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Wireless power transfer via magnetic resonant coupling method and inductive coupling method has open new possibility to Electric Vehicle (EV) system. The efficiency depends on the factors such as coupling coefficient and quality factor. Therefore, it becomes a crucial factor to estimate such parameters for better efficiency. This paper presents the...
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Citations
... Most commonly used WPT technique [18] Capable of high power transmission level (kW) [19] High power transfer efficiency [19,20] Low sensitivity to environmental factors (pollutants and weather) [21] Employs resonance frequency matching of Tx and Rx, which allows for less reliance on alignment [18,19] Range can be extended using intermediate coils that are tuned to the same system's resonant frequency [22,23] Transfer power through metallic materials without significant eddy current losses [19,20,22] Less reliance on Tx and Rx alignment [18] Implementation is often more cost efficient than with IPT systems [20] Most secure WPT methodology due to the safe transmission of sound waves in the required frequency band [21] Resistivity to electromagnetic interference due to the transfer of energy occurring through sound waves [18] Cons Potential of significant eddy current losses [19] Potential for cross-talk due to inductance leakage [23] Challenging to transmit power through objects such as walls [21] Complex systems, potentially consisting of additional matching networks [18] High sensitivity to frequency shifts due to resonance frequency aligned Tx and Rx [18] Bipolar CPT requires many capacitive plates for transmission [18] Single-Wire CPT requires a large counterpoise [14] Normally, lower transmission efficiency and distance than IPT [18,20] Relatively low power transmission levels (mW), often being used in bio-medical devices [18] Hardly explored in robotics due to low transmission efficiency [18] With this in mind, the work presented here aims to create a new method of robotic design that completely removes wiring along and between joints of a robotic chassis. A quasi-wireless capacitive (QWiC) method will be utilized that replaces the large counterpoise requirement of a single-wire CPT system with a small quarter wave resonator (QWR) acting as a Rx, providing a compact method of power transfer over the surface of a robotic chassis. ...
... Most commonly used WPT technique [18] Capable of high power transmission level (kW) [19] High power transfer efficiency [19,20] Low sensitivity to environmental factors (pollutants and weather) [21] Employs resonance frequency matching of Tx and Rx, which allows for less reliance on alignment [18,19] Range can be extended using intermediate coils that are tuned to the same system's resonant frequency [22,23] Transfer power through metallic materials without significant eddy current losses [19,20,22] Less reliance on Tx and Rx alignment [18] Implementation is often more cost efficient than with IPT systems [20] Most secure WPT methodology due to the safe transmission of sound waves in the required frequency band [21] Resistivity to electromagnetic interference due to the transfer of energy occurring through sound waves [18] Cons Potential of significant eddy current losses [19] Potential for cross-talk due to inductance leakage [23] Challenging to transmit power through objects such as walls [21] Complex systems, potentially consisting of additional matching networks [18] High sensitivity to frequency shifts due to resonance frequency aligned Tx and Rx [18] Bipolar CPT requires many capacitive plates for transmission [18] Single-Wire CPT requires a large counterpoise [14] Normally, lower transmission efficiency and distance than IPT [18,20] Relatively low power transmission levels (mW), often being used in bio-medical devices [18] Hardly explored in robotics due to low transmission efficiency [18] With this in mind, the work presented here aims to create a new method of robotic design that completely removes wiring along and between joints of a robotic chassis. A quasi-wireless capacitive (QWiC) method will be utilized that replaces the large counterpoise requirement of a single-wire CPT system with a small quarter wave resonator (QWR) acting as a Rx, providing a compact method of power transfer over the surface of a robotic chassis. ...
... The measured input current (I) was used to properly scale the data extracted from the thermal image. The predicted versus experimental measurements are shown in Figure 3, where the predicted current was plotted from Equation (23). The plots are in decent agreement but are not exact since the thermal distribution is not a direct, one-to-one measurement of current-only an approximation. ...
Robotics is a highly active, multidisciplinary research area with a broad list of applications. A large research focus is to enhance modularity in order to expand kinematic capabilities, lower fabrication time, and reduce construction costs. Traditional wiring within a robot presents major challenges with mobility and long-term maintenance. Designing robotics without wires would make a significant functional impact. This work presents a new application of quasi-wireless capacitive power transfer that investigates impedance matching parameters over a highly resonant, coupled transmission line to achieve efficient power transfer over a robotic chassis. A prototype is developed and its operating metrics are analyzed with regard to the matching parameters.
... Through intricate energy management algorithms, these stations not only charge vehicles but also store surplus energy [23], transforming charging hubs into microgrids [24], contributing to a cleaner and more sustainable energy future. The evolution of wireless charging technologies, employing intricate techniques like magnetic resonance and inductive coupling [25], has redefined convenience and accessibility in EV charging. Furthermore, the revolutionary concept of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) integration [26]- [28] has emerged as a beacon of sustainability. ...
The ascent of electric vehicle (EV) technology as a leading solution for green transportation is accompanied by advancements in charging infrastructure and automation. A notable hindrance is the low level of automation in charging procedures. In response to this, Automatic Charging Robots (ACR) have emerged, equipped transitioning from the manual operation to an automated plugging and unplugging operation. However, for this process to be executed flawlessly, these robots necessitate a charging port detection system with a precise navigation system to ensure accurate insertion of the charging gun into the designated charging port. This paper presents a sophisticated system, AViTRoN (Advanced Vision Track Routing and Navigation), which is developed for Automated Charging Robots in the context of Electric Vehicle (EV) charging. AViTRoN integrates advanced technologies to enable efficient charging port detection, navigation, and seamless user interaction. Utilizing the YOLOv8 deep learning model, AViTRoN ensures real-time charging port type detection using the data from a 3D depth sensor and an IR sensor within the Robot Operating System (ROS) framework. The 3D depth sensor provides detailed spatial information, while the IR sensor detects subtle environmental changes, enhancing the system’s accuracy during operation. AViTRoN also incorporates a charging completion notification mechanism, sending instant alerts to users via GSM/GPRS communication upon the conclusion of the charging cycle, thereby enhancing user convenience and experience.
... The second one is a figure of merit that characterizes the inductance invariance as a function of the geometrical characteristics of the winding. An analysis of such quantities is developed in [19] for traditional IPT and MCR-WPT systems. The work demonstrates that the MCR-WPR technology demands higher values for the assessed parameters and involves additional design complexity. ...
Regulating the load voltage is of major importance for ensuring high transmission efficiency in wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. In this context, this work presents a novel control strategy applied in the dc-ac converter used in the primary side of a WPT system. The performance of a class-DE resonant inverter is investigated considering that such topology presents inherent soft-switching characteristics, thus implying reduced switching losses. The controller relies on an autoregressive with exogenous output (ARX) model based on an adaptive linear neuron (ADALINE) network, which allows for determining the turn-on time of the active switches accurately while providing the system with the ability to adapt to distinct alignment conditions. The performance of the proposed controller is compared with that of a linear controller, which does not prove to be an effective solution if misalignment occurs.
... This essay highlights a comparison between two wireless charging methodologies-inductive coupling and magnetic resonant coupling-taking these aspects into account. According to another study [21], to attain equivalent efficiency within a specific coupling coefficient range, magnetic resonant coupling for EV wireless charging demands a quality factor approximately 20 units higher than what is needed for inductive coupling. Ultimately, the realization of WPT for EVs encompasses diverse theories, and across the spectrum of research on this topic, a prominent challenge has been the efficiency of signal reception rate [22]. ...
... In this context, the expressions for and can be acquired utilizing Equation 21 and Equation 22, respectively. ...
... Far-field radiation includes microwave WPT, laser WPT, and ultrasonic WPT. MCR-WPT has advantages such as high transmission efficiency, long transmission distance, and high transmission power, making it the most practical and promising WPT technology compared to other near-field wireless power transfer technologies [18][19][20]. However, as the transmission distance increases, the coupling between coils decreases sharply, leading to a decrease in the system's transmission efficiency. ...
Wireless power transfer (WPT) is a technology that enables energy transmission without physical contact, utilizing magnetic and electric fields as soft media. While WPT has numerous applications, the increasing power transfer distance often results in a decrease in transmission efficiency, as well as the urgent need for addressing safety concerns. Metamaterials offer a promising way for improving efficiency and reducing the flux density in WPT systems. This paper provides an overview of the current status and technical challenges of metamaterial-based WPT systems. The basic principles of magnetic coupling resonant wireless power transfer (MCR-WPT) are presented, followed by a detailed description of the metamaterial design theory and its application in WPT. The paper then reviews the metamaterial-based wireless energy transmission system from three perspectives: transmission efficiency, misalignment tolerance, and electromagnetic shielding. Finally, the paper summarizes the development trends and technical challenges of metamaterial-based WPT systems.
... Since the magnetic resonant coupling method requires more quality factors and coupling coefficients than inductive coupling method for same efficiency, hence inductive coupling method is better than magnetic resonant coupling method for wireless electric vehicle charging. [3] In this paper, EV wireless charging systems are classified based on the air-gap length between transmitting and receiving ends. Various EV wireless charging techniques reported in the literature are reviewed. ...
... Research is being conducted on various wireless power transmission technologies using RF signals, lasers, and sound waves. Wireless power transmission technology uses magnetic fields and electromagnetic fields, and magnetic induction and magnetic resonance methods [3] are classified. The magnetic inductive wireless power transmission system is widely used in small, low-power electronic devices, such as smartphones, after technical standardization and commercialization. ...
As the electric vehicle (EV) market continues to grow, wireless charging technologies are constantly evolving. Considering the limitations of traditional charging methods, the adoption of wireless charging technology is an essential strategy, and the distribution of wireless charging systems is expected to accelerate in the global market with initiatives such as international standards for wireless charging systems. With regard to this technological trend, this study experimentally analyzed the effects of the boost coil and the alignment of the transmitting and receiving coils on the transmission efficiency in wireless power transfer systems. The boost coil amplifies the magnetic field using a high-frequency signal and transfers the field to the receiving coil. Moreover, simulations were conducted based on the theory that using the boost coil could increase the efficiency of wireless power transfer, and the impact of the alignment between the transmitting and receiving coils on the transmission efficiency was also analyzed.
... Thus, the coupling factor does not only depend on the inductance of the two coils, but also on how they interact [19,20]. Therefore, this factor is also related to the distance between the two coils ( ) and also on how they are displaced. ...
... Inductive Resonant Power Transfer (IRPT) is based on the same operating principle as the inductive one, but the transmitter and the receiver are sided by two capacitances, working at the resonant frequency. By this configuration, the coils are strongly coupled, and higher efficiency can be reached, reducing leakage to non-resonant surroundings [19,21]. Even if the range of efficiency of power transfer is increased and displacements are less impacting in power transmission with respect to IPT, the distance still can significantly affect the transmission of power. ...
Transportation is considered as the largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Recently, many European countries and the World Health organization (WHO) have passed laws to reduce road vehicles emissions, which are responsible for 60.7% of European road transport air pollution. The electrification of vehicles required various charging infrastructure options. One of the state-of-the-art technologies is dynamic wireless charging systems (to deliver energy to the EV in motion). Thus, this paper summarizes distinct static and dynamic wireless charging technologies for electric vehicles. Analyzing different wireless power transfers and their limitations shows that the static wireless charging stations in house garages or open parking lots and dynamic charging infrastructures in smart roads or highway-charging lanes will be promising solutions in the near future to make electric vehicle charging easier or without making stops for recharging.
... This is due to the mutual induction between the coils. The inductive coupling based WPT system may additionally be augmented by a magnetic resonance network between the primary and the secondary sides [50,51]. At the resonance frequency, the coupling wave has its maximum, and therefore, it results in an efficient power transfer. ...
Electric vehicles require fast, economical and reliable charging systems for efficient performance. Wireless charging systems remove the hassle to plug in the device to be charged when compared with the conventional wired charging systems. Moreover, wireless charging is considered to be environment and user friendly as the wires and mechanical connectors and related infrastructure are not required. This paper reviews the methods and techniques used for wireless charging in electric vehicles. First, the general techniques for wireless power transfer are described and explained. Capacitive power transfer and inductive power transfer which are the two main types of wireless charging are compared and contrasted. Next wireless charging systems for electric vehicles are classified and discussed in depth. Both the stationary and the dynamic wireless charging systems are discussed and reviewed. In addition, a typical model and design parameters of a dynamic charging system, which is a wireless charging system for moving vehicles, are examined. Control system functions of a wireless charging system of an electric vehicle are important for an effective and efficient performance. These are also discussed in the context of better efficiency of power transfer and improved communication between the transmitter and the receiver side of a vehicle charging system. Battery is an important part of an electric vehicle as different parameters of a charging system depend upon the battery characteristics. Therefore, different battery types are compared and battery models are reviewed. Findings of this state of the art review are discussed and recommendations for future research are also provided.
... To address the described problems and provide answers to our research question related to wireless electric vehicle charging "on the go", this study utilized modern electrical modeling, an accumulative enhancement design approach and comparative control techniques for optimal wireless electric vehicle battery charging. The research team decided on magnetic resonance coupling, among other techniques, due to its ability to transfer power efficiently without the use of cables and increase the efficiency of wirelessly transferring energy [33][34][35][36][37]. The effectiveness of the wireless-based resonance charging system was thus investigated through simulation results. ...
... In this part of the study we undertook a stability investigation based on the polynomial Lyapunov function and sum-of-squares optimization for the DC-DC converter embedded in the system. The Lyapunov function V (x) was intended to meet the Lyapunov settings in a province Ω about the equilibrium solution, given as follows in Equations (30)- (33): ...
... In this part of the study we undertook a stability investigation based on the polynomial Lyapunov function and sum-of-squares optimization for the DC-DC converter embedded in the system. The Lyapunov function V ( ) was intended to meet the Lyapunov settings in a province Ω about the equilibrium solution, given as follows in Equations (30)- (33): ...
Dynamic wireless power systems are an effective way to supply electric vehicles (EVs) with the required power while moving and to overcome the problems of low mileage and extensive charging times. This paper targets modeling and control for future dynamic wireless charging using magnetic resonance coupling because of the latter’s efficiency. We present a 3D model of transmitter and receiver coils for EV charging with magnetic resonance wireless power developed using ANSYS Maxwell. This model was incorporated into the physical design of the magnetic resonance coupling using ANSYS Simplorer in order to optimize the power. The estimated efficiency was around 92.1%. The transient analysis of the proposed circuit was investigated. A closed-loop three-level cascaded PI controller- was utilized for wireless charging of an EV battery. The controller was designed to eliminate the voltage variation resulting from the variation in the space existing between coils. A single-level PI controller was used to benchmark the proposed system’s performance. Furthermore, solar-powered wireless power transfer with a maximum power point tracker was used to simulate the wireless charging of an electric vehicle. The simulation results indicated that the EV battery could be charged with a regulated power of 12 V and 5 A through wireless power transfer. Fuzzy logic and neuro-fuzzy controllers were employed for more robustness in the performance of the output. The neuro-fuzzy controller showed the best performance in comparison with the other designs. All the proposed systems were checked and validated using the OPAL Real-Time simulator. The stability analysis of the DC–DC converter inside the closed-loop system was investigated.
