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Macrophomina tecta (ex-type isolate BRIP 70781). a Sclerotia (black structures shown by arrows) forming on synthetic nutrient-poor agar (left) and on carnation leaf piece
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Worldwide, most isolates of Macrophomina (Botryosphaeriaceae) have been attributed to the generalist phytopathogen M. phaseolina. Since 2014, three cryptic species of Macrophomina have been recognised by molecular methods. This study elucidates the taxonomy of Macrophomina species associated with broadacre and horticultural crops in Australia. A fi...
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Citations
... La identificación de hongos fitopatógenos generalmente se realiza observando las características morfológicas y culturales (Hennebert y Sutton, 1994), porque es un método fácil rápido y barato para el investigador con experiencia, sin embargo, es recomendable complementar con la identificación molecular o genética del hongo. Actualmente, la realización de análisis filogenéticos multilocus han revelado la presencia como primeros reportes de diferentes especies de Macrophomina, las cuales son; M. pseudophaseolina (Sarr et al., 2014) (Poudel et al., 2021). ...
Background. Chili is an important crop for Mexican culture. Objective. To identify the pathogen associated with the causal agent of root rot in a native chili pepper Apaxtleco in Guerrero, Mexico. Methodology. Root samples of diseased plants were taken from a chili plot in Apaxtla, Guerrero, and were taken to the Phytopathology Laboratory, at Colegio Superior Agropecuario del Estado de Guerrero (CSAEGRO), México. Subsequently, 1 cm root sections were made from healthy and diseased tissue, which were disinfected with 3% sodium hypochlorite for 1 min, and washed three times with sterile distilled water for 1 min, and dried with sterile absorbent paper, later, moistened sterilized paper was placed in the Petri dish and moistened with sterile distilled water and two slides were placed on it arranged in the shape of a cross and at each end of the slides and in the center of these, a piece of previously disinfected root was placed. The plates were kept at 28 °C ± 2 °C for 168 h. The purification of the pathogen was carried out using the hyphal tip and the identification was morpho-molecular. Results. The causal agent of root rot in Apaxtleco native chili plants was Macrophomina pseudophaseolina. Implications. Our result reveals the opportunity to improve the control of this pathogen at Guerrero, Mexico. Conclusion. M. pseudophaseolina causing root rot, in Apaxtleco native chili is reported for the first time.
... This infection eventually caused the premature death of seedlings. All these symptoms were similar to those caused by Macrophomina spp [21]. Infected plants were collected to isolate and identify the pathogen causing charcoal rot disease on lentil plants. ...
Charcoal rot disease is one of the emerging diseases, recently detected on lentil plants in Algeria and worldwide. The present study was conducted to isolate, identify and characterize the causal agent of charcoal rot of lentil. Macrophomina pseudophaseolina, responsible of this disease, was isolated from infected lentil plants from five different fields in the northwest of Algeria: Mascara, Tiaret and Relizane. A total of six isolates were obtained, their pathogenicity was evaluated on lentil Cv. Syria 229. The most virulent isolate M1, was selected for further studies. Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis using concatenated sequences of ITS and TEF1-α regions confirmed the identity of M1 as Macrophomina pseudophaseolina. A histopathological study was conducted on lentil plants infected with M1 to detect the presence of the pathogen, and the damage caused as a result of the invasion. The observations of histological sections of stems and roots revealed the presence of the pathogen's mycelium and microsclerotia inside the host as well as the colonization of the fundamental tissues. A morphological characterization was carried out using eleven different culture media, different temperatures and pH. The results showed an impressive adaptation of M. pseudophaseolina on the different physiological parameters. This study provides valuable information on the diagnostic of charcoal rot disease of lentil in the field, and the behavior of the pathogen which can be useful for the development of control strategies.
... Four (Machado et al., 2019;Poudel et al., 2021;Sarr et al., 2014;Zhao et al., 2019). Recent studies carried out in Northeastern Brazil, dealing with fungi prospecting on weed roots, have reported that some weeds, such as Trianthema portulacastrum L. and Boerhavia diffusa L. can harbor the soil-borne pathogens M. phaseolina, M. pseudophaseolina, and M. euphorbiicola (Costa et al., 2020;Machado et al., 2019;Negreiros et al., 2019;Sales Júnior et al., 2019). ...
The Macrophomina genus consists of soil-dwelling fungi that infect hundreds of plant species. Macrophomina pseudophaseolina is a recent species reported on different crops and weeds worldwide, which has gained importance due to its aggressiveness and losses caused to crop production. The present investigation revealed the first report on pathogenicity of M. pseudophaseolina in mung bean, corn, and sorghum. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, using five plant species (cowpea, mung bean, jack bean, corn, and sorghum). The plants were inoculated with isolates of M. phaseolina (CMM-4733, CMM-4749, CMM-4752, CMM-4758, CMM-4760, and CMM-4762) and M. pseudophaseolina (CMM-4777, CMM-4780, CMM-4788, CMM-4795, CMM-4801, and CMM-4826) which were originally obtained from Trianthema portulacastrum and Boerhavia diffusa. In addition, an isolate of M. phaseolina from cowpea (MPH-FE) was inoculated as absolute control. Inoculations were performed using the toothpick method and evaluations consisted of the determination of the percentage of affected tissue, and fresh and dry weight. All isolates of M. phaseolina and M. pseudophaseolina were pathogenic to cowpea, mung bean, corn, and sorghum. These isolates reduced the fresh and dry mass of shoots of all the plant species studied. Canavalia ensiformis (jack bean) was resistant to both Macrophomina species and is recommended for management programs of these pathogens in production areas.
... It has also been reported to cause diseases on woody hosts, such as grapevine (González and Tello, 2011;Nouri et al., 2018), olive (Sergeeva et al., 2005), pistachio (Nouri et al., 2020), and almond (Inderbitzin et al., 2010). Macrophomina phaseolina was thought to be one of the pathogens causing avocado root rot in Australia (Poudel et al., 2021), but it has not been recorded as causing canker on this host. Based on previous studies in Italy, on fruit and ornamental hosts showing typical symptoms of Botryosphaeriaceae, including canker and dieback of woody tissues, M. phaseolina has not been previously isolated. ...
Increased branch canker and dieback were observed in commercial avocado (Persea americana) orchards in Sicily, Italy. Surveys were conducted in 2021 and 2022 on 11 orchards to investigate etiology of the disease. Seventy-five plants from four orchards, showing branch canker and dieback, were sampled. Isolations from woody diseased tissues revealed the presence of fungi (Botryosphaeriaceae). Identification of the isolates was achieved by morphological and multi-loci phylogenetic analyses (Maximum Parsimony and Maximum Likelihood) of the ITS, tef1-α, and tub2 loci. Botryosphaeria dothidea, Lasiodiplodia citricola, Macrophomina phaseolina, Neofusicoccum cryptoaustrale, and Neofusicoccum luteum were identified. Representative isolates collected from the orchards, characterized based on the tub2 locus and identified as N. parvum, were excluded from this study, since this species has already been reported in our territory. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on potted, asymptomatic, 2-year-old avocado trees using mycelial plugs. These tests showed that all the Botryosphaeriaceae species characterized in this study were pathogenic to avocado. This is the first report of L. citricola, M. phaseolina and N. cryptoaustrale causing can-ker and dieback on avocado trees, and is the first record of these fungi causing branch disease on avocado in Italy.
... Recently, four new species of the genus Macrophomina were identified such as M. pseudophaseolina, M. euphorbicola, M. vaccini and M. tecta (Poudel et al. 2021). In 2020, M. pseudophaseolina was reported for the first time in Algeria as a new pathogen of lentil plants causing charcoal rot disease (Kouadri et al. 2021b). ...
Background
Lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik.) is one of the major pulse crops in the world. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Trichoderma isolates to control the charcoal rot disease caused by Macrophomina pseudophaseolina recently reported on lentil plants.
Results
In this study, antagonistic effects of seven isolates of Trichoderma spp. isolated from the rhizosphere of lentil were evaluated in vitro against Macrophomina pseudophaseolina M1. All isolates of Trichoderma significantly reduced the mycelial growth of M1 in vitro. Maximum reduction of the pathogen growth was observed at T10 (72.53%), followed by T5 (63.7%) and T6 (62.88%), while T2 caused the minimum reduction (37.33%). Likewise, Trichoderma isolates significantly reduced the size and number microsclerotia. M1 produced the minimum number of microsclerotia in the presence of T10, followed by T1 causing reduction of 68.56 and 53.37% over control, respectively. The maximum reduction of microsclerotia’s size was observed in the presence of T10 (54.92%), followed by T1 (49.84) and T8 (48.68%). Results also revealed that production of volatile metabolite, components and inhibition of the test pathogen by volatile metabolites varied among different antagonistic Trichoderma . T1 produced the most volatile compounds, followed by T2 and T3 and T10 causing mycelial growth inhibition of 41.66, 33.88, 30.55 and 30.37%, respectively. The efficacy of the antagonistic biocontrol agents on charcoal rot was evaluated in vivo. Seed treatment with T10 significantly protected lentil seedlings from M. pseudophaseolina as compared to untreated plants and also improved their growth. T10 isolate was identified based on molecular tools, using internal transcribed spaces and Translation elongation factor of ribosomal DNA. The results identified T10 as Trichoderma longibrachiatum with accession number MW818102 and OK500004 deposited in NCBI GenBank database.
Conclusion
The study revealed the first report of using Trichoderma longibrachiatum as a promising biological agent against M. pseudophaseolina causing charcoal rot disease of lentil.
... Macrophomina phaseolina is known to cause disease on soybean in Iowa (Yang and Navi 2005), Korea (Ko et al. 2020), Minnesota (ElAraby et al. 2003, New York (Cummings and Bergstrom 2013), North Dakota (Bradley and Río 2003), Queensland (Poudel et al. 2021). Moreover, in Taiwan, the pathogen is known to infect white jute (Corchorus capsularis), jute mallow (Corchorus olitorius), Lawson cypress (Cupressus lawsoniana), kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus), sesame (Sesamum indicum) and G. max (Farr and Rossman 2021). ...
Plants of soybean (Glycine max) exhibiting charcoal rot were observed in Wandan Township of Pingtung County in Taiwan, in Sep 2019. The diseased plants displayed symptoms of root rot and leaf blight, as well as black microsclerotia were visible in the roots and lower stem of the infected plants. Based on cultural, morphological and DNA data, the pathogen was identified as Macrophomina phaseolina. Pathogenicity of M. phaseolina on soybean was confirmed by Koch's postulates. This fungus has been proposed to produces the mycotoxin (-)-botryodiplodin, and therefore, may produce a potential impact on food and feed safety in Taiwan.
... phaseolina) existed, however, phylogenetic studies, carried out in the last decade, have shown the existence of high genetic variability in the genus Macrophomina (SARR et al., 2014;MACHADO et al., 2019;ZHAO et al., 2019). Consequently, four new species of Macrophomina have been recently described: M. pseudophaseolina Crous, Sarr and Ndiaye found in crops of Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench., Arachis hypogaea L., Hibiscus sabdariffa L. and Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. in Senegal (SARR et al., 2014), A. hypogaea, Gossypium hirsutum L., Ricinus communis L., Jatropha curcas L. (MACHADO et al., 2019) and Manihot esculenta C. (BRITO et al., 2019), and in weeds of Boerhavia diffusa L. and (POUDEL et al., 2021). The study of adaptability components, widely used for new species of fungi, such as sensitivity to salinity and fungicide, mycelial growth at different temperatures and virulence has been very useful for evaluating the variability of the adaptability of isolates in populations of plant pathogenic fungi. ...
Macrophomina (Botryosphaeriaceae) is one of the main genera of soilborne phytopathogenic fungi, which causes root and seed rot in more than 800 host plants worldwide. Recent phylogenetic studies identified the species M. phaseolina and M. pseudophaseolina in Trianthema portulacastrum and Boerhavia diffusa in melon and watermelon production areas in northeastern Brazil. Therefore, the objective of this study was: i) to verify the effect of temperature and salinity on the mycelial growth of M. phaseolina, M. pseudophaseolina and M. euphorbiicola, ii) to assess their pathogenicity on melon and watermelon seedlings, and iii) to determine their sensitivity to the fungicide carbendazim. The optimal temperature for mycelial growth rate (MGR) for Macrophomina spp. ranged from 27.18 ºC (CMM4771 – M. pseudophaseolina) to 31.80 ºC (CMM4763 – M. phaseolina). For the effect of salinity on mycelial growth of Macrophomina isolates, the EC50 ranged from 103.76 (CMM4868 – M. euphorbiicola) to 315.25 mM (CMM4801 – M. pseudophaseolina). The pathogenicity test demonstrated that M. phaseolina, M. pseudophaseolina and M. euphorbiicola are pathogenic on melon with M. phaseolina exhibiting a higher level of virulence. Macrophomina euphorbiicola isolates did not cause disease in watermelon. The most sensitive isolates to the fungicide carbendazim were CMM4868, CMM4867 (M. euphorbiicola) and CMM1531 (M. phaseolina) with EC50 of 0.003, 0.012 and 0.012 mg.L⁻¹ a.i., respectively. All Macrophomina spp. used in these experiments were pathogenic to the tested melon and watermelon cultivars with the exception of the M. euphorbiicola isolate that did not cause damage to watermelon.
Keywords:
Citrullus lanatus; Cucumis melo; Salinity; Soilborne fungi; Temperature
... Based on the resulting ITS/Tef 1-α-gene tree (Figure 7), isolates could not be allocated to specific groups according to host or geographic origins, confirming the results of other studies focused on high genetic variability in M. phaseolina [11,[26][27][28][29]. ...
Climate change has led to the spread of plant pathogens in novel environments, causing
dramatic crop losses and economic damage. Botryosphaeriaceae represents a massive fungal family, containing a huge number of plant pathogens, which are able to infect several hosts. Among them, Macrophomina phaseolina is a necrotrophic fungus, responsible for several plant diseases, including the soft stem rot of common bean, crown rot on strawberry and charcoal rot of several legumes. Here, Macrophomina, causing crown charcoal rot in chickpeas, was isolated from symptomatic plants in Cicerale (SA), Campania, South Italy. Morphological and molecular characterization was carried
out and pathogenicity tests were performed. Phylogenetic analyses were performed comparing Macrophomina strains coming from different geographic areas and hosts. The experiments confirmed the pathogenicity of the isolate CREA OF 189.2 on chickpea, while host range highlighted the polyphagous nature of this strain; thus, symptoms were reported on lentils, common bean and cantaloupe. The multidisciplinary approach allows us to increase the knowledge about this emerging pathogen. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on Macrophomina phaseolina from chickpeas in Italy.
... phaseolina, M. pseudophaseolina [4], M. euphorbiicola [5], M. vaccinia [6] and M. tecta [7]. Isolates are easily identified on potato dextrose agar (PDA), from a characteristic dark mycelium and black microsclerotia. ...
... The information from the four markers was then integrated by concatenating them with AMAS [39] for increased phylogenetic resolution [40]. We included sequences for the same markers from reference strains of all described species in Macrophomina from Poudel et al. [7], and the sequence of the related fungus Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae, from the same family of M. phaseolina, was included as an external group. The GenBank accession numbers of the four markers of each isolate is on the Supplementary Material 1. ...
... The bean (Por-Lea) and corn (TOR-860) isolates classified together with reference samples of M. pseudophaseolina [4] and M. tecta [7], respectively, in the phylogenetic tree. Despite being different species, Por-Lea and TOR-860 did not exhibit noticeable differences in phenotype compared to the other isolates of M. phaseolina (Table 3, Supplementary Material 3 and 4). ...
Macrophomina phaseolina, is a pathogenic soil-borne fungus that affects more than 500 plant species, causing various types of disease to several crops, among which is the crown and root rot disease in strawberry. Its wide variability has been characterized reiteratively in the literature, but little is known about its virulence mechanisms. Morphological, physiological, genetic and phytopathogenic parameters were evaluated among 32 isolates of Macrophomina from different hosts occurring in Argentina and Spain. Colony characteristics, average size of microsclerotia, chlorate phenotype and mycelial growth at different temperatures (5º–40 °C), and pH (3.0–8.0) were recorded. The morphological and physiological traits were heterogeneous and did not show any association with the genetic structure nor with their pathogenicity. Most of the isolates (71.9%) exhibited chlorate-sensitive phenotype. The optimal growth temperature range was between 25 °C and 35 °C, and the optimal pH varied between 4.0 and 6.0. The genetic structure analyzed with four DNA markers (EF-1α, ITS, CAL and TUB) showed little diversity among isolates of M. phaseolina, with no clear association with the country of origin, but a significant association with the host. Based on their phylogenetic affinity, one isolate was reclassified as M. pseudophaseolina and another one as M. tecta. It is the first report of M. pseudophaseolina causing charcoal rot on beans, in Argentina, and the first report of M. tecta outside Australia. Pathogenicity tests on strawberry plants revealed marked host specialization, being the isolates obtained from strawberry more virulent than those from other hosts.
... More than two decades later, a comprehensive, multilaboratory comparison of different nuclear and mitochondrial DNA loci widely used in fungal phylogenetics concluded that the nrDNA ITS sequences are still the only reliable species DNA markers that can be used to infer phylogenies across all fungal groups (Schoch et al., 2012). In some intensively studied groups of fungi, multi-locus analyses based on specific sets of loci have already been established as the frameworks for phylogenetic analyses and molecular taxonomic studies (e.g., Marin-Felix et al., 2019;Vaghefi et al., 2020;Poudel et al., 2021); however, in most fungal groups, nrDNA sequences are still the sole basis for phylogenetic works (e.g., Crous et al., 2019Crous et al., , 2020Crous et al., , 2021. ...
Powdery mildew fungi ( Erysiphaceae ), common obligate biotrophic pathogens of many plants, including important agricultural and horticultural crops, represent a monophyletic lineage within the Ascomycota . Within the Erysiphaceae , molecular phylogenetic relationships and DNA-based species and genera delimitations were up to now mostly based on nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) phylogenies. This is the first comprehensive genome-scale phylogenetic analysis of this group using 751 single-copy orthologous sequences extracted from 24 selected powdery mildew genomes and 14 additional genomes from Helotiales , the fungal order that includes the Erysiphaceae . Representative genomes of all powdery mildew species with publicly available whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data that were of sufficient quality were included in the analyses. The 24 powdery mildew genomes included in the analysis represented 17 species belonging to eight out of 19 genera recognized within the Erysiphaceae . The epiphytic genera, all but one represented by multiple genomes, belonged each to distinct, well-supported lineages. Three hemiendophytic genera, each represented by a single genome, together formed the hemiendophytic lineage. Out of the 14 other taxa from the Helotiales , Arachnopeziza araneosa , a saprobic species, was the only taxon that grouped together with the 24 genome-sequenced powdery mildew fungi in a monophyletic clade. The close phylogenetic relationship between the Erysiphaceae and Arachnopeziza was revealed earlier by a phylogenomic study of the Leotiomycetes . Further analyses of powdery mildew and Arachnopeziza genomes may discover signatures of the evolutionary processes that have led to obligate biotrophy from a saprobic way of life. A separate phylogeny was produced using the 18S, 5.8S, and 28S nrDNA sequences of the same set of powdery mildew specimens and compared to the genome-scale phylogeny. The nrDNA phylogeny was largely congruent to the phylogeny produced using 751 orthologs. This part of the study has revealed multiple contamination and other quality issues in some powdery mildew genomes. We recommend that the presence of 28S, internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and 18S nrDNA sequences in powdery mildew WGS datasets that are identical to those determined by Sanger sequencing should be used to assess the quality of assemblies, in addition to the commonly used Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCO) values.
