pilot system. The above means an important potential for large-scale Zn concentration, apart from orienting the RO toward sustainability by working with low pressures that reduce energy costs during its operation. This study can be used as a valuable reference for the advancement of sustainable technologies in the field of water treatment that simultaneously allow the recovery of resources to promote a circular economy. Finally, this study exposes an alternative for regions with heavy metal water contamination in Bolivia and worldwide.
... As one of the world's most significant sources of water, groundwater resources are directly involved in many aspects of human life, including industrial development, agriculture, and the provision of drinkable water [53,54]. To ensure sustainable socioeconomic development, policymakers and practitioners in the water sector can develop strategies for the planning and management of water resources [29]. Forecasting groundwater level (GWL) is crucial for the sustainable management of groundwater resources [36]. ...
Predicting the groundwater level (GWL) is essential in water resource management and irrigation planning in arid and semi-arid areas. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) was combined with newly developed wild horse optimizer (WHO) and egret swarm optimization algorithm (ESOA) techniques to predict a one month lead-time GWL in the Tabriz plain of Iran. For the prediction of the GWL, the number of months and years, the one month lag of average temperature, evaporation, precipitation, and GWL were used as inputs. Model performances were compared using root mean square error (RMSE), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), coefficient of determination (R²), and relative strength ratio (RSR) statistical indicators and scatter diagrams, time series graph, violin graph, and Taylor diagram. As a result of the analysis, the most successful estimation results were obtained with the input combinations of year, month, average temperature, evaporation, precipitation, and GWL (t − 1) for the prediction of the one month lead-time GWL. According to the results of evaluation indicators in the testing phase, ANN with (R² = 0.871, RMSE = 0.306 (m), NSE = 0.832, and RSR = 0.410), WHO–ANN (R² = 0.932, RMSE = 0.200 (m), NSE = 0.929, and RSR = 0.267), and ESOA–ANN (R² = 0.952, RMSE = 0.164 (m), NSE = 0.951, and RSR = 0.220). In addition, it was revealed that the ESOA–ANN hybrid model showed higher prediction success than the WHO–ANN and standalone ANN models. The study outputs contribute to decision-makers and planners for controlling land subsidence, assessing GWL and aquifer compaction, irrigation planning, and effective management of water resources.
... Many streams and springs are used for public supply or development of economic activities, including dams, rivers, lakes, and groundwater (Loucks & van Beek, 2017). However, watersheds can become unsuitable for supply for various reasons, including lack of sanitation infrastructure, erosion of rivers and streams, inadequate exploitation of water resources, unregulated industrial activities, and deposition of domestic and hospital sewage. ...
Urban streams that receive untreated domestic and hospital waste can transmit infectious diseases and spread drug residues, including antimicrobials, which can then increase the selection of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Here, water samples were collected from three different urban streams in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, to relate their range of Water Quality Indices (WQIs) to the diversity and composition of aquatic microbial taxa, virulence genes (virulome), and antimicrobial resistance determinants (resistome), all assessed using untargeted metagenome sequencing. There was a predominance of phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes in all samples, and Pseudomonas was the most abundant detected genus. Virulence genes associated with motility, adherence, and secretion systems were highly abundant and mainly associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, some opportunistic pathogenic genera had negative correlations with WQI. Many clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and efflux pump-encoding genes that confer resistance to critically important antimicrobials were detected. The highest relative abundances of ARGs were β-lactams and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin. No statistically supported relationship was detected between the abundance of virulome/resistome and collection type/WQI. On the other hand, total solids were a weak predictor of gene abundance patterns. These results provide insights into various microbial outcomes given urban stream quality and point to its ecological complexity. In addition, this study suggests potential consequences for human health as mediated by aquatic microbial communities responding to typical urban outputs.
... The increasing need for limited water resources is caused by climate change, population growth, and urbanization, which causes a significant challenge to the water supply system, mainly in developed countries [1], [2]. The water resources system in some regions in the world experiences difficulty in fulfilling drinking water needs and basic sanitation; even the water resources system in a region cannot support and maintain the touch one biodiversity ecosystem [3], [4]. Louck and van Beek mentioned the typical causes of the disability of the water resources system for fulfilling the diverse water needs, such as the inaccuracy of infrastructure or inadequate and or damage, withdrawal of excessive river flow, change of water and sediment flow system, etc. ...
This research intends to build a performance index model of the simple waterworks system, in Indonesia known as Sistem Penyediaan Air Sedehana (SiPAS). This research used 25 SiPAS located across the Brantas River Area in East Java Province, Indonesia, to build the SiPAS performance index model. The Brantas River Area is vital for East Java Province to supply clean water for all inhabitants dwelling in urban and rural areas. The Brantas River Area is a regional unit of water resources management with an area of 1,410,300 hectares that consists of 220 watersheds, including the Brantas watershed as the most significant watershed, four small watersheds in the northern and the estuary in the Java Sea, and 215 small watersheds in the southern and the estuary in the Indian Ocean. Therefore, this research used the Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) method to build the SiPAS performance index model using technical, social, and management variables. The results of this research derived the coefficients of technical, social, and management aspects through GRG data processing are 0.7833, 0.1011, and 0.1156, sequentially. The measurement with the SiPAS performance index model can evaluate performance and serve as a successful parameter in the operation and maintenance of SiPAS to provide clean water.
... Sufficient water for daily activities is vital for cities and societies. Water requirements can be fulfilled only by the accurate delivery of adequate water at different locations within an area from the central water distribution point [1]. This accurate delivery of water in cities can be assured by the close surge monitoring of different parameters, such as water flow, water pressure, water level and water quality at various locations [2]. ...
In the fast-moving world of information and communications technologies, one significant issue in metropolitan cities is water scarcity and the need for an intelligent water distribution system for sustainable water management. An IoT-based monitoring system can improve water distribution system management and mitigate challenges in the distribution network networks such as leakage, breakage, theft, overflow, dry running of pumps and so on. However, the increase in the number of communication and sensing devices within smart cities has evoked challenges to existing communication networks due to the increase in delay and energy consumption within the network. The work presents different strategies for efficient delay and energy offloading in IoT-integrated water distribution systems in smart cities. Different IoT-enabled communication network topology diagrams are proposed, considering the different water network design parameters, land cover patterns and wireless channels for communication. From these topologies and by considering all the relevant communication parameters, the optimum communication network architecture to continuously monitor a water distribution network in a metropolitan city in India is identified. As a case study, an IoT design and analysis model is studied for a secondary metropolitan city in India. The selected study area is in Kochi, India. Based on the site-specific model and land use and land cover pattern, delay and energy modeling of the IoT-based water distribution system is discussed. Algorithms for node categorisation and edge-to-fog allocation are discussed, and numerical analyses of delay and energy models are included. An approximation of the delay and energy of the network is calculated using these models. On the basis of these study results, and state transition diagrams, the optimum placement of fog nodes linked with edge nodes and a cloud server could be carried out. Also, by considering different scenarios, up to a 40% improvement in energy efficiency can be achieved by incorporating a greater number of states in the state transition diagram. These strategies could be utilized in implementing delay and energy-efficient IoT-enabled communication networks for site-specific applications.
... Water management uses a variety of water sources, including surface water, groundwater, rainwater harvesting, recycled wastewater, and desalinated water, to address a wide range of agricultural systems and climatic situations across the world [3]. Water management covers all types of planning, development, distribution, and management of water resources [4]. ...
As a result of the rapid and unconscious consumption of existing natural resources in the world, climate change is accelerating negatively. It should be remembered that changing of climate has the potential to threaten the security of water, food and energy systems. One of the main problems causing this is improper water management. In this article, the effects of smart irrigation systems, which are a product of climate-smart agriculture and water management for the changing climate in the world, are reviewed in the literature and the effects of these systems on climate change are discussed. The aim of the study is to provide appropriate solutions against climate change. Water management is basically about being conscious of saving by making more use of irregularly used water resources and reducing wastage to zero in both agriculture and drinking water. Climate-friendly agriculture is practices that ensure sustainability in agriculture with climate resilience. Smart irrigation is a technological irrigation system applied to remotely control irrigation with artificial intelligence and minimize water waste. Considering that water resources will deplete more rapidly over time in the fight against climate change, necessary measures should be taken to minimize this loss.
... In addition, it also consists of artificial elements like building, roads, bridges etc. in it. It is not simply the hydrological unit but also socio-political-ecological entity which plays crucial role in determining food, social, and economical security and provides life support services to rural people, also in management planning and its implementation [2]. ...
Watershed development aims at managing land, water and other natural resources of watershed that is benefiting human lives. The development of watershed involves all economic, environmental and social concerns in a combined form. Various watersheds have different problems associated with it; thus, the management approach would likewise (therefore) differ for each one. This brings about the factors affecting the watershed development program. This chapter offers an insight of some major challenges encountered during development of watershed viz. difficulty in intervention management; decision making with different watersheds is not identical, competition and conflicts faced during watershed management and global climate change which poses a unique and particular challenge. A clearer solution of problems hindering the watershed development is explained that will provide a new opportunity in better management of watershed.
... In the last decades numerical modeling has been widely used to manage water resources allowing the organization of many available information (Loucks & van Beek, 2017). Water quality modeling is increasingly recognized as a fundamental tool for acquiring valuable information for optimal water resources management (Fan et al., 2009). ...
