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... to 50 people are involved in harvesting papyrus from Nakivubo wetland, at least 30 of whom are organised into a loose association. The majority of papyrus is harvested from shallower parts of the wetland around the south-east of the railway line ( Figure 5) − in upper parts of Nakivubo, relatively little papyrus remains. Papyrus generates income in three major ways − most commonly through the sale of raw materials to artisans such as thatchers or mat-makers, through the production of rough, low-cost mats, and through the production of fine, higher-cost mats. ...
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... River Mayanja flows in a north-western direction from Wakiso draining into River Kafu (Onyutha et al. 2021). The sampling points were spread across two sub-counties of Mende and Masulita (exact location on Supplementary Table S1) close to arable land or wetland as they were defined as the major land use (Emerton et al. 1998). The three tributaries correspond to small headwater streams. ...
Pesticides are intensely used in the agricultural sector worldwide including smallholder farming. Poor pesticide use practices in this agronomic setting are well documented and may impair the quality of water resources. However, empirical data on pesticide occurrence in water bodies of tropical smallholder agriculture is scarce. Many available data are focusing on apolar organochlorine compounds which are globally banned. We address this gap by studying the occurrence of a broad range of more modern pesticides in an agricultural watershed in Uganda. During 2.5 months of the rainy season in 2017, three passive sampler systems were deployed at five locations in River Mayanja to collect 14 days of composite samples. Grab samples were taken from drinking water resources. In these samples, 27 compounds out of 265 organic pesticides including 60 transformation products were detected. In the drinking water resources, we detected eight pesticides and two insecticide transformation products in low concentrations between 1 and 50 ng/L. Also, in the small streams and open fetch ponds, detected concentrations were generally low with a few exceptions for the herbicide 2,4-D and the fungicide carbendazim exceeding 1 ug/L. The widespread occurrence of chlorpyrifos posed the largest risk for macroinvertebrates. The extensive detection of this compound and its transformation product 3,4,5-trichloro-2-pyridinol was unexpected and called for a better understanding of the use and fate of this pesticide.
Graphical abstract
... In Uganda, there has not been any use of DCEs to elicit preferences for sustainable wetland use in the country. The wetland valuation studies in Uganda have primarily focused on the importance and value of goods and services provided by wetlands using such methods as market price, productivity, and contingent valuation [64,65]. The information from the previous studies was not robust enough to guide policy or influence management or user decisions. ...
... This is particularly important at this time when encroachment on wetlands has become a national and global issue [13,72]. Previous studies on ecosystem valuation in Uganda estimated the total economic value of the particular wetlands to justify economic investment in conservation [64,65]. However, the studies did not identify the specific attributes that could be targeted for sustainable wetland management. ...
Sustainable wetland management is a focus of many countries worldwide. These mainly use protection as a key policy directive for conservation. However, avoidance directives tend to disenfranchise local populations. Thus, such management is often resisted and rarely effective. Tailoring management strategies to user preferences allows conservation to support community livelihoods for sustainable development. This study employed a discrete choice experiment to determine the wetland management attributes preferred by residents of Mpologoma catchment as a prelude to developing a co-management system. Listed in descending order, attribute preferences were paddy farmers’ schemes, fish farming, education and research, protected wetland area, and recreation and tourism. Respondents’ characteristics influenced their choices. Older adults were more likely to support fish farming. In contrast, existing paddy farmers tended to resist such focuses and an increase in protected wetland area. Additionally, respondents with higher education were opposed to paddy farmers’ schemes, and the preference for education and research was positively influenced by respondents’ income. Respondents were willing to pay between $0.64 and $1.76 per household for each unit improvement in the preferred attribute. Our results underscore the role of DCEs in unlocking individuals’ attribute preferences, whose integration into co-management systems can be important for sustainable wetland conservation.
... This has contributed to wetland destruction and degradation. Infrastructural development has already destroyed large portions of wetlands around the world and many areas of wetlands are degraded as in the case of Nakivubo urban wetland in Uganda [65] and Lagos wetlands in Nigeria [66]. A similar pattern has occurred in South Africa despite wetlands being protected by a number of regulations, including the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act of 1984, the National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998, the National Water Act 36 of 1998, and the Environmental Provisions of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002. ...
Although wetlands provide a variety of goods and services to people and ecosystems, they are the most threatened ecosystem in the world because they are easily degraded. Thus, efforts to protect the remaining wetlands are critical if this resource is to continue providing environmental, cultural, and economic goods and services. Central to the conservation and management of wetlands is understanding the attitudes of the people bordering wetlands. This study aimed to analyse wetland resource use and conservation attitudes of urban vs. rural dwellers of Thohoyandou, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Interview-administered questionnaires and observation were the methods used for data collection. Systematic random sampling was used to obtain a sample of 282 in urban and 312 households in rural areas. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages) were used to summarize the data. Chi-square (χ2) tests were applied using Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington, WA, USA) in order to determine whether responses occurred with equal probability. Differences were considered to be significant at p ≤ 0.05. The study found that wetlands are more important in the lives and livelihoods of people in rural areas (92.9%) compared with urban areas (26.6%) of Thohoyandou. Human land use activities in wetlands (especially cultivation and infrastructural development) have degraded and destroyed wetlands—particularly those located in urban areas. The attitudes of respondents were generally positive both in urban and rural areas regarding the need for conservation and rehabilitation/restoration of wetlands. The study concluded that positive attitudes alone are insufficient to save and protect the wetlands. The responsible authorities should implement existing legislation to complement the positive attitudes of people and, importantly, they should work with communities towards the conservation of wetlands.
... A lot of useful information could be obtained from regular monitoring of hydrology and water quality, but this is often lacking. Economic valuation studies show that the monetary value of water quality regulation by wetlands often exceeds the value of the provisioning services (Emerton et al., 1999;Russi et al., 2013). Allowing agricultural and urban development to gradually replace natural wetlands is, therefore, also economically undesirable. ...
The Namatala Wetland in Uganda faces severe degradation from agricultural development and urbanization. Besides the Namatala River and tributary rural streams, the wetland receives surface water from Mbale town and wastewater from two sets of wastewater stabilization ponds. The objective of this study was to examine water quality, and sediment and nutrient retention in different land use zones. Five hydrogeomorphic units (HGMUs) were distinguished on the basis of soil, hydrology and land use. HGMUs 1 and 2 in the upstream part of the wetland are characterized by drainage channels and mixed agriculture. HGMU 3 is a wet floodplain with intensive rice farming. HGMU 4 and 5 are permanently wet units in the downstream part of the wetland with moderate rice farming and partly intact papyrus (Cyperus papyrus L.) vegetation. Stream discharge was measured, and surface water samples collected, monthly from the river channel, the tributaries, and the five HGMUs from April 2015 to October 2016. Significant differences in total nitrogen (TN), phosphorus (TP) and total suspended solids (TSS) were observed among the streams and among the five HGMUs, with highest concentrations in urban streams and lowest in the main river channel and rural streams. Among the HGMUs, nutrients and TSS were highest within HGMU 3 and lowest in HGMU 1 and 5. Loads of nutrients and sediment into the wetland were greater from the main river channel compared with urban and rural streams. Regressions of net TN, TP, and TSS yields for each HGMU against river discharge showed a net loss of nutrients and sediments in HGMU 3 with the most intensive agriculture, and net retention in HGMUs 4 and 5 which mostly maintain their wetland character. This study shows that sediment and nutrient retention in the downstream part of the wetland compensate for increased export caused by agricultural and urban land use in the middle and upper zones of the wetland, thus maintaining net nutrient retention of Namatala Wetland. However, there is a trade-off between economic development and wetland protection and future management planning should incorporate more sustainable farming practices and improved wastewater treatment.
... In the last few decades, conversion of grassland, woodland, wetlands and forest into cropland, pasture, built up area, plantations and industrial areas has risen dramatically in the tropics (Houghton, 1994;Majaliwa et al., 2010;Ouedraogo et al., 2010;Barasa et al., 2011). Many factors cited as causes of land use change in Africa, include inappropriate farming practices on fragile lands without conservation measures (Kajembe et al., 2005), rapid local population growth or migrations (Bilsborrow, 1992;Lombardozzi and O'Reilly;Swanson, 1996), inadequate land tenure, overstocking (Kajembe et al., 2005), over-exploitation of natural resources (Emerton et al., 1998;Kyambadde et al., 2004;Schuyt, 2005), shifting cultivation in forests, and the use of firewood or charcoal as fuel by the poor (Babanyara and Saleh, 2010). ...
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... Many writings on ecosystem service knowledge for scientific policy advice discuss this concept from an academic perspective (Cowling et al 2008, Daily et al 2009, Guerry et al 2015. In recent years, field experiences with ESAV in different policy contexts have also attracted research interest (see, for example, Emerton et al 1999, Christie et al 2012, McKenzie et al 2014, Waite et al 2015, Ruckelshaus et al 2015, Geneletti et al 2016). Also, for some time now significant effort has been applied to advance information dissemination, networking and trainings related to ecosystem services assessment and valuation (such as by the Conservation Strategy Fund, or the SGA Network 1 , cf. ...
... Questions should be informed primarily by their practical/political relevance. This is a fictitious example, inspired by a case in the late 1990s in Kampala, Uganda (Emerton et al 1999): An urban wetland under severe threat of conversion has recently witnessed increased drainage for the construction of housing and industrial facilities. Imagine your goal is to convince the municipal authorities of the need to invest in more effective wetland conservation. ...
... In the last few decades, conversion of grassland, woodland, wetlands and forest into cropland, pasture, built up area, plantations and industrial areas has risen dramatically in the tropics (Houghton, 1994;Majaliwa et al., 2010;Ouedraogo et al., 2010;Barasa et al., 2011). Many factors cited as causes of land use change in Africa, include inappropriate farming practices on fragile lands without conservation measures (Kajembe et al., 2005), rapid local population growth or migrations (Bilsborrow, 1992;Lombardozzi and O'Reilly;Swanson, 1996), inadequate land tenure, overstocking (Kajembe et al., 2005), over-exploitation of natural resources (Emerton et al., 1998;Kyambadde et al., 2004;Schuyt, 2005), shifting cultivation in forests, and the use of firewood or charcoal as fuel by the poor (Babanyara and Saleh, 2010). ...
The impact of global land use and land cover changes in relation to climate change and declining biodiversity has been a subject of interest in the recent years. Nonetheless, there is limited data capturing trends in land use and land cover changes in the Tanganyika catchment. This study characterized the trend in land use/ cover changes and examined the change in sediment and nutrients hotspot areas in the Kalimabenge micro-catchment, for the last 40 years. Land use/cover change was quantified and reconstructed by analyzing a series of Landsat images taken in 1973, 1986, and 2010 using the Integrated Land and Water Information System (ILWIS) 3.3 software and field observations. Both supervised and non-supervised classifications were used in the classification of the Landsat images in order to obtain the land use/cover change map. Sediment and nutrient loading into the Kalimabenge micro-catchment were modeled using ArcSWAT software integrated in ArcGIS 9.3. ArcSWAT was calibrated using two years field observations at the river outlet into Lake Tanganyika. Results showed that the dominant land use/covers in the micro-catchment are cultivated land, followed by forest/tree plantations, grassland and built-up area. Grassland/savannah has declined gradually over time, forest/woodlot land increased gradually, built up areas acreage remained quasi similar, cultivated land followed a quadratic trend. The partial sources of sediments, runoff and phosphorous changed for the last 4 decades. These sources areas first decreased in 1986 and then increased in 2010. RESUME L'impact des changements globaux dans l'utilisation des terres et la couverture végétale en rapport avec les changements climatiques et la réduction de la biodiversité a été un sujet d'intérêt ces dernières années. Néanmoins, il existe des données limitées reproduisant les tendances dans les changements de l'utilisation des terres et de la couverture végétale pour le bassin versant de Tanganyika. Cette étude a caractérisé la tendance dans les changements de l'utilisation des terres et de la couverture végétale et a examiné le changement dans les régions à point chaud de sédiments et de nutriments dans le micro-bassin versant de Kalimabenge, pour les quatre dernières décennies. Le changement dans l'utilisation des terres et dans la couverture végétale a été quantifié et reconstruit en analysant une série d'images Landsat prises en 1973, 1986 et 2010 en utilisant le logiciel ILWIS 3.3 qui est un système intégré d'information sur l'eau et la terre et en utilisant les observations sur le terrain. La classification supervisée et celle non supervisée ont été utilisées dans la classification des images Landsat afin d'obtenir la carte de changement dans l'utilisation des terres et la couverture végétale. Les chargements des sédiments et des nutriments dans le micro-bassin versant de Kalimabenge ont été modélisés à l'aide du logiciel ArcSWAT intégré dans ArcGIS 9.3. ArcSWAT a été calibré en utilisant des observations sur le terrain de deux ans à l'exutoire de la rivière dans le lac Tanganyika. Les résultats ont montré que l'utilisation des terres et la couverture végétale dominante dans le micro-bassin versant sont les terres cultivées, suivies par la forêt/les plantations d'arbres, les prairies et les agglomérations urbaines. La prairie et la savane ont diminué progressivement au cours du temps, la forêt et les espaces boisés ont augmenté progressivement, la superficie des zones d'agglomération urbaine est restée quasi similaire et les terres cultivées ont suivi une tendance quadratique. Les sources partielles Date
... The overall process of production from clay moulding to finished product takes around three weeks for 4,000 to 10,000 bricks. It takes an average of 5 weeks for 5 people to excavate, mould and fire up to 9,000 bricks (Emerton et al., 1998). Around 60-75 metres of 4" to 8" dry wood (in addition to woodchip and coffee/rice husks) is required to produce 20,000 bricks (Batchelder et al., 1985) and nearly 80% of the required timber for fuel is provided from locally grown trees (Naughton-Treves et al., 2007). ...
This paper evaluates the embodied energy of fired/burned bricks as one of the major construction materials in East African countries. Production processes of bricks by artisans, and small- and medium-scale manufacturers are explained. Embodied energy of brick walls is also calculated and the key factors in the energy efficiency of brick kilns are discussed in detail. Low quality, high material waste and excessive energy waste during production and handling are highlighted as the major issues associate with traditional manufacturing processes of burned bricks in Uganda and Tanzania. The results reveal that small clamp kilns lose up to 3.5 times more energy through their cooling surfaces compared to large kilns. The results also indicate that clamp fired bricks are up to 60% more energy intensive than generic bricks and the embodied energy of artisan brick walls is 35% more than standard brick walls with comparable thicknesses. Improving kiln construction and production methods, educating artisan producers, replanting tress, providing alternative renewable energy sources, and design improvements to control fire intensity and air circulation in brick kilns are some of the recommendations to improve the energy efficiency and mitigate the environmental impacts of fired bricks in East African countries.
... 2000); replacement cost (e.g. Emerton et al., 1998;Byström, 2000); and production function approach (e.g., Bell 1997;Acharya and Barbier 2000). (Costanza, 1997;Woodward and Wui, 2001), whereas others consider it as a non-sense exercise (Ehrenfeld, 1988;McCauley, 2006). ...
... The study found that the infrastructure required to achieve a similar level of wastewater treatment to that provided by the wetland would incur costs of up to $2 million a year i n terms of extending sewerage and treatment facilities. From: Emerton et al 1999. ...
