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Among the factors influencing tourist trail network development are political issues, including the presence of state borders, the possibility of crossing them and the accessibility of border zones. In the article, it was decided to look at changes in the offer of tourist trails (hiking and cycling) along the entire border of the Czech Republic aft...
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... Czech Republic is distinguished by its specific relief. The interior of the country is made up of mainly lowland areas with large plains but also hilly landscapes, while mountain ranges surround the whole country ( Figure 1): Carpathians in the east, Sudeten mountains (Czech Krkonošsko-jesenická subprovincie or Sudety) in the north, Ore Mountains (Czech Krušné hory) in the north-west, Czech Forest (Czech Český les) in the west, Šumava (Bavarian Forest) in the southwest and the Novohradské Mountains in the south ( Pánek et al. 2016). In principle, only parts of the north-eastern and southern sections of the state border lack typical mountainous landscapes, but in the second case among the upland areas still there are regions with a mountainous character (e.g. the Podyjí National Park, where the Dyje River has carved a deep valley with steep slopes). ...
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... aim of the article is to track changes in the network of tourist trails caused by the entry of the Czech Republic into the Schengen area. The analysis covers hiking and cycling routes leading to or running along its state borders with all its neighbors ( Figure 1). The effect will be an assessment of the degree of cohesion of the current Figure 2 Reconstruction of the fortifications, which during the communist period lined the borders of Czechoslovakia with Austria and the Federal Republic of Germany: an example from Bučina in Šumava (photos: author 2019). ...
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... in historical terms, i.e. a comparison of the accessibility of the border zone before entering the Schengen area and now, were traced in details for two areas (Figure 1): 1) Šumava (Bavarian Forest) within the borders of the Czech national park (which is accompanied by a smaller national park and a protected landscape area on the German side of the border), and 2) the mountain ranges surrounding the Kłodzko basin (Czech-Polish border). The choice of the first research area resulted from the fact that within national parks, tourists' mobility is limited to some extent. ...
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... (1981) pointed this out at the beginning of the 1980s, although for political reasons this idea could not be fully realized in that time. Looking at the duplication of shelters on both sides of the border in the Giant Mountains, he proposed the implementation of joint Polish-Czechoslovak investments, including view-towers, signposts, information boards, resting places, which has to some extent been implemented (Figure 10). However, Staffa (1981) mentioned also common energy, water supply and sewage treatment plants for shelters and other facilities, which has not happened so far. ...
Citations
... During the political transition in the 1990s, changes were initially small. Three events, however, should be considered a trigger for the development of the trail network: 1) the emergence of tourist border crossings from the second half of the 1990s, 2) the entry of Poland and the Czech Republic into the European Union in 2004, and 3) the entry of both countries into the Schengen area in 2007 (Gajewski 2007a;Gruszczak 2009;Kołodziejczyk 2014Kołodziejczyk , 2020b. Still, the changes happened primarily in the border zone. ...
... It is noteworthy that the Závrchy -Machovský kříž blue trail running through, among others, Pstrążna, Končiny, Bukowina, Machov, Machovská Lhota and Pasterka crosses the state border as many as six times, very effectively linking the Polish and Czech networks. These changes are described in greater detail in previous papers (Kołodziejczyk 2014(Kołodziejczyk , 2020a(Kołodziejczyk , 2020b. ...
... • legal conditions, including changes in ownership (or changes in the decisions of owners to provide access to private areas) and border regulations (cf. Kołodziejczyk 2014Kołodziejczyk , 2020bSzwaja 2012). ...
Hiking trails are a basic type of tourist infrastructure, which, on the one hand, make areas available for tourist traffic, and on the other hand, can contribute to the protection of the natural environment (if they are well designed and maintained). Owing to the variety of performed functions, their designation is determined by several factors: natural, technical, economic, social. Networks of trails change constantly. The aim of this article is to determine exactly what factors influence transformations within the hiking trail networks and what is their significance. To this end, three study areas in the Sudetes were analysed: one on the Polish side of the Sudetes–the Table (Stołowe) Mountains, and two on the Czech side–the rock town near the village of Sloup v Čechách and the central part of Zlatohorská vrchovina. An analysis of changes in the shape of the networks over time was carried out, as well as surveys of institutions that were responsible for or influenced these transformations. These areas are characterised by a significant level of changes in the trail network. Among the factors influencing these changes, the tourist attractiveness of the area, the resilience of the environment, the intensity of tourism traffic, the environmental transformations associated with it, the history of tourism development and land ownership changes should be considered the most important. At each stage of forming networks, the key factor should be tourists’ needs, including the desire to escape the urbanised environment. For this reason, trails should avoid roads with artificial (hard) surfaces and heavy automobile traffic.
... okolice Lisich Skał, szlak niebieski między "Zygmuntówką" a Bielawską Polanką, szlak Pierwsze znaczniejsze zmiany na analizowanym obszarze w XXI w. miały miejsce z inicjatywy czeskich działaczy turystycznych, kiedy wyznaczono transgraniczny szlak z Českiej Čermnej przez polskie Brzozowie do północnego przedmieścia Náchodu (Kołodziejczyk, 2014). Było to możliwe dzięki wejściu Polski i Republiki Czeskiej do strefy Schengen (Kołodziejczyk, 2015b(Kołodziejczyk, , 2020b. Znacznemu rozbudowaniu, zwłaszcza w północnej części Gór Orlickich i na Pogórzu Orlickim, sieć uległa jednak dopiero w wyniku działań oddziału strzelińskiego PTTK (rys. ...
Walory geoturystyczne nie zawsze były odpowiednio doceniane przez krajoznawców. W przeszłości podczas wyznaczania szlaków turystycznych zwykle skupiano się na zamkach, kościołach lub punktach widokowych, nie poświęcając zbyt wiele uwagi geoatrakcjom, z wyjątkiem najbardziej widowiskowych formacji skalnych (np. w Karkonoszach, Rudawach Janowickich lub Górach Stołowych). W wyniku takiego podejścia wiele ciekawych z punktu widzenia geodziedzictwa miejsc znanych było jedynie wąskiej grupie entuzjastów (zwłaszcza interesujących się reliktami górnictwa). Dopiero dzięki rozwijającej się w ostatnich latach sieci szlaków walory geoturystyczne stały się bardziej dostępne, co przypadło zarazem na czas wzrostu popularności samej geoturystyki. Celem artykułu jest prześledzenie zmian w udostępnieniu geoatrakcji w wybranych pasmach Sudetów (Góry Sowie, Bystrzyckie, Orlickie i Suche) wraz z rozwojem sieci szlaków pieszych. Autor zwraca uwagę na związany z tym rozwój środków przekazu treści w zakresie nauk o Ziemi. Zmiany układu tras analizowano za pomocą metod zaczerpniętych z teorii grafów, natomiast analizę dostępności geodziedzictwa przeprowadzono poprzez porównanie map i przewodników turystycznych z różnych okresów oraz badania terenowe. Na tej podstawie określono przebieg szlaków względem wybranych walorów geoturystycznych. Największe pozytywne zmiany w zakresie udostępnienia geodziedzictwa przez szlaki piesze odnotowano w Górach Sowich, Bystrzyckich i Orlickich, zaś w Górach Suchych nie nastąpiła w tym zakresie większa poprawa. Znakowane trasy coraz częściej docierają do geoatrakcji o pochodzeniu antropogenicznym, jak relikty kopalń i kamieniołomy. Pomimo wyraźnej poprawy w zakresie udostępnienia geodziedzictwa w Sudetach wiele walorów geoturystycznych nadal pozostaje poza istniejącą siecią szlaków turystycznych, co oznacza, że możliwości rozwoju w tym zakresie nie zostały wyczerpane.
... Rozwój szlaków w Sudetach w latach transformacji ustrojowej i kolejnych jest ciągle słabo zbadany. Więcej prac dotyczy jedynie terenów przygranicznych, w tym integracji sieci polskiej i czeskiej po wejściu obu krajów do strefy Schengen (Potocki, 2009;Bukała, 2011;Chmiel, 2011;Kołodziejczyk, 2020b), oraz parków narodowych (Krakowiak, 1997;Styperek, 2001;Mazur, 2011;Rogowski, 2017;Kołodziejczyk, 2020a). W efekcie sieć tras pieszych w Górach Sowich jest ciągle niedostatecznie zbadana. ...
Since 2014, there has been a rapid development of the network of hiking trails in the Sowie Mountains, being part of the processes taking place in various parts of the Sudeten Mountains, especially in the Central Sudeten. These changes were analysed using i.a. graph analysis. The changes in the degree of development and coherence of the hiking trail network after World War II were determined and the reasons for marking new routes were examined, taking into account the tourist attractiveness of the area and the role these sections play in the network. The length of hiking trails in the Sowie Mountains in 2022 compared to 2005 almost doubled, with an approximate threefold increase in the number of nodes and sections between them. As a result the coherence of the network slightly decreased, but the possibilities of organising trips have clearly improved. There are many positive aspects of the development of the trail network in the Sowie Mountains. The new routes are related to the sightseeing values, they refer to the location of public transport stops, but also parking lots at the foot of the mountains and at the passes. There is a clear tendency to reduce the share of the asphalt surface.
... connected with hiking trails were investigated. Moreover, as the study covers national parks located on both sides of the state border, the number and distribution of places where this border can be crossed within protected areas using marked tourist trails were also analyzed (Kołodziejczyk 2020a;cf. Dołzbłasz 2017;Więckowski 2010 Transport accessibility is also important for tourism management (Celata 2007) because it determines the possibilities of tourists' movement in the region. ...
Along the Czech-German border there are four national parks, two Czech and two German, arranged in cross-border ‘pairs’. This article focuses on the southern ‘pair’ formed by the parks of Šumava and Bayerischer Wald (Bavarian Forest). The aim is to evaluate and compare tourism organization in their areas, taking into account selected aspects of management: the network of hiking trails with its related infrastructure, transport accessibility, a typology of tourist centers, as well as directions and destinations of tourist movements. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the availability of geographical space for tourists is much greater in the German than in the Czech national park, and the tourism infrastructure is clearly more extensive there, including the network of tourist trails. This is mainly due to the longer and fairly uninterrupted development of tourism in this area. Šumava National Park can be identified as a model in terms of how to adjust the directions of tourist movements and the layout of the tourist trail network to the needs of natural environment. On the basis of observations in both national parks, it is possible to indicate various solutions that, after appropriate adaptation, may bring benefits to other protected areas.
... Cooperation in the field of use and protection of natural and cultural-historical resources is the basis for cross-border tourist connections (Đorđević & Panić, 2004;Đurđić, 2002;Hardi, Kupi, Ocskay, & Szemerédi, 2021;Kropinova, 2021;Milenković, 2012;Jelinčić & Knezović, 2021;Prokkola, 2008;Rădulescu & Pop, 2017;Stoffelen & Vanneste, 2017;Tosun, Timothy, Parpairis, & Macdonald, 2005;Živak, Đorđević, & Dabović, 2012). Under the influence of tourism, undeveloped border areas are developing into active tourist destinations (Bjeljac, 2006;Bjeljac, Brankov, & Popović, 2009;Gelbman & Timothy, 2010;Kołodziejczyk, 2020;Majstorović, Stankov, & Stojanov, 2013;Malkowski, Mickiewicz, & Malkowska, 2020;Ramsey, Thimm, & Hehn, 2019;Stepanova & Shulepov, 2017;Stoffelen, 2018;Timothy, 2002;Więckowski, 2010). According to some authors, state borders are becoming tourist attractions and cooperation areas of neighboring countries (Hannonen, Tuulentie, & Pitkänen, 2015;Lois & Cairo, 2015;Lӧytynoja, 2007Lӧytynoja, , 2008Prokkola, 2010;Timothy, 1995;Woyo & Slabbert, 2019). ...
The political changes that affected the European area in the second half of the 20th century conditioned the development of European countries on the principle of Euroregions, as interesting creations of neighboring countries. Formed along the political borders of neighboring countries, Euroregions today play a significant role in the enlargement process of the European Union. At the end of the 20th century, the formation of Euroregions covered the area of the Western Balkans as well. In Podrinje, the border area of Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, the formed Euroregions have the goal of reviving and revitalizing rural areas. Tourism, as the most important economic activity, is integrated into the basis of the rural development of these areas. The subject of the research is related to the analysis of the development degree of border rural areas, under the influence of tourism. The research problem is focused on the rural areas of ?Serbian? Podrinje. Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to determine the change and burden of rural border area due to the development of tourism, using the indicator of tourist operation (I.T.O.) and the tourist function indices to measure the degree of the development of a destination. The results of the research indicate that three types of tourist destinations have been developed in the studied area: destinations with almost non-existent tourist activity (
... 3 of 22 or communication costs in the case of customs or passport control cause visible differences in the infrastructure development in borderlands. As a result of this impact on the state borders of the surrounding areas, issues of development for various types of border and cross-border infrastructures are frequently discussed research topics [31,32], including issues of tourism infrastructure and tourism development in these areas [1,6,33]. These issues are also particularly important for the spatial and investment policies of public local authorities in these areas [34][35][36]. ...
... These analyses are not limited to an area located in one country but examine the entire functional regions crossed by state borders [4,5]. Thanks to the democratic changes in the early 1990s and the inclusion of Poland and the Czech Republic (established in 1993) into the European Union (EU) in 2004 and into the Schengen Area in 2007, the state border is usually only administrative [6]. This is conducive to socio-economic development based on tourism [7] and to the cross-border cooperation of local communities [8][9][10]. ...
... As a result, depopulation was observed in the Polish borderland, leading to the disappearance of former villages and a decrease in the quality of infrastructure [19,25,66], alongside re-naturalization and an increase in the area of forests [67,68]. The Orlickie and Bystrzyckie Mountains have rarely been the subject of separate studies on the Polish-Czech border, except for the articles of Kołodziejczyk, which analyze the development of marked tourist trail networks [6,60]. studies on the Polish-Czech border, except for the articles of Kołodziejczyk, which analyze the development of marked tourist trail networks [6,60]. ...
This paper discusses the issue of analyzing the development of cross-border tourism infrastructure in the borderlands of countries with diversified administrative divisions and spatial databases, which hinders the use of national statistical units for comparative research. As an example, the ability to use the square grid and kernel density estimation methods for the analysis and spatial visualization of the level of tourism infrastructure development is studied for the Orlickie and Bystrzyckie Mountains, located in the Polish–Czech border area. To synthetically assess and compare the level of diversity, the methodology used in the Human Development Index was adapted using selected component indicators calculated for a square grid clipped to the boundaries of the area under study. This analysis enabled us to quantify the asymmetry in the development of tourism infrastructure in the borderlands via the calculation of the synthetic infrastructure development index. This index is 1.29 times higher in the Czech than in the Polish border area. However, the spatial concentration analysis of infrastructure shows that the diversity in the study area can be assessed as higher than the results using the average density indicators. This paper also discusses the benefits and problems associated with using the square grid method for the representation and analysis of heterogeneous data on tourism infrastructure in two neighboring national states.
The study examines how progress towards a circular economy (CE), patents related to recycling and secondary raw materials as a proxy for innovation, affect tourism receipts. The study uses Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Error Correction Method (ECM) to analyse time series data from EU countries from 2000 to 2020. Our estimates show that there exist long-run and short-run equilibrium relationships. In sum, evidence shows that promoting circular innovative practices, including recycling and using secondary raw materials in tourist destinations, could improve environmental quality and positively impact tourism receipts. The study concludes with policy and practical suggestions for circular economy innovation towards green tourism, destination management, and sustainable tourism.
In the article tourist management in two national parks in the Czech-German borderland are being compared, namely Bohemian ‘Switzerland’ (also known as Czech ‘Switzerland’) and Saxon ‘Switzerland’. Situated on either side of the state border, they feature the same type of geographical environment. Transport accessibility, transborder links and the hiking trail network are analyzed using methodology sourced from graph theory. The result of the analyses is a classification of tourist hubs and tourist centers, as well as an indication of the main directions of tourist flow. The German national park is decidedly more accessible but with a detrimental effect on the natural environment primarily due to its fragmentation by a dense network of tourist trails. In both parks trails enter the core zone (in theory a strict protection area) but this occurs on a larger scale on the German side. In the Czech national park a greater number of positive examples of managing tourist movements can be identified. Additionally, larger areas managed for dispersion, or from which tourists are generally excluded, are located there.
