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Macroscopic and microscopic observations made for Fusicolla merismoides IHEM 2040 (A, B) and " Fusarium " ciliatum IHEM 2989 (C). A, Pionnotal growth after 30 days on synthetic nutrient agar (SNA); B, C, Macroconidia on SNA (scale bars: A = 1 cm, B, C = 10 ?m).
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Recently, the Fusarium genus has been narrowed based upon phylogenetic analyses and a Fusarium-like clade was adopted. The few species of the Fusarium-like clade were moved to new, re-installed or existing genera or provisionally retained as "Fusarium." Only a limited number of reference strains and DNA marker sequences are available for this clade...
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... our Pseudofusicolla belgica strains (Fig. 1G). The predominant occurrence of one-septate macroconidia (Fig. 1H) appears to be discriminatory for the species as opposed to the other members of the Fusarium-like clade, which generally form macroconidia that are three-septate or more, as was seen in our cultures of IHEM 2989 and IHEM 2040 ( Table 1, Fig. 2B and 2C). Microconidia were also detected in all SNA cultures of Pseudofusicolla belgica (Fig. 1F), though similar as in Fusicolla matuoi and other Fusicolla spp., these form a continuum in conidial shape and length with the macroconidia [1,7]. Moreover, our Pseudofusicolla belgica strains produced chlamydospores (Fig. 1I). But, no teleomorph ...
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... Recent data have shown that Exophiala species may be present in drinking water (Göttlich et al. 2002) and E. salmonis is known to be a fish parasite (De Hoog et al. 2011;Langvad and Engjom 2016). Fusarium species usually live saprobically in the soil and in water (Fusarium-like clade: Triest et al. 2016), and several species are known plant pathogens (Summerell et al. 2010). Fusicolla aquaeductuum, on the other hand, is frequently isolated from river water and water pipes (Gerlach and Nirenberg 1982). ...
This study aimed to assess the efficacy of the treatments used to eliminate fungal propagules in water plants and to investigate the biodiversity of fungal taxa in treated and drinking water. We investigated water from nine sites in two water plants and from one fountain. Up to 25 samples from each site were analysed. Identification of fungi was carried out mainly by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation–time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) or, if no MALDI-TOF MS reference spectra were available, by internal transcribed spacer (ITS), partial transcription elongation factor 1 (tef1) or partial beta-tubulin sequencing. A total of 92 taxa could be identified by either MALDI-TOF MS or sequencing. The taxonomic spectrum is in agreement with that reported in publications on fungal communities of drinking water. The treatment steps used reduced significantly fungal colonisation of the water: even if the final products (drinking water) from both plants differ statistically in their fungal colony-forming units (CFUs) content, the difference is not biologically meaningful. A multivariate analysis showed a separation of the sampling sites of the two plants, reflecting the different origin of the raw water and the different water treatment processes. Reduction of fungal CFU and number of taxa by the treatment steps was similar in the two plants and not influenced by the treatment methods. In both plants, the first step was responsible for at least 90% reduction of CFU. Low CFU levels were maintained over the whole process chain and the water transport to the drinking water fountain did not significantly modify the CFU number.
Recent publications have argued that there are potentially serious consequences for researchers in recognising distinct genera in the terminal fusarioid clade of the family Nectriaceae. Thus, an alternate hypothesis, namely a very broad concept of the genus Fusarium was proposed. In doing so, however, a significant body of data that supports distinct genera in Nectriaceae based on morphology, biology, and phylogeny is disregarded. A DNA phylogeny based on 19 orthologous protein-coding genes was presented to support a very broad concept of Fusarium at the F1 node in Nectriaceae. Here, we demonstrate that re-analyses of this dataset show that all 19 genes support the F3 node that represents Fusarium sensu stricto as defined by F. sambucinum (sexual morph synonym Gibberella pulicaris). The backbone of the phylogeny is resolved by the concatenated alignment, but only six of the 19 genes fully support the F1 node, representing the broad circumscription of Fusarium. Furthermore, a re-analysis of the concatenated dataset revealed alternate topologies in different phylogenetic algorithms, highlighting the deep divergence and unresolved placement of various Nectriaceae lineages proposed as members of Fusarium. Species of Fusarium s. str. are characterised by Gibberella sexual morphs, asexual morphs with thin- or thick-walled macroconidia that have variously shaped apical and basal cells, and trichothecene mycotoxin production, which separates them from other fusarioid genera. Here we show that the Wollenweber concept of Fusarium presently accounts for 20 segregate genera with clear-cut synapomorphic traits, and that fusarioid macroconidia represent a character that has been gained or lost multiple times throughout Nectriaceae. Thus, the very broad circumscription of Fusarium is blurry and without apparent synapomorphies, and does not include all genera with fusarium-like macroconidia, which are spread throughout Nectriaceae (e.g., Cosmosporella, Macroconia, Microcera). In this study four new genera are introduced, along with 18 new species and 16 new combinations. These names convey information about relationships, morphology, and ecological preference that would otherwise be lost in a broader definition of Fusarium. To assist users to correctly identify fusarioid genera and species, we introduce a new online identification database, Fusarioid-ID, accessible at www.fusarium.org. The database comprises partial sequences from multiple genes commonly used to identify fusarioid taxa (act1, CaM, his3, rpb1, rpb2, tef1, tub2, ITS, and LSU). In this paper, we also present a nomenclator of names that have been introduced in Fusarium up to January 2021 as well as their current status, types, and diagnostic DNA barcode data. In this study, researchers from 46 countries, representing taxonomists, plant pathologists, medical mycologists, quarantine officials, regulatory agencies, and students, strongly support the application and use of a more precisely delimited Fusarium (= Gibberella) concept to accommodate taxa from the robust monophyletic node F3 on the basis of a well-defined and unique combination of morphological and biochemical features. This F3 node includes, among others, species of the F. fujikuroi, F. incarnatum-equiseti, F. oxysporum, and F. sambucinum species complexes, but not species of Bisifusarium [F. dimerum species complex (SC)], Cyanonectria (F. buxicola SC), Geejayessia (F. staphyleae SC), Neocosmospora (F. solani SC) or Rectifusarium (F. ventricosum SC). The present study represents the first step to generating a new online monograph of Fusarium and allied fusarioid genera (www.fusarium.org).
This study led to the discovery of three entomopathogenic fungi associated with Kuwanaspis howardi, a scale insect on Phyllostachys heteroclada (fishscale bamboo) and Pleioblastus amarus (bitter bamboo) in China. Two of these species belong to Podonectria: P. kuwanaspidis X.L. Xu & C.L. Yang sp. nov. and P. novae-zelandiae Dingley. The new species P. kuwanaspidis has wider and thicker setae, longer and wider asci, longer ascospores, and more septa as compared with similar Podonectria species. The morphs of extant species P. novae-zelandiae is confirmed based on sexual and asexual morphologies. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses of ITS, LSU, SSU, tef1-α, and rpb2 sequence data provide further evidence for the validity of the two species and their placement in Podonectriaceae (Pleosporales). The second new species, Microcera kuwanaspidis X.L. Xu & C.L. Yang sp. nov., is established based on DNA sequence data from ITS, LSU, SSU, tef1-α, rpb1, rpb2, acl1, act, cmdA, and his3 gene regions, and it is characterized by morphological differences in septum numbers and single conidial mass.
