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West Nile virus (WNV) is an arthropod‐borne virus transmitted mainly by mosquito bites. Wild avifauna constitutes its natural reservoir. Mammals are dead‐end hosts as they generally do not develop a viraemia high enough to trigger a new infection cycle. WNV belongs to the Flavivirus genus and can be responsible for a disease known as WN fever. Huma...
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Context 1
... laboratory tests are essential to confirm or exclude WNV infection. Indirect or serological tests that aim to detect WNV antibodies, such as enzyme-linked immunosor- bent assays (ELISAs), haemagglutination-inhibition tests (HITs) or immunofluorescence assays (IFAs) are the preferred diagnostic tools (see Table 1). Most serological tests rely on the detection of anti-prM, anti-E and/or anti-NS1 antibodies. ...
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West Nile virus (WNV) was first identified in Uganda in 1937. Since then, it has spread around the world. WNV is mosquito-borne (mainly of the genus Culex) human pathogen and belonging to family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus. The WNV is a single-stranded RNA virus. WNV is transmitted by mosquitoes with wild birds as its natural hosts. Migratory bi...
West Nile virus (WNV), a mosquito-borne, single positive-stranded RNA virus, has been the leading cause of arboviral encephalitis in the U.S. and other parts of the world over the past decade. Up to 50 % of WNV convalescent patients were reported to have long-term neurological sequelae or chronic kidney diseases. However, there are neither antivira...
Özet: Batı Nil Virusu (BNV); insanlar, atlar, kuşlar ve birçok evcil ve yabani hayvanlarda çeşitli sinirsel semptomlara neden olan, özellikle Culex cinsi sokucu sineklerle bulaşan Flaviviridae familyasının Flavivirus genusuna mensup bir RNA virusudur. Son yıllarda özellikle Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD), Asya, Afrika, Orta Doğu, Balkanlar ve Av...
Citations
... Mosquitoes acquire the virus during blood from infected birds, the reservoir hosts of the virus. People are then infected when they are bitten by these virus-infected mosquitoes leading to disease in humans with symptoms ranging from mild fever to severe meningoencephalitis (Bahuon et al., 2015).Most infected people are asymptomatic, some manifest symptoms including headache, joint pains, body aches, diarrhoea, vomiting, and rash, as well as severe impairment to the central nervous system in some infected individuals, resulting to meningitis, encephalitis, and occasionally death Genetic characterization studies have revealed that WNV is distributed globally, with two main genetic lineages: Lineage 1 is highly invasive and widely distributed and Lineage 2 appears to be restricted to Africa (Weaver and Reisen, 2010), and both lineages have been reported in Zambia. The presence of lineages 1a was reported in farmed crocodile (Simulundu et al., 2020) and lineage 2 from Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes collected in the Western Province of Zambia and was closely related genetically to WNV lineage 2 South African strains that was previously described to be extremely neuroinvasive . ...
... Lineage 1 strains has been responsible for most severe outbreaks to date. Three subclades have been identified in lineage 1 and include, 1a that is widespread in Africa and the Mediterranean, 1b (Kunjin virus) that is confined to Australia, and 1c that is found in Central Asia through the central highlands of India (Bahuon et al., 2015;Weaver and Reisen, 2010). ...
... The viral capsid is composed of a single protein (capsid protein C) of icosahedral typed covered by a smooth an enveloped made of the envelope E and the membrane M. The WNV genome encodes for both structural proteins and non-structural proteins genes totalling into 10 genes within the 5′ portion of the ORF (open reading frame) contains C, prM and E and within the 3′ portion contains NS1, NS2A, NS2B,NS3, NS4A, NS4B and NS5 respectively(Figure 2.5)(Bahuon et al., 2015). ...
... Until the beginning of the 1990s, WNV was essentially maintained in endemic cycles in Africa, India, the Middle East and Europe and only affected humans and horses sporadically with rare reports of encephalitis [3,4]. In Europe, WNV epidemiological behaviour changed when it re-emerged in Romania in 1996, Russia in 1999 and the Mediterranean area, causing dozens of human and equine deaths [1,[5][6][7]. ...
The results of Serbian national integrated West Nile virus (WNV) surveillance program conducted in 2018 and funded by the Serbian Veterinary Directorate were presented. The WNV surveillance program encompassed the entire territory of Serbia and was conducted by the veterinary service in collaboration with entomologists and ornithologists. The objective of the pro-gram was early detection of WNV circulation in environment and timely reporting to the public health service and local authorities to increase clinical and mosquito control preparedness. The program was based on the detection of WNV presence in wild birds (natural hosts) and mosquitoes (virus vectors), and on serological testing of sentinel horses (WNV-specific IgM antibodies). The season 2018 was confirmed to be the season of most intensive WNV circulation with the highest number and severity of human cases in Serbia ever reported. The most intense WNV circulation was observed in the northern and central parts of Serbia including Vojvodina Province, Belgrade City area and surrounding districts, where most of positive samples were detected among sentinel animals, mosquitoes and wild birds. The majority of human cases were preceded by the detection of WNV circulation during the surveillance. The WNV surveillance program in 2018 showed satisfactory results in capacity to indicate the spatial distribution of the risk for humans and sensitivity to early detect WNV circulation in the environment.
... Lineage 1 includes African (WN-CAR-1989), American (WN-New York-1999F), Australian (Kunjin), European (WN-Romania-1997; WN-France-2004), and Indian (WN-India-1980) strains, while lineage 2 is composed of strains present in a few countries, primarily in mainland Africa (WN- Senegal-1990) and in Madagascar (WN-Madagascar-1978) but also in Europe (WN-Hungary-2004; WN-Greece-2010) [7][8][9]. In addition, there are four other lineages: Lineages 3, 4, 5, and 6 that are only represented by few isolates [10][11][12][13]. ...
... worms of the genus Dirofilaria), protozoans (e.g. parasites of the genus Plasmodium) and numerous viruses (Dengue virus, Zika virus, Chikungunya virus and West Nile virus, among others) (Figure 1; Tolle, 2009;Bannister and Sherman, 2013;Bahuon et al., 2015;Harper et al., 2018). Many of these diseases had severe consequences on human populations throughout the history and continue to represent an important public health problem with significant wide-ranging economic implications (Jones et al., 2008). ...
... In fact, some mosquito species facilitate the transmission of pathogens between reservoir hosts, while others act as bridge vectors between infected competent hosts and susceptible hosts . This is particularly relevant in the case of pathogens circulating between birds, which occasionally infect humans, as in the case of West Nile virus (WNV) (Bahuon et al., 2015). In order to identify the main mosquito species involved in the transmission of WNV and other mosquito-borne pathogens in an area with endemic circulation of the virus, the feeding pattern of mosquito species could be characterised. ...
... worms of the genus Dirofilaria), protozoans (e.g. parasites of the genus Plasmodium) and numerous viruses (Dengue virus, Zika virus, Chikungunya virus and West Nile virus, among others) (Figure 1; Tolle, 2009;Bannister and Sherman, 2013;Bahuon et al., 2015;Harper et al., 2018). Many of these diseases had severe consequences on human populations throughout the history and continue to represent an important public health problem with significant wide-ranging economic implications (Jones et al., 2008). ...
... In fact, some mosquito species facilitate the transmission of pathogens between reservoir hosts, while others act as bridge vectors between infected competent hosts and susceptible hosts . This is particularly relevant in the case of pathogens circulating between birds, which occasionally infect humans, as in the case of West Nile virus (WNV) (Bahuon et al., 2015). In order to identify the main mosquito species involved in the transmission of WNV and other mosquito-borne pathogens in an area with endemic circulation of the virus, the feeding pattern of mosquito species could be characterised. ...
Mosquitoes play a central role in the transmission of vector‐borne pathogens causing important diseases in humans, livestock and wildlife. The identification of mosquito blood feeding preferences represents an essential step in epidemiological studies to identify the potential reservoirs and the contact rates between infective and susceptible hosts. Different methods have been used to trace mosquito bloodmeal origins in ecology and public health studies providing valuable results. These studies are specially relevant under a global change scenario, where habitat alteration and changes in the distribution of the ecological community of mosquitoes could affect the dynamics of transmission of mosquito‐borne pathogens.
Key Concepts
• Mosquitoes play a central role in the transmission of many vector‐borne pathogens.
• Environmental conditions determine the mosquito community structure in the area, potentially affecting the dynamics of transmission of vector‐borne pathogens.
• Female mosquitoes feed on blood to obtain resources for egg development.
• The bloodmeals of mosquitoes provide a valuable source of genetic material allowing the identification of vertebrate species origin even to the level of individuals host and the pathogens interacting with them.
• Integrating information on the feeding patterns of mosquitoes into epidemiological models contributes to identifying the risk of transmission of vector‐borne pathogens to human and other animals.
West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging neurotropic flavivirus that naturally circulates between mosquitoes and birds. However, WNV has a broad host range and can be transmitted from mosquitoes to several mammalian species, including humans, through infected saliva during a blood meal. Although WNV infections are mostly asymptomatic, 20% to 30% of cases are symptomatic and can occasionally lead to severe symptoms, including fatal meningitis or encephalitis. Over the past decades, WNV-carrying mosquitoes have become increasingly widespread across new regions, including North America and Europe, which constitutes a public health concern. Nevertheless, mosquito and human innate immune defenses can detect WNV infection and induce the expression of antiviral effectors, so-called viral restriction factors, to control viral propagation. Conversely, WNV has developed countermeasures to escape these host defenses, thus establishing a constant arms race between the virus and its hosts. Our review intends to cover most of the current knowledge on viral restriction factors as well as WNV evasion strategies in mosquito and human cells in order to bring an updated overview on WNV–host interactions.
