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Essential oils are derived from not-fatty parts of plants and are mostly used in aromatherapy, as well as cosmetics and perfume production. The essential oils market is growing rapidly due to their claimed health benefits. However, because only therapeutic grade oil is required in the medicinal sector, there is a substantial low-value waste stream...
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... oil of the leaves of Melaleuca alternifolia is commonly known as tea tree oil. This species is native to the Southeast of Queensland and the adjoining Northeast coast of New South Wales in Australia [18]. This oil has an oxygen content of around 5%. The main constituents of tea tree oil are terpinen-4-ol, γ-terpinene, and α-terpinene (shown in Figure 1). When compared to diesel, tea tree oil has a higher density, lower viscosity, slightly lower flash point, lower calorific value, significantly lower cetane number, and significantly lower induction time [19]. The essential oils tested in this study are: orange oil, eucalyptus oil, and tea tree oil, all of which are either native to or are being extensively cultivated in Australia. To date, no studies that investigate engine performance and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine operated with tea tree oil (neat/blended with diesel) have been published. The essential oils were blended with diesel at 10% blend ratio (by weight). For comparison, biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil was used in this study. Biodiesel was blended with diesel at 10% blend ratio (by weight). Finally, these blends were used to operate a multi cylinder diesel engine and engine performance and combustion parameters were recorded and ...
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... A small increment occurs with further load increase to 13.50 kg before declining again thereafter. Such trends are attributed to biodiesel's higher cetane number relative to diesel, enabling earlier combustion initiation (Imdadul et al., 2016;Rahman et al., 2018). ...
Algae biodiesel shows promise as a renewable fuel due to its high productivity, CO2 absorption potential, and minimal competition with food crops compared to conventional biofuels. This study produced biodiesel through the direct transesterification of Chlorella vulgaris biomass cultivated with aquaponics wastewater. Engine performance and emissions were evaluated for a 10% algae biodiesel blend (B10) in a single-cylnder, four-stroke Kirloskar engine (TAF 1), compared to pure petroleum diesel (B0). The aim was to assess engine operability and potential emission reductions with this innovative biodiesel feedstock. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis by GC-MS showed that the biodiesel contained 33% 9-octadecanoic acid methyl ester, 25% hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, and 16% methyl 10-trans, 12-cis-octadecadienoate, indicating a mix of saturated and unsaturated chains. The presence of these compounds in biodiesel impacts good oxidative stability and enhances engine performance positively. Brake-specific fuel consumption decreased with increasing engine load for B10 versus B0, suggesting similar or improved fuel efficiency. Emissions testing demonstrated 50% and 60% reductions in carbon monoxide and smoke density, respectively, with B10 compared to pure diesel. The study highlights the potential of algae biodiesel from Chlorella vulgaris cultivated with aquaponics wastewater to improve engine performance and reduce emissions, presenting a novel integrated biorefinery model.
... The fuel properties vary depending on the feedstock type, and several authors have researched blending biodiesel with other oxygenated fuels to reduce harmful NO x emissions (Elkelawy et al., 2019;Shahir et al., 2015a). For example, Rahman et al. (2018), blended orange oil with diesel, noticed an increased heating value of the total blend, and reported reduced NO x . In another study, Rahman et al. (2019) observed that the Eucalyptus-diesel blend showed reduced NO x compared to the orange oil-diesel blend at full load conditions. ...
... Considering all these factors, it is necessary to find an alternative solution to address this deficiency. Parameters such as BP, IP, BSFC, BTE, ITE, and mechanical efficiency are all used to measure the performance of any IC engine [40,41]. One crucial factor in this optimization is the management of the combustion process, including fuel injection timing, pressure, and air-fuel ratio. ...
The development and implementation of Variable Compression Ratio technology in diesel engines has garnered significant attention due to its potential to revolutionize engine performance and efficiency. Understanding how the design of Variable Compression Ratio diesel engines influences performance parameters, such as brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, brake power, and exhaust gas temperature, could prove vital for engineers and designers, as it directly contributes to optimizing performance. Several studies have reported the key design considerations and engineering challenges associated with Variable Compression Ratio diesel engines, along with their impact on overall performance and durability. However, this work critically discusses design factors, parameters, and governing equations and evaluates how they influence the operational parameters. Through a systematic review of existing literature and technical insights, this work aims to clarify the potential and limitations of Variable Compression Ratio technology in diesel engines, offering valuable guidance for future research and development in this crucial field of automotive engineering.
... The ignition quality of hybrid biofuel blend and the excess oxygen present in it leads to smoother combustion process resulting in reduced vibration. Lower viscosity and volatility of the pine oil also leads to the better atomization and more complete combustion (Rahman et al. 2018). ...
The exhaust emissions from automotive diesel engines are successfully controlled over the years by adopting different combustion strategies and after treatment devices, whereas the combustion induced vibration and noise are the major pollutant in off-road vehicle engines and yet to be optimized. In the present study, a twin cylinder, Simpson’s S-217 tractor diesel engine was used to evaluate the performance, combustion, vibration, and noise characteristics, using biofuel blends. For this study, the blends of pine oil — soapnut oil biodiesel (P75SNB25), diesel — soapnut oil biodiesel (SNB20) and diesel were used as fuel. The pine oil used in this research was purchased and used in its neat form. The soapnut oil was extracted from the soapnut seeds by cold pressing method and trans-esterified in two stages by using methanol and catalysts. The experimental results revealed that the performance and combustion characteristics of the blend P75SNB25 was superior to diesel and the blend SNB20 was slightly inferior to diesel. For the blend P75SNB25, the amplitude of acceleration with respect to time was reduced by 19.48% and 11.58% at no load and full load conditions respectively, whereas for the blend SNB20, the amplitude of acceleration showed a reduction of 14.27% and 9.46% at no load and full load conditions respectively in comparison with diesel operation. But both the blends P75SNB25 and SNB20 showed a maximum reduction of noise by 2.34% at different engine loads compared to diesel operation.
... Moreover, essential oils or "essences" owe their name to their flammability. A previous study has investigated the influence of essential oil on engine performance and the combustion characteristics of a multi-cylinder compression ignition engine [4]. ...
In this study, a new method for biomass thermal treatment was introduced. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of Ficus hispida biomass were obtained via hydrodistillation. The qualitative analysis of VOCs performed by GC–MS and GC–FID techniques identified pentadecanal (14.65%), 2-(E)-hexenal (11.15%), and 2-butyl-5-methyl-2-hexenoic acid ethyl ester (8.53%) as the major compounds. The chemical components varied significantly from the previous study. The results of the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP methods gave IC50 and antioxidant capacity values of 3.08 ± 0.024 mg/mL, 0.44 ± 0.009 mg/mL, and 135.64 ± 25.49 mM/g, respectively. From the results, the VOCs distilled from F. hispida leaves have an antioxidant property that can be utilized as a natural botanical supplement as an antioxidant and preservative. In addition, the present research offers additional scientific support and a chemical basis for future natural drug discovery.
... As the engine load is increased up to 40%, the BTE increases because of the enhanced pre-mixed effect by the injection angle advancement along with the greater quantity of fuel is injected into the cylinder increases the combustion chamber temperature. The integrated effect helps to increase the power output [25,26]. As the value of engine load increases at a higher speed, a slight change in BTE is observed and it is almost similar around this zone. ...
The twin crisis of fossil fuel dependency and environmental pollution laid a path toward finding a suitable alternative fuel to diesel that is environmentally friendly, viable and equivalent to diesel engine output characteristics is required. Biodiesel emerges as promising fuel however due to some demerits the minimum engine emissions and better combustion can be achieved in CRDI engines through employing a split injection strategy. Within this context, the primary goal of this research is to development of optimum injector control maps using a novel global model-based scheme for an entire operating range of engines fuelled with Eucalyptus blended diesel (80:20 vol). The empirical relation between engine explanatory and response variables are models through the response surface methodology (RSM) based on the I-optimal design technique. For the developed map through the model and multivariate optimization, the efficiency achieved the best value of 33.74% whereas fuel consumption is 0.375 kg/kWh. The maximum emission rate of hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and smoke is 6.74 ppm, 0.55%, 974 ppm and 669 mg/m³. In comparison to the un-optimized map, an increase in efficiency of 15.63% and a decrease in fuel consumption of 5.12% is achieved for the Eucalyptus blend. NOX and smoke trade-off effect has been optimally reduced simultaneously for the developed fuel map.
... Here, the ME increases with increase in load for various pine oil blends and diesel fuel. With increasing load, frictional losses decrease and mechanical efficiencies increase [32]. The ME for the blend is higher than the diesel fuel due to higher calorific value of pine oil. ...
In this study, biodiesel from the stem of Pinus roxburghii was prepared by steam distillation process. Consequently, the physical and thermal properties of pine biodiesel (P100), and 20 % pine-biodiesel and 80 % diesel (P20) were tested on American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. The test results confirmed that the thermophysical properties of pine biodiesel and its blend were suitable for the fuel in diesel engine without any modification in the test engine. Eventually, the engine performance and combustion parameters were evaluated for pine-biodiesel blend for 5 % biodiesel and 95 % diesel (P5), 10 % biodiesel and 90 % diesel (P10), 15 % biodiesel and 85 % diesel (P15) and P20, and compared with diesel on Kirloskar Single Cylinder Compression Ignition Engine for a compression ratio of 15:1. In the midst of those in different blends evaluated, P15 showed the better brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) i.e 18.75 % lower than diesel fuel particularly up to 50 % of the engine load. However, at higher load, decrease rate in BSFC of P15 fuel is lower than engine load up to 50 %. Similarly, brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of P15 increases to 13.5% mainly on 50 % loading condition of the engine. At above, increment rate of BTE of pine oil biodiesel compared to diesel decreases. The brake power (BP) and brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of P15 also found nearer to diesel. However, the BP of P15 found higher compared to diesel in all loading conditions. Thus, from the experimental investigations, P15 blend of pine oil biodiesel was found to be amenable for its use in compression ignition (CI) engine without any modification, as the BTE and SFC were found to better and, BP, indicated power (IP) and BMEP were also found nearer to diesel fuel.
... For this study, orange oil was selected because it is renewable in nature and has very similar properties to neat diesel (Rahman et al. 2017(Rahman et al. , 2018. A handful of research has been carried out using waste orange peel oil. ...
In this research, waste stream essential oil such as orange oil is used as a diesel fuel partial replacement to be tested in a diesel engine. Like diesel fuel, orange oil does not contain any oxygen since it is constituted of limonene (a colourless liquid aliphatic hydrocarbon) and has almost similar density. A 6-cylinder diesel engine is operated using various blends of orange and diesel fuel. The engine was operated with three different fuel blends: neat diesel, 74% diesel + 26% orange oil (D74O26) and 59% diesel + 41% orange oil (D59O41). All the orange oil blends produced nearly the same brake power from the engine experiment compared to neat diesel fuel. Furthermore, all orange oil blends emit less particulate matter, and the ‘count mean diameter’ of the emitted particles is also lower than base diesel. Based on the obtained results, these blends can be suggested to be used in a diesel engine.
... Another essential oil widely used in wound healing is tea tree oil (TTO), which is extracted from the leaves of M. alternifolia [153,154]. Three main compounds of TTO, terpinen-4-ol, γ-terpinene, and α-terpinene are shown in Figure 3 [155]. The presence of terpene hydrocarbons and tertiary alcohols results in TTO antimicrobial and antiinflammatory activity and helps in the regeneration of collagen [156]. ...
Wound healing refers to the replacement of damaged tissue through strongly coordinated cellular events. The patient’s condition and different types of wounds complicate the already intricate healing process. Conventional wound dressing materials seem to be insufficient to facilitate and support this mechanism. Nanotechnology could provide the physicochemical properties and specific biological responses needed to promote the healing process. For nanoparticulate dressing design, growing interest has focused on natural biopolymers due to their biocompatibility and good adaptability to technological needs. Polysaccharides are the most common natural biopolymers used for wound-healing materials. In particular, alginate and chitosan polymers exhibit intrinsic antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, useful for guaranteeing efficient treatment. Recent studies highlight that several natural plant-derived molecules can influence healing stages. In particular, essential oils show excellent antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties that can be amplified by combining them with nanotechnological strategies. This review summarizes recent studies concerning essential oils as active secondary compounds in polysaccharide-based wound dressings.
... Due to the fact that the density of TSOB is higher than that of diesel (refer to Table 1), for an equal volume of diesel and biodiesel, the higher density of biodiesel and its mass flow allows more fuel to be injected into the combustion chamber. In addition to these parameters, since more viscosity causes less atomization as well as injection pressure and TSOB has the higher viscosity than that of diesel (refer to Table 1), considerations should also be given into the atomization ratio, the injection pressure and viscosity because they affect the brake power values and BSFC [33,35]. One of the properties that affect BSFC is the cetane number. ...
Rising global concerns about global warming caused by pollution from excessive fossil fuels consumption, along with the high price of them in diesel engines, are the important reasons to search for fuels which is readily available and do not have destructive effects on the environment. Biodiesel is arguably the most appropriate and sustainable alternative to diesel fuel. Tomato seeds are one of the potential sources of biodiesel. They make up about 72% by weight of tomato waste, which contains an average of 24% oil. Tomato seed oil (TSO) can be used as a cheap and non-edible source of biodiesel. This paper investigated, both experimentally and numerically, the effects of different diesel–TSOB (tomato seed oil biodiesel) blends on the performance and emissions parameters of a four-cylinder, four-stroke, indirect injection diesel engine. The main goal of the paper was the simulation of the formation process of the emissions in the combustion chamber. The experimentally measured parameters such as torque, brake specific fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperature, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, particulate matter, peak in-cylinder pressure, in-cylinder temperature and Reaction_Progress_Variable at different engine loads and speeds from 1200 to 2400 rpm at increments of 200 rpm are analyzed through ANOVA. The highest brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) was observed for pure diesel and the lowest for the fuel blend with 10% biodiesel. The fuel blend with 20% biodiesel produced the highest torque. The engine was modeled using the AVL FIRE software. The model simulation results revealed that the highest nitrogen oxide (NOx) is produced in the throat of the combustion chamber to the top of the piston, the place of carbon dioxides (CO2) formation is near the combustion chamber boundaries and the location of carbon monoxides (CO) formation is near the combustion chamber boundaries and at the center area of the top of the piston. These results also show that the particulate matter (PM) emissions are formed where the fuel is injected into the combustion chamber.
