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![Ranking in the categories of Karasek [19]](profile/Dominique-Jegaden/publication/334004575/figure/tbl3/AS:773854783893506@1561512766857/Ranking-in-the-categories-of-Karasek-19_Q320.jpg)
Background:
The question we asked was whether it is worthwhile screening for seafarers who are prone to boredom, and whose mental health might deteriorate on board because of the particular character of life at sea.
Materials and methods:
We used the Farmer and Sundberg Boredom Proneness Scale (BPS), validated in French, as well as the Zigmond a...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... the internal stimulation tests yield the same results for officers, crew and office staff, the external stimu- Tables 1 and 2. The HADS test results demonstrate the differences in the non-significant scores between seafarers and office staff. Among seafarers only, the depression average is significantly different between officers and crewmen. ...Context 2
... "macroscopic" comparison of our seafarer sample (officers and crew combined) yields the same results on the BPS (a mean of 9 ± 4.9 in the two populations and a percentage of subjects with a score ≥ 12 at about 30%). Figure 1. Correlation between depression and Boredom Proneness Scale scores for officers and crew The exact similarity of the internal and external stimulation scores (Table 1) might suggest individual profiles with the same boredom proneness among the seafarers and office workers. Detailed examination of the results serves to qualify this point of view. ...Context 3
... the internal stimulation tests yield the same results for officers, crew and office staff, the external stimu- Tables 1 and 2. The HADS test results demonstrate the differences in the non-significant scores between seafarers and office staff. Among seafarers only, the depression average is significantly different between officers and crewmen. ...Context 4
... "macroscopic" comparison of our seafarer sample (officers and crew combined) yields the same results on the BPS (a mean of 9 ± 4.9 in the two populations and a percentage of subjects with a score ≥ 12 at about 30%). Figure 1. Correlation between depression and Boredom Proneness Scale scores for officers and crew The exact similarity of the internal and external stimulation scores (Table 1) might suggest individual profiles with the same boredom proneness among the seafarers and office workers. Detailed examination of the results serves to qualify this point of view. ...Context 5
... the internal stimulation tests yield the same results for officers, crew and office staff, the external stimu- Tables 1 and 2. The HADS test results demonstrate the differences in the non-significant scores between seafarers and office staff. Among seafarers only, the depression average is significantly different between officers and crewmen. ...Context 6
... "macroscopic" comparison of our seafarer sample (officers and crew combined) yields the same results on the BPS (a mean of 9 ± 4.9 in the two populations and a percentage of subjects with a score ≥ 12 at about 30%). Figure 1. Correlation between depression and Boredom Proneness Scale scores for officers and crew The exact similarity of the internal and external stimulation scores (Table 1) might suggest individual profiles with the same boredom proneness among the seafarers and office workers. Detailed examination of the results serves to qualify this point of view. ...Similar publications
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Background:
In recent years, the prevention of non-communicable diseases represents one of the mainproblems of preventive medicine. Significant risk factor for these diseases is sedentary lifestyle; in otherwords, lack of physical activity. It is happened, especially in seafarers, since they do not have much facilitatesto do physical exercise on b...
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Citations
... These challenges significantly impact seafarers' mental health, leading to issues such as stress Lim et al., 2018;Oldenburg et al., 2021;Slišković, 2017), depression (Fernandez et al., 2018;Mellbye and Carter, 2017), fatigue (Bal Beşikçi et al., 2015;Dohrmann and Leppin, 2017), burnout (Kemalova and Nikonorova, 2019;Turan et al., 2022), and hopelessness (Jegaden et al., 2019;Puteri Zarina et al., 2021) in their living and working conditions on board (Carter and Schreiner, 2013;Lefkowitz and Slade, 2019). ...
This study conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the reflection in the academic literature on psychological problems such as stress, depression, fatigue, burnout, and hopelessness, which more than 1 million seafarers suffer from due to the unique challenges of maritime such as isolation, demanding work schedules, harsh conditions, and separation from loved ones. The bibliographic data is collected from both the Web of Science and Scopus databases, subsequently, a total of 318 determined studies were analyzed using Bibliometrix tool of R software, and Excel-based systematic content analysis. Through citation analysis metrics, we identify the most influential publications, journals, authors, and institutions in this domain. Utilizing bibliographic coupling methodology, we uncover four fundamental research clusters: Research Design, Spatial Design, Data Collection Tools, and Assessment Approaches. Furthermore, we present research collaboration networks at the levels of institutions, authors, and countries to illuminate prevailing trends in maritime psychology. This comprehensive bibliometric analysis offers a nuanced understanding of maritime psychology, revealing evolving trends, research methodologies, and critical thematic clusters. It underscores the growing significance of seafarers' mental health in academic research and the need for holistic interventions in the maritime industry.
... A study published in 2014 among French seafarers evaluated, by means of the HAD questionnaire, a score of anxiety and depression respectively > 11 in 17.9% and 7.7% of officers and 20.5% and 7.7% for other crew members [11]. These figures are very close to ours for officers, de- ...
... Per cent Workforce [11]. Interestingly, the authors did not find any significant difference in the average anxiety and depression scores between seafarers and sedentary controls, nor between seafarers and operational staff. ...
... Interestingly, the authors did not find any significant difference in the average anxiety and depression scores between seafarers and sedentary controls, nor between seafarers and operational staff. Concerning the use of medication, 2.5% of the officers were taking anxiolytic or antidepressant treatments compared to 10.3% and 5% for the other seafarers [11]. In this study, the authors evaluated the disposition to boredom by questionnaire. ...
Background:
Several studies have demonstrated the existence of psychological pathologies and psychosocial risks among seafarers, particularly merchant navy officers. To date, there is no study of merchant navy officer cadets. First aims are to assess anxiety and depression disorders, framework, work strain and social support in this population.
Materials and methods:
A questionnaire including demographic and sailing data to which we added the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD) and Karasek questionnaire was developed. All students were approached and completed the questionnaire anonymously by electronic means.
Results:
One hundred and seventy questionnaires could be included. The population was predominantly male (76.4%), and the average age of the students was 21.7 years. The means of the HAD anxiety and HAD depression were 6.9 and 5.37, respectively. According to Karasek classification, we noted that the "active" class was the most represented with 29.4% of students, followed by the "high strain" and "low strain" classes with 27.6%. The "passive" class was the least represented with 15.3%.
Conclusions:
We found a predominance of anxiety disorders but few signs of depression. Signs of "high strain" according to Karasek were found in 27.6% of the population of these young officers. Job demand was linked to mean of anxiety and depression disorders declared in HAD questionnaire. Being a woman was associated with anxiety but not depression symptoms. Prevention programme to decrease the level of job demand and increase decision latitude and social support seems relevant for mental health disorders in merchant officers.
... Regulatory perspective considers standard approaches such as the promotion of specific laws, international regulations, audits, supervision management, scheduling of work rest and sleep, in order to decrease the risk caused by fatigue [8]. The socio-health aspect analyzes corrective approaches concerning daily fatigue, quality, and quantity of sleep, work shifts, and nutrition [3,11,13,15,16,25]. ...
... Stress and fatigue are closely related [3,15,16]. Stress can be due to fatigue [21,39,40], and could be associated with alcohol and drug abuse, and other mental problems [14,18,[23][24][25]39]. ...
... Remedies and measures that can mitigate psychic problems about the working environment are also analyzed [13]. Some of these may consist in the promotion of on-board exercise programs [18], prevention and control of alcohol abuse, sleep and diet improvement [16,20,25,41]. Another aid to mental health may come through telemedicine [43,44]. ...
Objectives:
Merchant ships represent a peculiar working environment with several challenges and risks. The specific situation on board of ships may affect the mental health of seafarers more remarkably than ashore workers.
Content:
A systematic review of the literature has been carried out to identify the main causes of mood disorders among seafarers and the impact that these disorders have on their health. This review has analyzed the scientific literature published between January 2006 and December 2021 using the search engines PubMed, Web of Science (WoS) and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL).
Summary:
Social isolation, distance from families, fatigue, stress and long work shifts represent the main causes of mood disorders among seafarers.
Outlook:
Strategies aimed at improving conditions of cohabitation on board, and a greater consideration of these problems are key for improving the mental health of workers at sea.
... In terms of work-related factors, hierarchical level on board was shown to be associated with indicators of mental health problems such as anxiety and depression (Carotenuto et al., 2013;Jegaden et al., 2019;Lefkowitz and Slade, 2019). Department and ship type also show significant associations with mental health problems (Carotenuto et al., 2013;Lefkowitz and Slade, 2019). ...
... With regard to variables affecting seafarers' depression and anxiety, previous studies suggest that seafarers with less experience are more likely to report symptoms of depression (Lefkowitz and Slade, 2019). Previous studies also found associations between depression, anxiety and hierarchical level, department and ship type (Carotenuto et al., 2013;Jegaden et al., 2019;Lefkowitz and Slade, 2019), although, as discussed earlier, the results were not always consistent. National or cultural differences could play a role as well (Mellbye and Carter, 2017). ...
The COVID-19 pandemic and the measures implemented to curb its transmission have altered workplaces and challenged occupational health and safety in unprecedented ways, with high levels of mental distress reported across several industries. In the maritime industry, occupational health and safety risks, including psychosocial risks, were a concern already before the COVID-19 pandemic. However, knowledge about the prevalence of mental health problems and the factors associated with them is still limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the effects of respondent and work-related characteristics on seafarers’ self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety. Data came from two cross-sectional convenience samples of seafarers on international commercial vessels, surveyed before (Npre-pandemic = 793) and during the pandemic (Npandemic = 504). Matching the two samples on respondent and work-related characteristics using propensity scores, we found that the pandemic contributed to significantly higher levels of depression and anxiety. Further analyses showed that seafarers with longer work periods, those who had been on board longer than expected, and those working on vessels registered with “Flags of Convenience” reported significantly higher levels of both depression and anxiety during the pandemic, but not prior to the pandemic. Taken together, these findings suggest that the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic led to a deterioration of working conditions and increased mental health risks for seafarers. Practical implications for safe-guarding occupational health and safety during this and future crises are discussed.
... When dealing with it on land, the problem can be solved, although it is not always easy to do. Yet even greater obstacles are encountered when working at sea [1,3,4,7]. Human resources department, management staff of an organization, doctors, psychologists -they are usually many kilometres away from victims of bullying or mobbing. ...
... Postrzeganie świata przez marynarzy, a pośrednio także czasu badano poprzez analizę odczuwania przez nich nudy (Jegaden, Menaheze, Lucas, Lodde, Dewitte, 2019). Dawniej izolacja mogła sprzyjać przyrostowi fantazji (Milian, 1972, s. 91), którą zresztą, chociażby w ramach szkoleń marynarzy, traktuje się jako źródło ryzyka, jako postawę, którą trzeba eliminować. ...
Seafarers’ Time
On Perception of Time while Working at Sea
The study consists of three chapters. The first two are devoted to the issues of social role with particular emphasis on the professional role of the seafarer and time as a phenomenon and object of study of various disciplines of science, including sociology and psychology. The third chapter is devoted to the results of the authors' research.
A total of 50 people (including 9 women) participated in qualitative research in 2011-2012 and 2016-2021. In-depth interviews were conducted during which issues related to the perception and organization of time at work at sea were raised. Also, found materials and documents were analyzed. The results of this research are presented in three parts relating to the division into working time and leisure time, to the planning and duration of careers at sea and to the perception and use of time by seafarers - representatives of different cultures.
In the quantitative stage of the study, the Metaphor of Time Questionnaire by Małgorzata Sobol Kwapińska was used. The questionnaire is based on seven scales and five subscales dedicated, among others, to measuring the value of time (e.g. friendly or hostile), its fast passing, appreciation of the value of the moment or experiencing temporal void.
Forty sailors and forty non-sailors (librarians, computer scientists, clerks) were examined. No statistically significant differences were observed, although some trace giving rise to a pretext for further research may be found in the tendency for a difference in the Friendly Time scale. This scale consists of subscales Constructive Time and Pleasant Time. It is the first of these, Constructive Time, that accounts for the difference to a greater extent (although not statistically significant). Sailors gained fewer points on the Friendly Time scale and especially on the Constructive Time subscale. However, for the Time subtle scale, the test for homogeneity of variance indicated that the variance was heterogeneous. Seafarers are more consistent in their choices than land-based workers. This could be explained, for example, by the fact that people with special aptitudes choose this occupation, or by the fact that education or similar work experience makes them similar in this respect.
Finally authors present some conclusions from their research and new ideas for future exploration of the issue of time perception by people working at sea especially in the context of pandemic and hopefully post-pandemic conditions.
... Such boredom at work is a source of stress and addiction, according to data in the literature, even if most studies on boredom among transport workers have been done in the air and road transport sectors [7][8][9][10][11][12]. In a recent exception, Jegaden et al. [13] interviewed 80 seafarers -40 officers, 40 crew members -and 63 office staff with three validated questionnaires: Boredom Proneness Scale (BPS), the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale and the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). Between the two groups of seafarers, significant differences emerged for boredom disposition score (p = 0.02) and external stimulation score (p = 0.05). ...
... Between the two groups of seafarers, significant differences emerged for boredom disposition score (p = 0.02) and external stimulation score (p = 0.05). The results on the JCQ significantly differed in average sense of job demand and job control, whereas no difference surfaced for social support [13]. Compared with the officers, the crew had significantly low sense of job demand and job control, which ranked them in the passive workers category (51%). ...
... Compared with the officers, the crew had significantly low sense of job demand and job control, which ranked them in the passive workers category (51%). By contrast, the percentage of active workers was significantly higher among officers (30% vs. 5.1%) [13]. Oldenburg and Jensen [14] found that insufficient opportunities for telecommunication were experienced as a work-related strain among seafarers assigned to worldwide destinations (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.15-3.04) ...
Seafarers are exposed to several physical and psychosocial stressors. Recent studies highlighted specific disorders as fatigue, boredom and diseases as depression. Seafarers are also commonly exposed to post-traumatic stress disorder (piracy, accidents, threats). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) impacts seafarers with an estimated 400,000 of whom are stranded on vessels around the world, with extended time on board, repatriation's difficulties and the financial concerns of the unexpectedly unemployed. International Maritime Organization has established the Seafarer Crisis Action Team to help them. In France, in last 10 months a dedicated call centre received 142 calls from 32 seafarers for psychological phone consultations mostly linked to this era. With the increase of duration of the COVID-19 crisis, psychological health care, repatriations and financial solutions are needed for seafarers.
... 35 These factors increase seafarers' anxiety and loneliness and lead to insomnia and emotional instability, and especially boredom on board due to monotonous work, which is an important source of stress and addiction, according to data from the literature. 36 Jegaden et al's study 37 found that there is a significant correlation between boredom and depression among office staff and seafarers, and boredom is an important factor that cannot be ignored. Also, the inability to change shifts in time due to the epidemic will gradually aggravate these bad mental states and cause severe depression symptoms. ...
Background
To curb the spread of COVID-19, most countries have adopted measures such as banning shore leave at ports and placed restrictions on crew change. Seafarers may bear an excess pressure during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors associated with depression symptoms among Chinese seafarers during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Design
Cross-sectional study.
Methods
This field survey-based study was conducted at Rongcheng Port, Shandong Province, China, from 10 June 2020 to 25 July 2020. Sociodemographic and occupational characteristics and health-related behaviours were collected through a face-to-face questionnaire. The Self-Rating Depression Scale was used to evaluate depression status during the preceding week. Logistic regression models were used to explore factors related to depression.
Results
441 male Chinese seafarers were enrolled. Overall, the proportions of seafarers with low, moderate and severe depression symptoms were 23.35%, 9.30% and 9.07%, respectively. Compared with those with good self-rated health (SRH), seafarers with poor SRH had higher odds of depression (OR, 2.24, 95% CI 1.22 to 4.11). Less leisure time or physical exercise was associated with more severe self-reported depression symptoms (1–3 per week vs ≥4 per week: OR, 1.72, 95% CI 0.71 to 4.14; none vs ≥4 per week: OR, 3.93, 95% CI 1.67 to 9.26). Poor sleep quality was associated with higher likelihood of reporting severe depression (fair vs good: OR, 2.78, 95% CI 1.54 to 5.01; poor vs good: OR, 4.30, 95% CI 1.65 to 11.24). The more frequent seafarers worked overtime a week, the higher the likelihood of reporting severe depression symptoms (1–2 per week vs none: OR, 1.82, 95% CI 1.04 to 3.18; ≥3 per week vs none: OR, 2.49, 95% CI 1.05 to 5.92). Also, high perceived work stress was linked to higher odds of being depressed (intermediate vs low: OR, 2.06, 95% CI 0.78 to 5.46; high vs low: OR, 3.83, 95% CI 1.35 to 10.90).
Conclusions
There is a high burden of depression associated with COVID-19 among seafarers. Special interventions that protect the mental health of seafarers are more critical than ever in the context of the pandemic.
... In a recent study, Jegaden et al. interviewed 80 seafarers (40 officers and 40 crew members) and 63 office staff face-to-face with three validated questionnaires: the Boredom Proneness Scale (BPS), the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS), and the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) [11]. Between the two groups of seafarers, they found significant differences in the boredom disposition score and external stimulation score (respectively, Fischer test values of 5.02 and 8.19; p test values of 0.02 and 0.05). ...
Recently, Oldenburg M published an article in the journal “Communication” titled “Stress and Strain among Seafarers Related to the Occupational Groups” [...].
Gemiler, birçok zorluk ve risk içeren özel bir çalışma ortamını temsil eder. Gemilerdeki özel durum, karada çalışanlara göre gemi adamlarının ruhsal sağlığını daha belirgin bir şekilde etkileyebilir. Literatürdeki ana faktörleri belirlemek ve bu faktörlerin gemi adamlarının ruhsal sağlığı üzerindeki etkilerini tespit etmek amacıyla bu sistematik derleme yapılmıştır. Bu derleme, Ocak 2017 ile Eylül 2023 yılları arasında yayımlanan bilimsel literatürü, PubMed ve Web of Science (WoS) arama motorları kullanılarak PRISMA modeli ile analiz etmiştir. Gemi adamlarının ruhsal sağlık sorunlarıyla ilişkilendirilen faktörler, bireysel faktörler ve işle ilgili faktörler olarak kategorize edilebildiği fakat bu faktörlerin birbiriyle ilişki içinde olduğu ve ayrı olarak düşünülemeyeceği görülmüştür. Denizcilik sektöründe çalışan gemi adamlarının ruhsal sağlıklarının iyileştirilmesi için hem bireysel hem de organizasyonel önlemler alınması gerekmektedir.
