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This paper presents an innovative CMOS structure for Differential Difference Transconductance Amplifiers (DDTA). While the circuit operates under extremely low voltage supply 0.5 V, the circuit’s performance is improved thanks to using the multiple-input MOS transistor (MI-MOST), the bulk-driven, self-cascode and partial positive feedback (PPF) tec...
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This paper presents a versatile first-order analog filter using differential difference transconductance amplifiers (DDTAs). The DDTA employs the bulk-driven (BD) multiple-input MOS transistors technique (MI-MOST) operating in the subthreshold region. This results in low-voltage and low-power operational capability. Therefore, the DDTA, designed us...
This paper presents a new extremely low-voltage low-power bulk-driven (BD) operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) realized for low frequency biosignal processing. The CMOS structure of the OTA utilizes bulk-driven and self-cascode techniques in the subthreshold region, supporting the operation with the supply voltage (V
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In this paper, a new lossy capacitance multiplier (CM) circuit using a single current follower differential input transconductance amplifier (CFDITA), one resistor and one capacitor (virtually grounded) is presented. The proposed circuit does not require any passive component matching constraints and has independently controllable equivalent capaci...
Citations
... However, this fivedecads frequency tuning range (0.1 Hz -10 kHz) comes with a power consumption constrain due to the programability of the HV-PMOS resistors; nano-watt power consumption is achieved when the filter works in frequencies bellow 10 Hz, while micro-watt consumption occurs for frequencies above 100 Hz. On the other hand, the proposed analog filter shows a competitive THD value compared with [19] and [21], a similar THD value concerning [16], [18] and [20], but a poor THD value against [17] and [22]. Also, Table 3 includes the dynamic range (DR) and two Figures of Merit (FoM). ...
... Under this scenario, the RMS value of the integrated noise from 0.1 Hz to 250 Hz was 101.6 µV, leading to a DR=47.79 dB which is good enough compared with [20]- [22]. On the other hand, FoM 1 and FoM 2 were taken from [19] and [20], respectively. ...
... dB which is good enough compared with [20]- [22]. On the other hand, FoM 1 and FoM 2 were taken from [19] and [20], respectively. Based on these two FoMs, the proposed filter performs quite poorly. ...
This work presents a reconfigurable-band analog filter capable of performing the low-pass, high-pass, band-pass or all-pass functions. The proposed filter is a simple and compact cell composed of only two RC networks and one differential Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA). To select the desired filter type, two configurations must be done: 1) the two RC network shall be configured as low-pass/low-pass, high-pass/high-pass or low-pass/high-pass, 2) the input signals must be fed in differential or single mode. To validate theory and simulations, the proposed reconfigurable-band filter was designed, fabricated and measured to meet the biomedical band (0.1 Hz - 10 kHz) in a 0.5 μm CMOS standard fabrication process. To achieve the extremely low RC time constants imposed by the biomedical band, the R element was implemented using PMOS high-value programmable resistor. The prototype exhibits a silicon area of 470 μm x 250 μm and a power consumption of 96.32 μW using a ± 0.8 V symmetric power supply. Due to this circuit’s ability to perform four filter-functions, its operation band can be tuned over five decades, its power consumption is in the nano and micro-watt regime, and it is area compact, the proposed analog filter is a suitable candidate for being an analog standard-cell.
... This interest stems from the advantageous absence of a threshold voltage when driving MOS field-effect transistor (MOSFET) devices via their body terminals. The suitability of the BD approach has been proven, specifically in the realization of Operational Transconductance Amplifiers (OTAs) operating under supply voltages as low as 250 mV [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29]. ...
... Addressing this challenge is a prevalent trend in the current literature and involves the design of solutions aimed at improving the OTA's small signal performance, encompassing parameters such as gain, gain-bandwidth, and settling time. Techniques such as gain-boosting, partial positive feedback, quasi floating gate, and current recycling have been adopted [12], [15], [18], [20] concurrently accompanied by an effort in reducing quiescent current consumption [13], [14], [17]. Another issue with BD structures is the need to prevent the body-source junction from turning on. ...
This study presents a low-voltage bulk-driven CMOS operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) operating in the subthreshold region designed to drive loads up to 10 nF, which is the largest value for this class of amplifiers. To meet this goal, the solution exploits the body terminal of various active devices leveraging local positive feedback to enhance the input transconductance gain and implementing dynamic threshold voltage control in the output transistors. This, along with a Slew Rate Enhancer section, significantly improves the OTA current driving capability. Experimental measurements conducted on a prototype, implemented in a 60-nm technology and supplied from 0.35 V, confirm the expected performance demonstrating a SR of 1.1 V/ms for a 10-nF load with a limited quiescent current consumption of 1.4
$\mu$
A.
... The voltage-mode multifunction filters using a family of voltage differential difference amplifiers can be found in the open literature. These are based on VD-DDA [4,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17], AD830-based DDA [18,19,20,21,22], and a differential difference transconductance amplifier (DDTA) [23,24,25,26]. The comparison and review of a proposed filter with the referenced single-input multiple-output (SIMO), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), and MISO in voltage-mode filters are given in Table 1. ...
... It is found that filters in [4], [8], [11], [16], and [18,19,20,21] cannot provide high input impedance at all input voltage nodes. Low output impedance is not obtained for all standard function responses [4], [7], [8], [11], [13,14,15,16,17], and [23,24,25]. Five different filter responses cannot be realized in the same circuit topology [7], [14], [16], [19,20,21,22], and [26]. ...
... The voltagemode filters in [6], [7], [11], and [12] need matching conditions, and in [4], [8], [11,12,13], and [25] they need additional circuits for selecting the filtering responses. The parameters ω 0 and Q of the filters in [4], [8,9,11,12,13,16], and [19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26] cannot be independently adjusted. the parameters ω 0 in [18,19,20,21,22] cannot be electronically controlled. ...
... Filters for such applications are in high demand, especially for biosignal and sensor signal processing. Many filters based on multiple-input DDTA have been presented [61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68]. ...
... In particular, the upper pair increases the voltage gain from the bulk terminals to the gates of M 1A,B [70], while the lower pair increases the current gains of the current mirrors M 5 -M 12 and M 6 -M 11 [71]. The combination of two PPF circuits decreases the overall sensitivity of the transconductance gain of the first stage to transistor mismatch [63]. This achieves a larger voltage gain while maintaining relatively low sensitivity of the input stage and avoiding problems with frequency compensation of the DDA. ...
... for such applications are in high demand, especially for biosignal and sensor signal processing. Many filters based on multiple-input DDTA have been presented [61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68]. This paper presents a versatile mixed-mode filter using MIMO-DDTAs. ...
This paper presents a new low-voltage versatile mixed-mode filter which uses a multiple-input/output differential difference transconductance amplifier (MIMO-DDTA). The multiple-input of the DDTA is realized using a multiple-input bulk-driven MOS transistor (MI-BD-MOST) technique to maintain a single differential pair, thereby achieving simple structure with minimal power consumption. In a single topology, the proposed filter can provide five standard filtering functions (low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop, and all-pass) in four modes: voltage (VM), current (CM), transadmittance (TAM), and transimpedance (TIM). This provides the full capability of a mixed-mode filter (i.e., twenty filter functions). Moreover, the VM filter offers high-input and low-output impedances and the CM filter offers high-output impedance; therefore, no buffer circuit is needed. The natural frequency of all filtering functions can be electronically controlled by a setting current. The voltage supply is 0.5 V and for a 4 nA setting current, the power consumption of the filter was 281 nW. The filter is suitable for low-frequency biomedical and sensor applications that require extremely low supply voltages and nano-watt power consumption. For the VM low-pass filter, the dynamic range was 58.23 dB @ 1% total harmonic distortion. The proposed filter was designed and simulated in the Cadence Virtuoso System Design Platform using the 0.18 µm TSMC CMOS technology.
... Filters for such applications are in high demand especially for biosignals and sensors signal processing. Many filters based on multiple-input DDTA have been presented [67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74]. ...
... In particular, the upper pair increases the voltage gain from the bulk terminals to the gates of M1A,B [76], while the lower pair increases the current gains of the current mirrors M5-M12 and M6-M11 [77]. The combination of two PPF circuits decreases the overall sensitivity of the transconductance gain of the first stage to transistor mismatch [69]. This achieves a larger voltage gain while maintaining relatively low sensitivity of the input stage and avoiding problems with frequency compensation of the DDA. ...
This paper presents a new low-voltage versatile mixed-mode filter which uses a multi-ple-input/output differential difference transconductance amplifier (MIMO-DDTA). The multi-ple-input of the DDTA is realized using a multiple-input bulk-driven MOS transistor (MI-BD-MOST) technique to maintain a single differential pair, thereby achieving simple structure with minimal power consumption. In a single topology, the proposed filter can provide five standard filtering functions (low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop, and all-pass) in four modes: voltage (VM), current (CM), transadmittance (TAM), and transimpedance (TIM). This provides the full capability of a mixed mode filter (i.e., twenty filter functions). Moreover, the VM filter offers high-input and low-output impedances and the CM filter offers high-output impedance; therefore, no buffer circuit is needed. The natural frequency of all filtering functions can be electronically controlled by a setting current. The voltage supply is 0.5 V and for a 4 nA setting current, the power consumption of the filter was 281 nW. The filter is suitable for low-frequency biomedical and sensor applications that require extremely low supply voltages and nano-watt power consumption. For the VM low-pass filter, the dynamic range was 58.23 dB @ 1 % total harmonic distortion. The proposed filter was designed and simulated in the Cadence Virtuoso System Design Platform using the 0.18 µm TSMC CMOS technology.
... Active circuits with high-performance characteristics are of great interest [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26], especially the AD844AN integrated circuit (IC) using CFOA, which is beneficial to rapid verification of the designed circuits [27][28][29][30][31]. Typically, the voltage-mode universal secondorder filters can realize all-pass (AP), band-reject (BR), high-pass (HP), LP, and band-pass (BP) filtering functions by properly selecting different input signals. In contrast, the voltagemode multifunction second-order filters can simultaneously realize HP, LP, and BP filtering functions [32]. ...
... Equation (15) expresses that R b independently controls the parameter ω o without affecting the parameter Q. Equations (14) and (15) show that the voltage-mode UAF parameters Q and ω o are independently controlled by R a and R b , respectively. ...
... Figures 21-23 show the behavior of the AD844-based VM-UAF quality factor independently controlled by R a when V i3 = V in and V i1 = V i2 = 0. According to (15), R 3 = R 4 = R b can independently control the resonance frequency value in the AD844-based voltage-mode UAF without affecting the parameter Q. Thus, with fixed C 1 = C 2 = 100 pF and R 1 = R 2 = 10 kΩ, the required R b values are 50 kΩ, 24 kΩ, 12 kΩ, and 6 kΩ for selected resonant frequency values of 31.83 ...
This paper presents a triple-input and four-output type voltage-mode universal active filter based on three current-feedback operational amplifiers (CFOAs). The filter employs three CFOAs, two grounded capacitors, and six resistors. The filter structure has three high-input and three low-output impedances that simultaneously provide band-reject, high-pass, low-pass, and band-pass filtering functions with single-input and four-output type and also implements an all-pass filtering function by connecting three input signals to one input without the use of voltage inverters or switches. The same circuit configuration enables two unique filtering functions: low-pass notch and high-pass notch. Three CFOAs with three high-input and low-output impedance terminals enable cascading without voltage buffers. The circuit is implemented using three commercial off-the-shelf AD844 integrated circuits, two grounded capacitors, and six resistors and further implemented as a CFOA-based chip using three CFOAs, two grounded capacitors, and six resistors. The CFOA-based chip has lower power consumption and higher integration than the AD844-based filter. The circuit was simulated using OrCAD PSpice to verify the AD844-based filter and Synopsys HSpice for post-layout simulation of the CFOA-based chip. The theoretical analysis is validated and confirmed by measurements on an AD844-based filter and a CFOA-based chip.
... When operations below 0.5 V are requested, with rail-to-rail input capabilities, the bulk driving (body driving) technique, even in combination with the subthreshold one, has been proven to be the best solution [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20]. ...
... The adoption (apart from M1-M2 and M13) of transistors of the digital core of the design kit has led to a dc gain equal to 38 dB, due to the reduced intrinsic output resistance offered by these devices. However, additional circuit techniques relying on local positive feedback can be adopted to increase the gain as those proposed in [14], [15], and [16]. Moreover, the lack of a tail current generator for the first stage leads to reduced values of power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) and CMRR, which, nevertheless, still offer acceptable values. ...
A bulk-driven operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) suitable for ultralow-power and ultralow-voltage applications is described. The amplifier exploits local positive feedback in the first stage to increase its transconductance. The OTA entails a single Miller capacitor for frequency compensation, thus saving area occupation and improving frequency performance. As a distinctive feature of the proposed solution, the OTA is stable for capacitive loads higher than 5 pF. Implemented in a 65-nm standard CMOS technology, the proposed solution occupies an area of 10.6
$\cdot$
10
$^{-3}$
mm
$^{2}$
and is powered from 0.3 V, with a total quiescent current equal to 8.5
$\mu $
A. Experimental measurements show a gain–bandwidth (GBW) product of 1.65 MHz (0.81 MHz) with a phase margin (PM) equal to 70
$^{\circ}$
(71
$^{\circ})$
when driving a 50-pF (150-pF) load, featuring the best figures of merit compared to other multistage sub-1-V OTAs in the literature.
... Thus, the next phase of development of DDCCs has been to obtain electronic tuning capability, for example, as a differential difference current conveyor transconductance amplifier (DDCCTA) [4], differential difference transconductance amplifier (DDTA) [5], or differential voltage current conveyor transconductance amplifier (DVCCTA) [6]. Recently, the DDTA has been designed to operate with a low power supply and low power consumption and has been successfully utilized for various applications with analog filters [7][8][9][10][11][12]. ...
This paper presents a versatile first-order analog filter using differential difference transconductance amplifiers (DDTAs). The DDTA employs the bulk-driven (BD) multiple-input MOS transistors technique (MI-MOST) operating in the subthreshold region. This results in low-voltage and low-power operational capability. Therefore, the DDTA, designed using 130 nm CMOS technology from UMC in the Cadence environment, operates with 0.3 V and consumes 357.4 nW. Unlike previous works, the proposed versatile first-order analog filter provides first-order transfer functions of low-pass, high-pass, and all-pass filters within a single topology. The non-inverting, inverting, and voltage gain of the transfer functions are available for all filters. Furthermore, the proposed structure provides high-input and low-output impedance, which is required for voltage-mode circuits. The pole frequency and voltage gain of the filters can be electronically controlled. The total harmonic distortion of the low-pass filter was calculated as −39.97 dB with an applied sine wave input signal of 50 mVpp@ 50 Hz. The proposed filter has been used to realize a quadrature oscillator to confirm the advantages of the new structure.
... It is worth noting that the DDTAs using multiple-input bulk-driven MOST technique have been proposed already in [37][38][39]. The DDTAs in [37,38] use a 0.5 V of supply voltage, and the DDTA in [39] uses a 0.3 V of supply voltage. ...
... It is worth noting that the DDTAs using multiple-input bulk-driven MOST technique have been proposed already in [37][38][39]. The DDTAs in [37,38] use a 0.5 V of supply voltage, and the DDTA in [39] uses a 0.3 V of supply voltage. These DDTAs consume ultra-low power in the range of nano watt; however, they are suitable for applications operating with limited bandwidth in the range of a few hundred Hz like applications in biomedical systems. ...
This paper presents new voltage-mode shadow filters employing a low-power multiple-input differential difference transconductance amplifier (MI-DDTA). This device provides multiple-input voltage-mode arithmetic operation capability, electronic tuning ability, high-input and low-output impedances. Therefore, the proposed shadow filters offer circuit simplicity, minimum number of active and passive elements, electronic control of the natural frequency and the quality factor, and high-input and low-output impedances. The proposed MI-DDTA can work with supply voltage of ±0.5 V and consumes 9.94 μW of power. The MI-DDTA and shadow filters have been designed and simulated with the SPICE program using 0.18 μm CMOS process parameters to validate the functionality and workability of the new circuits.
... Thus, an electronic tuning ability of DDTA can be obtained by tuning . The ideal characteristics of DDTA in Figure 1a can be described by There are many applications of DDTA in the open literature, such as analog filters [13][14][15][16][17][18]. The universal filter in [13] uses DDTA with ±2 V supply and 1.66 mW power consumption. ...
... The mixed-mode universal filter in [15] uses DDTA with 1.2 V supply and 66 µW power consumption. The sub-volt universal filters in [16,17] use DDTAs with 0.5 V supply and 205.5 nW [16] and 277 nW [17] power consumption. Finally, the sub-voltage universal filter in [18] use DDTA with a 0.3 V supply and 357.4 nW power consumption. ...
... The mixed-mode universal filter in [15] uses DDTA with 1.2 V supply and 66 µW power consumption. The sub-volt universal filters in [16,17] use DDTAs with 0.5 V supply and 205.5 nW [16] and 277 nW [17] power consumption. Finally, the sub-voltage universal filter in [18] use DDTA with a 0.3 V supply and 357.4 nW power consumption. ...
In this work, a new versatile voltage- and transconductance-mode analog filter is proposed. The filter, without requiring resistors, employs three differential-difference transconductance amplifiers (DDTAs) and two grounded capacitors, which is suitable for integrated circuit implementation. Unlike previous works, the proposed filter topology provides: (1) high-input and low-output impedances for a voltage-mode (VM) analog filter, that is desirable in a cascade method of realizing higher order filters, and (2) high-input and high-output impedances for a transconductance-mode (TM) analog filter without any circuit modification. Moreover, a quadrature oscillator is obtained by simply adding a feedback connection. Both VM and TM filters provide five standard filtering responses such as low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop and all-pass responses into single topology. The natural frequency and the condition of oscillation can be electronically controlled. The circuit operates with 0.5 V supply voltage. It was designed and simulated in the Cadence program using 0.18 µm CMOS technology from TSMC.
