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... river water is potable (fit for human consumption) with minimum treatment, if it is not affected by human activities. However, rivers are now used as disposal routes for liquid and solid waste. While river pollution issues need to be and are being addressed by the government, such fundamental aspect of water supply requires the understanding and participation of end users. Water pollution occurs when a body of water is adversely affected by addition of small or large amounts of materials (pollutants) to the water. The major causes of water pollution are mentioned in Figure 3. There are point sources and non-point sources of water pollution (Novotny and Chester, 1981). The main point sources identified are household sullage, sewage treatment plant and industrial area. Besides these, there are other point sources polluting the river basin such as market, restaurant, workshop, resi- dential area, solid waste disposal sites, soil and sand sourcing, new development area, aquaculture, com- mercial lots, petrol station, livestock and others. Non-point source pollution affects a water body from diffuse sources; it may accumulate from many different sources. Generally, controlling non-point sources is more complex than dealing with point source pollution. The Department of Environment (DOE) main- tains mainly records of point sources. In 2008, it was recorded that that there were 17,633 water pollution point sources in Malaysia. These point sources comprised sewage treatment plants (9,524: 54.1 per cent, inclusive of 668 network pump stations), manufacturing industries (6,830: 38.7 per cent), animal farms (788: 4.48 per cent) and agro-based industries (491: 2.78 per cent) as shown in Figure 4. The DOE com- plied statistics of industrial water pollution sources from agro-based and manufacturing industries through field surveys and questionnaires. Figure 5 showed the distribution of these sources in 2008. A total of 7,321 sources were indentified with Johor having the highest number of water pollution sources (1,790: 24.45 per ...
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Citations
... Planktons are one of the indispensable biological communities in lotic ecosystems (Komala et al., 2013;Sharma, 2018). Planktons (phytoplankton and zooplankton) are microscopic, non-motile, or weak swimming organisms that float in the water column or drift with it; thereby making them prone to changes in the water (Suthers and Rissik, 2009;Afroz et al., 2014). The cheapest and easiest method of assessing the quality of water in developing countries is to monitor planktons regularly (Ovie et al., 2011). ...
The objective of this research was to assess the anthropogenic impact on plankton and macrobenthic fauna composition, abundance, distribution, and diversity of four communities in Buguma creek. The Phytoplankton, zooplankton, and benthic fauna samples were collected quantitatively monthly from each of the four sampling stations between January and June 2020 using standard sampling methods. Margalef (D), Shannon Wienner (H), and Evenness indices were used to determine species richness and diversity respectively using the PAST statistical package. This study revealed that artisanal refinery activities, sand mining/dredging, and discharge of industrial, domestic, human, and animal wastes have adversely affected the aquatic biota (plankton and macrobenthic fauna) in Buguma creek. The effects of these activities have remarkable spatial manifestations; with the more perturbed especially station 2, having a lower number of species and abundance. The preponderance of indicator species is a confirmation while the community structure gave an insight into the negative impact of these activities individually and cumulatively. The brunt of these activities rests more on the macrobenthic fauna; probably due to their unique characteristics and position in the aquatic environment. The result indicated that Buguma creek had been polluted seriously to a large extent.
Keywords: Aquatic biota, Bioindicator, Anthropogenic, Artisanal refinery, Diversity
... Water pollution has affected the lives of humans and animals in all aspects. Most of the sources of water pollution are caused by human activity, in spite the fact that a few of them emanate from natural sources of pollution [1]. Example of sources of pollution from industry include energy and fuel production, mining and smelting of metalliferous, surface finishing industry, iron and steel, electroplating, electrolysis, metallurgy, leather working, fertilizer and pesticide industry, photography, and aerospace [2,3]. ...
... A ew examples o achieving decentralized waste management practices include reducing uncontrolled use o ertilizers and pesticides thereby reducing agricultural runo , managing poultry waste, and wastage in consumption patterns and many more (Loehr 2012;Shah et al. 2014a;Sims and Wol 1994). Recycling o grey water generated rom industrial and domestic discharge can help prevent the toxic e ect on aquatic biodiversity rom direct discharge (Abusam 2008;Lagrega et al. 2010). Reducing and recycling wastewater can help reduce the load on natural water bodies and result in their better management and conservation (Shah et al. 2014b). ...
Global water security depends on the extent countries can tackle the water related issues. The development level of a country determines the level of problems and the solution implemented by the countries towards water security. Not all countries are equally equipped to implement effective solution to the water related issues. Global figures describe the lack of water and sanitation services are alarming around the world, the worst sufferers being the developing countries. Millions of people die every year from water borne diseases and inadequate supply and access to clean water. Apart from this, these countries though being blessed with ample rivers face major challenges like flood, siltation of river systems as well as pollution of the water resources. These problems are more aggravated in developing countries due to long standing exploitation by the developed countries and resulting least financial and infrastructural capacity to solve these issues. Barriers to addressing these water-related issues in developing countries mainly revolve around poverty, lack of education, and poor governance. These problems demand a proper solution to be implemented at global level. Developing countries generally lack the required financial capital to implement proper solutions, so they determine alternative methods to tackle the problem at the local level. This review aims at developing a deeper insight into the water security issues in the developing countries with a view to provide some applicable solutions to the problems. Few set of questions are recommended to develop a connection between man and river for their sustainable management, protection, and conservation of water resources for societal well being.
... Nowadays, there are substantial amount of environmental problems such as landslide, haze, floods and others that continuously happened especially in developing countries such as Malaysia. For instance, water pollution has been said as one of the most serious environmental problem in Malaysia due to urbanization, human activities and natural causes (Afroz et al., 2014). Therefore, it is vital for social actors such as the media and the environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs) to take part in environmental sustainability communication, particularly in communicating environmental messages to the mass public. ...
Considering the massive environmental problems occurring in Malaysia, the media and the ENGOs are said to play pivotal roles in delivering environmental information to the mass society in order to increase their awareness, knowledge and practices towards the environment and sustainability. This study sought to shed the light on the type of roles
can be played by the Malaysian media and the ENGOs in environmental sustainability communication. For the purpose of this study, 24 interviewees encompassing 13 media interviewees from two media organizations, namely Utusan Malaysia and The Star, as well as 11 ENGOs interviewees from two ENGOs organizations, WWF and MNS. The
result of this study indicated that although both media and ENGOs seem to have different organizational backgrounds, particularly the media is a profitable organization whilst ENGOs are more non-profit oriented, when it comes to environmental communication, most of them agreed that they share quite similar roles particularly in informing and educating the public about environmental issues and in conducting research on environment and sustainability matters.
Sewage and sludge constitute liquid and solid fractions of the city sewerage system. The raw sewage usually consists of water carrying various solids partly in solution and partly in suspension. Sewage is a rich source of plant nutrients and in addition, contains suspended solids in the form of solid organic matter. Sewage has been used in agriculture from the beginning of civilization but due to less industrialization in the past, the contamination of sewage with heavy metals and other toxic materials is limited. But rapid industrialization resulted in building up of toxic substances like heavy metals and pathogens in sewage and further accompanied with population expansion made its disposal to be a major global concern. Direct landfilling of sludge along with heavy metal pollutes the soil and water consequently. Hence, adoption of right nutrient recovery technology based on feasibility after analysing the pros and cons of the technology is need of the hour for safe management of sewage and subsequent usage in agriculture. The chapter mentioned different nutrient recovery technologies available in a systematic manner characterizing the technologies under three steps of nutrient recovery and thus provided a complete overview of processes involved their advantages and limitations; thereby widening the scope of nutrient recovery from sewage and sludge for future research and adoption.
