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Main structural elements for 3D modelling and visualization in VNS (Visual Nature Studio) (modified, Source: 3D Nature, 2008)
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Building three-dimensional (3D) models and photorealistic visualizations of environment is important in many applications ranging from virtual representation of landscape to analysis and monitoring of land cover/use, as well as landscape management and planning. The aim of 3D modelling of landscape is to produce according to the user needs sufficie...
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Context 1
... vegetation cover layer includes protected species of flora and habitats of European importance on NATURA 2000 (under Directive 92/43/EEC, Annex 1). Figure 23 shows a thematic map of vegetation cover for the Natural landmark "Muhnati Skali". ...
Citations
... According to the International Geographical Union, flat slopes, slight slopes, gentle slopes, and slopes of 0-15 • are regarded as the best slopes for sightseeing [40,41]. ...
In recent years, on-site visitation has been strictly restricted in many scenic areas due to the global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. “Cloud tourism”, also called online travel, uses high-resolution photographs taken by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as the dominant data source and has attracted much attention. Due to the differences between ground and aerial observation perspectives, the landscape elements that affect the beauty of colored-leaved forests are quite different. In this paper, Qixia National Forest Park in Nanjing, China, was chosen as the case study area, and the best viewpoints were selected by combining tourists’ preferred viewing routes with a field survey, followed by a scenic beauty evaluation (SBE) of the forests with autumn-colored leaves in 2021 from the aerial and ground perspectives. The results show that (1) the best viewpoints can be obtained through the spatial overlay of five landscape factors: elevation, surface runoff, slope, aspect, and distance from the road; (2) the dominant factors influencing the beauty of colored-leaved forests from the aerial perspective are terrain changes, forest coverage, landscape composition, landscape contrast, the condition of the human landscape, and recreation frequency; and (3) the beauty of the ground perspective of the colored-leaved forests is strongly influenced by the average diameter at breast height (DBH), the dominant color of the leaves, the ratio of the colored-leaved tree species, the canopy width, and the fallen leaf coverage. The research results can provide scientific reference for the creation of management measures for forests with autumn-colored leaves.
... Manual systems include sketches, schematic diagrams, maps and technical drawings such as section plans [5][6][7]. Since the advent of digital technologies, digital landscape representations have been incorporated such as photomontages, computer models and 2D renders as well as augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) environments [8][9][10][11]. ...
Virtual reality (VR) helps to visualize the spatial relationships between the different elements of the landscape in landscape architecture, allowing the user to feel the designed environment and navigate through it interactively. VR can be used to navigate spaces designed both indoors (inside a building) and outdoors (landscape). In the present research, the perception of the 3D environment during navigation was compared between indoor and outdoor virtual reality environments. The value of the user experience was measured with the Questionnaire on User eXperience in Immersive Virtual Environments, analyzing the presence, engagement, immersion, flow, skill, emotion, usability, technology adoption, judgment and experience consequence subscales. In overall self-reported user experience, results showed that the perception of the environment during navigation was higher in open VR environments than in closed ones. Regarding subscales, the existence of obstacles limits the freedom of movement, which causes a lesser sense of presence. A more fluid VR navigation also generates positive effects on the flow subscale. In outdoor environments, lighting generates shadows, which help in spatial perception and orientation tasks during navigation, which facilitates and increases the perception of immersion. In closed environments, light plays a less important role during navigation.
... With the development of digital technology, digital visual representations are becoming more widely used in the field of landscape research and design such as photomontages, computer models, 2D and 3D photorealistic visualisations, as well as real time interactive presentations, and virtual reality (VR) environments (e.g. Ervin, 2001;Dinkov & Vatseva, 2016;Bianchetti, 2017;Lin et al., 2018;Bruns & Chamberlain, 2019). They are widely used to help mimic existing or proposed landscapes and to assess or predict environmental/ landscape change. ...
... Due to the growing trend to create and work with 3D models, a variety of their uses has been uncovered so far, underlining a multitude of applications: landscape management and planning based on 3D modelling and virtual representations of landscape (Dinkov & Vatseva, 2016), especially in the case of the urban landscape (Prechtel, 2015;Xie, Zhu, Du, Xu, & Zhang, 2013); development and management of tourism, both urban and rural ("spatial analysis, modelling and planning of tourist infrastructure and tourist routes" -Dinkov, 2016, p. 658), based on 3D modelling and mapping applications (Dinkov, 2016); urban and terrain 3D models are used for modelling their solar irradiation (Vartholomaios, 2019); 3D modelling of property boundaries and identifying their typology (Barzegar, Rajabifard, Kalantari, & Atazadeh, 2019); geological applications based on 3D subsurface models (MacCormack, Brodeur, & Eyles, 2013). ...
... With the development of digital technology, digital visual representations are becoming more widely used in the field of landscape research and design such as photomontages, computer models, 2D and 3D photorealistic visualizations, as well as real time interactive presentations, and virtual reality (VR) environments (e.g. Ervin, 2001;Dinkov and Vatseva, 2016;Bianchetti, 2017;Lin et al., 2018;Bruns and Chamberlain, 2019). They are widely used to help mimic existing or proposed landscapes, and assess or predict environmental/landscape change. ...
Mapping landscape spaces by means of manual and modern technology enables landscape architects to describe, understand, and interpret spatial-visual properties of landscape. This can help to strengthen the body of knowledge of spatial design in landscape architecture through measurement and visualization of common concepts in the field, as well as through the possibility to explore spatial-visual landscape features that was not possible before. Despite the wide ranging possibilities and the methods available for mapping landscape spaces, there is evidence that its potential is often still underutilized mainly due to a lack of awareness. This paper aims to contribute to the increase of awareness by providing an overview of mapping methods and tools that can be used to study spatial-visual characteristics in the field of landscape architecture, and show the potentialities of its application by brief examples. This paper introduces six categories of mapping methods: compartment analysis, 3D landscapes, grid cell analysis, visibility analysis, landscape metrics, and eye-tracking analysis. These methods are used to explore, for spatial design in landscape architecture, crucial spatial-visual categories sequence, orientation , continuity, and complexity in an analogue and digital way. The Vondelpark, a well-known urban park in the Netherlands, is used to exemplify how the spatial features can be mapped by means of the mapping methods.
... Due to the growing trend to create and work with 3D models, a variety of their uses has been uncovered so far, underlining a multitude of applications: landscape management and planning based on 3D modelling and virtual representations of landscape (Dinkov & Vatseva, 2016), especially in the case of the urban landscape (Prechtel, 2015;Xie, Zhu, Du, Xu, & Zhang, 2013); development and management of tourism, both urban and rural ("spatial analysis, modelling and planning of tourist infrastructure and tourist routes" -Dinkov, 2016, p. 658), based on 3D modelling and mapping applications (Dinkov, 2016); urban and terrain 3D models are used for modelling their solar irradiation (Vartholomaios, 2019); 3D modelling of property boundaries and identifying their typology (Barzegar, Rajabifard, Kalantari, & Atazadeh, 2019); geological applications based on 3D subsurface models (MacCormack, Brodeur, & Eyles, 2013). ...
Research realised on forming and developing university students’ competences to explore, present and represent the urban space, in connection to ICT, has become richer and diverse in Romania. While realising their projects, students attending the Geomatics Master’s Programme at the Faculty of Geography, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, use geoinformational software, cope with a series of difficulties, and engage with problem-solving situations. The aim of this research is to analyse the process of realising a 3D model of the urban space, the difficulties and challenges students face, their strategies, methods and procedures in analysing space and its modelling, and the features and advantages of a 3D representation of urban space. We collected
research data through the interview method and through visual methods, and, overall, this research was a case study. Research results point out at students’ undergoing a rich learning process, structured in finished stages and visible intermediary results, effected in many forms of representing the urban space, the final one being the 3D Model of Calvaria-Mănăștur Area in Cluj-Napoca. Our analysis underlines students’ optimal motivation level, self-supervision and self-regulation of their learning process, by using a wide range of solving-problems strategies and perseverance in solving the task. During the research of this educational process, we identified features characteristic of several educational paradigms: behaviourist, cognitive, social-cognitive, and constructivist.
Context. The problem of automation of the generation of natural and anthropogenic landscapes is considered. The subject of the research is methods of procedural generation of landscapes that quickly and realistically visualize natural and anthropogenic objects taking into account different levels of detail. Objective. The goal of the work is to improve the rendering quality and efficiency of the procedural generation process of landscape surfaces at any level of detail based on the implementation of the developed method. Method. The proposed method of visualization involves the construction of a natural landscape using Bezier curves and surfaces and manual editing of individual segments; use of software agents that are responsible for individual steps of generating anthropogenic objects; adaptation of anthropogenic objects to the characteristics of natural landscapes; containerization of three-dimensional objects, which is used in various steps to organize the storage and loading of objects efficiently. A generated heightmap based on the Perlin noise algorithm is used to construct surfaces on individual segments of the natural landscape. Landscape processing software agents are used to unify the design of algorithms for creating and processing information about anthropogenic objects. Correct application operation and error resistance is guaranteed due to the inheritance of a specific interface by all implementations of agents. Containerization with two-level caching ensures the efficiency of display detailing. Results. The developed method is implemented programmatically, and its efficiency is investigated for different variants of input data, which to the greatest extent determine the complexity of visualization objects. Conclusions. The conducted experiments confirmed the efficiency of the proposed algorithmic software and its viability in practice in solving problems of automated landscape generation. Prospects for further research include improvement and expansion of the algorithms for procedural landscape generation, functionality complication of manual visualized object processing, and division of individual objects into separate hierarchies of containers.
The reconstruction of three-dimensional (3D) models of terrain is important in many applications mainly for photorealistic visualizations of virtual natural environments, ranging from the representation of a landscape, to doing analysis and monitoring of coverage, or land use. In addition, could also is used for the management and planning of the territory. The 3D modeling of territories or land is very important since many applications requires of this element and getting a three-dimensional digital model of the surface of some land, which is could be reliable and accurate, and that allows to be viewed interactively certainly help many users. In this context, to date, there are few tools that facilitate this task, among them the most used are ArcGIS, Google® Maps and Google® Earth, however, for this purpose, these tools are available online and works entirely on its environment. The main objective of this work is to get digital terrain models to carry out simulations, visualization for monitoring and also the possibility of a photorealistic representation, thus, we could even think of representing the entire world in a virtual navigation environment, supporting simulations with representation of objects of different types, from small rocks, plants, bushes, streams, ponds, rivers, lakes, mountains and other attributes that we can find in real terrain. As preliminary results, this research work shows some techniques and tools that can be used for the reconstruction of land that are often necessary to use them in our own applications and combine them with other elements to achieve the main objective.
Keywords3D terrain surfacesSatellite images3D terrain reconstruction techniques
