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The genus Allium, belonging to the family Amaryllidaceae has been known since ancient times for their therapeutic potentials. As the number of multi-drug resistant infections has increased due to in-feed antibiotic usage in poultry, the relevance of alliums as feed additives has been critically assessed. Garlic and the other Allium species, such as...
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Context 1
... mainly associated with the different levels of ACSO precursor, namely alliin (S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide; garlic and elephant garlic), methiin (S-methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide; garlic, onions, leeks, and shallots), propiin (S-propyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide; shallots), and isoalliin (S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide; onions and shallots) [19,20]. The synthesis of the OSCs is depicted in Figure 1 and starts with the transformation of γ-glutamyl peptides into ACSOs by the action of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase and oxidase in the cytoplasm of plant cells. When the bulbs are cut or crushed alliin is transformed into the allicin (alkenyl alkene thiosulfinate) by the action of a vacuolar lyase, alliinase. ...
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The endophytic plant-fungi symbiotic relationship can be explored to improve cultivation of targeted medicinal plant species. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of the cultivation of chive (Allium schoeno-prasum) in plant growth medium inoculated with the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales). Twelve replicate...
Citations
... Gingerdione and gingerol are the two most beneficial compounds found in ginger. These substances influence microbial activity and encourage the enzymatic activity of enzymes for digestion while being included in broiler diets (Kothari et al., 2019). ...
This work aimed to investigate the effects of dietary frankincense oil and ginger on the growth efficiency of growing Japanese quail, including live body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, carcass traits, and physical characteristics of the meat. In total, 150 unsexed Japanese quail chicks that were 7 d old were utilized in the experiment. The chicks were randomly divided into 5 groups. Each group was divided into 3 replicates with ten birds in a completely randomized design. Group 1 received a basal diet without supplements and was used as a control group. Groups 2 and 3 received basal diets with 250 and 500 mg of ginger per kg of diet, respectively. Groups 4 and 5 received basal diets with 200 and 400 mg of frankincense oil per kg of diet, respectively. Results showed that BW of chicks received 500 mg of ginger and the 2 levels of frankincense oil at 5 wk of age, and 250 mg of ginger and 400 mg of frankincense oil at 6 wk significantly increased. BWG was significantly increased by using 500 mg of ginger and 2 levels of frankincense oil at 1 to 3 wk, 250 mg of ginger and 400 mg of frankincense oil at 3 to 6 wk, and 1 to 6 wk of age, in comparison with the control group. Treatments insignificantly influenced feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved considerably by using 250 mg of ginger and 400 mg of frankincense at 3 to 6 wk and 1 to 6 wk of age, respectively. Gizzard% was notably reduced with 200 mg of frankincense oil. The pH value of meat was significantly increased by having 2 levels of ginger. Still, water holding capacity and tenderness significantly decreased owing to 500 mg of ginger and 400 mg of frankincense oil. We can conclude that adding ginger and frankincense oil to Japanese quail diets may be beneficial.
... Numerous studies have shown that essential oils have exceptional antibacterial activity [38][39][40][41] along with this modern science has also demonstrated that the Allium species have a diverse range of therapeutic impacts, including microbial defence, neuroprotection, hepatoprotection and prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease and cancer [42]. ...
... Many species belonging to the genus Allium have been employed as spices, vegetables and ornamental species and are eminent for their antioxidative characteristics [46]. Moreover, research studies have shown that essential oils of Alliums inhibit lipid peroxidation and biochemical pathways associated with oxidative stress [40]. The antioxidant capabilities of essential oils from diverse Allium species were analysed by applying varied assays namely, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, Nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity, Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, β-carotene/ linoleic acid (B-CL) assay and Phospho-molybdenum assay. ...
Introduction: Various medicinal and aromatic plants possess bioactive components that exhibit therapeutic, cosmetic and pharmaceutical properties. Allium species comprise a subgroup of these medicinal plants which offers these potential advantages. The natural volatile oils derived from these plants have a broad range of functions owing to their richness in bioactive components. Therefore, the interest of presents study is to provide an updated and quantified information regarding the therapeutical commercial products, chemical composition, and biological applications, such as antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Allium genus essential oils. Methods: This work is designed using a mixed methodology; an extensive data search was conducted for the period from 2000 to 2023 (July). The keywords “Essential oil”, “Allium genus”, “Bioactive components”, “Antimicrobial activity”, and “Antioxidant potential”, were utilised to extract the data. The information for the literature review was obtained from the PubMed database, while the SCOPUS online database was used for bibliometric analysis. Results: A total of 294 entries were found in PubMed, out of which only 42 studies were selected for comprehensive review based on their experimental approach, including in vivo (1) and in vitro (41) studies. Apart from this, 244 articles were selected and subjected to bibliometric analysis using the VOSviewer and Bibliometrix software. The Allium genus is one of the most representative genera from Amaryllidaceae family, whose therapeutic benefits are properly consolidated in a wide variety of ailments. Traditionally, the Allium species have been consumed in China as spices and vegetables. Although, modern Chinese medicine system have conducted several studies over the years to address the chemical composition, biological applications and commercially available products containing the essential oils of genus Allium. Conclusion: In this sense, this concise review provides an overview of the composition and biological potential(antioxidant and antimicrobial) of the Allium species-derived essential oils. The results from published works also illustrate that these volatile oils are effective in several microbial species and can be exploited as a multi-potent drug against various ailments with advanced safety and efficacy. Although, the integration of past knowledge with current research underscores the enduring significance of Allium essential oils. Furthermore, it highlights the research patterns and future trends in this research domain, providing valuable insights for future researchers to explore this domain further.
... Onions (Allium cepa) is a common ingredient of our daily food. Onion contains important polyphenolic acids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, saponins, organosulfur compounds, fructans, and fructo-oligosaccharides (Kothari et al., 2019). S-alk(en) yl-L-cysteine sulfoxides, methylcysteine sulfate sulfoxide, allyl cysteins and allylcysteine sulfate sulfoxide are the primary organic sulfur compounds present in Allium spp. in varying proportions (Omar and Al-Wabel, 2010). ...
... These findings suggest that garlic and its components can be used as alternative strategies to control fungal infections in poultry, potentially reducing the need for antibiotics [128]. Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms underlying the antifungal activity of garlic and its components in poultry and to optimize their use as feed additives [129]. ...
... Dietary strategies are valuable options to improve nutritional value and oxidative stability of poultry products (44). The addition of JLE at different levels to the laying hen diet decreased yolk TBARs levels on day 0 and day 28 (p < 0.05), indicating that JLE delayed lipid oxidation. ...
This study was carried out to determine the antioxidant activity of jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) leaf extract (JLE) and to evaluate the effects of its use as an extract in laying hen diet (Nick Brown; 32 weeks old) on performance, egg quality and lipid peroxidation. A total of 4 groups (24 replicates/group), one control (JLE-0) and three experimental groups (JLE-1, JLE-2, JLE-3), were formed and the hens were individually distributed in cages. The groups were fed with 0, 45, 90 and 135 mg/kg extract, respectively. The total phenolic content of the extract was 118.60 g gallic acid aquivalent/kg (GAE/kg) and the IC50 value was determined as 332.01 as a result of the DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity assay. Performance parameters except for feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not affected by the extract in the diet. Compared to the control group, FCR decreased (p < 0.05) and feed conversion improved in all experimental groups. The linear effect was significant for egg production (EP) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, egg quality parameters except for the albumen index (AI), Haugh unit (HU), shell weight (SW), and shell thickness (ST) were not affected by the extract in the diet. The highest AI and HU were in the JLE-2 group (p < 0.05). Besides, SW was found to increase in all experimental groups (p < 0.001). The highest ST was in JLE-1 (p < 0.001). The addition of the extract was found to slow down lipid oxidation by decreasing Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive substances (TBARs) levels on days 0 and 28 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, JLE can be used as a natural extract in laying hen diets.
... These active substances not only give Allium plants a unique odor, but also provide Allium plants with many biological functions [5]. The unique smell of different Allium plants is mainly related to different S-alk(en)yl-L-cysteine sulfoxide precursors, which are primarily alliin (S-allyl-Lcysteine sulfoxide) and isoalliin (S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide) [6]. ...
Leek (Allium fistulosum L.), a common and widely used food ingredient, is a traditional medicine used in Asia to treat a variety of diseases. Leeks contain a variety of bioactive substances, including sulfur compounds, dietary fiber, steroid compounds and flavonoid compounds. Many studies have shown that these active ingredients produce the following effects: promotion of blood circulation, lowering of cholesterol, relief of fatigue, anti-inflammation, anti-bacteria, regulation of cell metabolism, anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, and the lowering of fat and blood sugar levels. In this paper, the main bioactive components and biological functions of leeks were systemically reviewed, and the action mechanisms of bioactive components were discussed. As a common food, the health benefits of leeks are not well known, and there is no systematic summary of leek investigations. In light of this, it is valuable to review the recent progress and provide reference to investigators in the field, which will promote future applications and investigations of leeks.
... During T helper or B lymphocyte differentiation, cytokines produced by T cells react with antigens on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. T helper cell response and macrophage stimulation, cell-mediated immunity, and antibody production are all associated with T helper cells [11]. ...
Background
Traditional and natural immunomodulators are increasingly used as supplements in animal feeds and as interventions in the prevention and treatment of disease in animals.
Objective
The aim of this study was to examine the immunomodulatory characteristics of distilled cow urine in vivo using two mouse models, a normal mouse model and an immunosuppressive mouse model.
Methodology
We divided 144 Swiss Albino mice weighing between 15 g and 30 g, aged between two and three months, into two groups of 72 mice each. In the first group, we subdivided the animals into six subgroups of 12 each. In this group paramerters such as, body weight, organ weights of liver and kidney, haemagglutination titre, Jerne plaque-forming assay, and bone marrow cellularity were measured. We divided the second group into six subgroups for the assessment of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH).
Results
As compared to normal control mice, immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice (given cow urine distillate) had significant increases in body weight, spleen weight, liver weight, total leucocyte count, lymphocyte count, serum protein, and globulin contents. In the treatment groups, the titre of antibodies, the number of antibody- producing cells, the cellularity of bone marrow, and foot pad thickness also increased. In the treatment group, both humoral and cellular immunity were altered compared to the control group, suggesting cow urine distillate to be a potential animal feed ingredient for immunoregulation.
Conclusion
This study was able to demonstrate the experimental validity of natural compounds as immunomodulators that can be used in feed supplements for animals. Various compounds could be tested for immunomodulatory effects using this technique in experimental animals.
... ursinum), and chives (A. schoenoprasum) are among the most important edible species of this genus, which since ancient times (2800-3200 B.C) until now as medicine and part of the people's diet [1][2][3]. Steroidal saponins, organosulfur compounds, and fructooligosaccharides are the major compounds that are isolated from fowers, leaves, and bulbs of Allium species [4,5]. Besides, the plants of the Allium genus are known as one of the rich natural sources of polyphenolic compounds, especially favonoids such as quercetin, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, apigenin, myricetin, luteolin, and their glycosylated derivatives [6][7][8][9]. ...
... Among the isolated favonoids, compound 3 showed the most potential against S. aureus bioflm formation (MIBC 50 = 79 ± 5.02 μg/ml) and compound 5 exhibited the most against P. mirabilis bioflm formation with (MIBC 50 = 102 ± 11.01 μg/ml), which was less than the crude extract (Table 1). Besides, our observation showed that compounds (1)(2)(3)(4)(5) have no considerable efects on the antiswarming activities of P. mirabilis although the total extract partially inhibited the swarming of P. mirabilis (Figure 4). blocking adenosine triphosphate synthase of bac teria [64,65]. ...
... FRAP assay of the isolated compounds(1)(2)(3)(4)(5) and the crude extract of A. colchicifolium. Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) was used as a positive control. ...
Allium (A.) species are one of the most widespread plants in the world, which have played a special role in terms of nutrition, treatment, and economy since long ago. This study is the first report on the phytochemical and biological activities of A. colchicifolium. Five flavonoids, including isorhamnetin (compound 1), quercetin (compound 2), morin (compound 3), isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside (compound 4), and quercetin 3-O-glucoside (compound 5), were isolated and purified for the first time from A. colchicifolium leaves. All isolated flavonoids showed antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. Compound 3 revealed prominent antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus (S.) aureus and Proteus (P.) mirabilis. Also, compounds 3 and 5 showed the highest antibiofilm activities on S. aureus and P. mirabilis, respectively. The docking study results showed that compounds 3, 4, and 5 had the most robust interactions with two critical proteins in biofilm formation, including staphylococcal accessory regulator A (SarA) and mannose-resistant Proteus-like fimbriae H (MrpH). Besides, compounds 2 and 3 revealed significant antioxidant activities in 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric (Fe³⁺)-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) tests compared to the other compounds and positive controls. Also, the ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) prediction assay showed that compounds 1, 2, and 3 have suitable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. The results of this study confirm that the flavonoids isolated from the leaves of A. colchicifolium can be promising candidates for use in the pharmaceutical and food industries.
... Garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa) are some of the phytobiotics that could be used as feed additives instead of antibiotics in poultry diets (Damaziak et al., 2017;Kothari et al., 2019). Both garlic and onion, which contain organosulfur compounds such as allicin and quarcentin, is known to have antibacterial (Olobatoke and Mulugeta, 2011;Rahimi et al., 2011;Aydoğan, 2018), hypocholesterolemic (Azeke and Ekpo, 2009;Canoğulları et al., 2010;Rahimi et al., 2011;Al-Shuwaili et al., 2015) and antioxidant effects (Slimestad et al., 2007;Bozin et al., 2008). ...
... Garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa) are some of the phytobiotics that could be used as feed additives instead of antibiotics in poultry diets (Damaziak et al., 2017;Kothari et al., 2019). Both garlic and onion, which contain organosulfur compounds such as allicin and quarcentin, is known to have antibacterial (Olobatoke and Mulugeta, 2011;Rahimi et al., 2011;Aydoğan, 2018), hypocholesterolemic (Azeke and Ekpo, 2009;Canoğulları et al., 2010;Rahimi et al., 2011;Al-Shuwaili et al., 2015) and antioxidant effects (Slimestad et al., 2007;Bozin et al., 2008). ...
Background: This study was carried out to determine the effect of addition of 1% dietary garlic and onion powder on the internal and external quality characteristics and chemical and fatty acid composition of Chukar partridges eggs. Methods: A total of 240 Chukar partridges with 60-week age was assigned to four dietary treatment group: control, 1% onion powder, 1% garlic powder and garlic onion powder, respectively. Totally, 92 eggs obtained from partridges were used for the study. Result: The addition of onion powder had significant effect on yolk weight (P less than 0.05). Supplementation of the diets with garlic and onion powder did not significantly affect quality traits of chukar eggs (P greater than 0.05). Moisture, ash and protein contents and 16 fatty acid composition of chukar eggs were not statistically affected by the addition of garlic and onion powder either. In conclusion, the addition of 1% dietary garlic and onion powder did not cause a significant change in the internal and external quality characteristics and fatty acid composition of the Chukar partridge eggs. Increasing the rate of garlic and onion powder to the chukar ration may cause some significant differences on the egg parameters.
