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MOR-Panel density chart for particleboards made with alternative raw materials, for the panel density range 700-1090 kg/m 3 . MOE values (range 1000-3000 MPa) for particleboards made from alternative materials were plotted along with the related density of the produced panels in Figures 5 and 6.
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This contribution is a state-of-the-art review and synthesis on alternative materials used for bio-based composites, in particular for particleboards. Basic economical and ecological aspects of wood replacements for particleboards are discussed, and effects of on various mechanical properties are compiled. Synthesis and Ashby plots provide informat...
Citations
... A wide variety of materials such as agricultural residues, plantation of fast-growing and annual plants, and recycled wood products were subjected to investigations in order to find technically and economically feasible, ecologically friendly alternative raw materials which can be used in the manufacturing of wood-based composites. During the last few decades, properties of composites manufactured from a wide variety of plant-based raw materials have been technically found sufficient [8]. Although the availability and low density of agricultural residues seem to be advantageous, composites manufactured from these materials inherit inferior properties [9]. ...
The utilization of apple tree pruning as an alternative raw material to produce cement-bonded particleboard was investigated. Experimental cement-bonded particleboards measuring 500×500×12 mm with a nominal density of 1400 kg/m3 were prepared in laboratory conditions using different ratios (100/0,75/25,50/50,25/75,0/100) of apple tree pruning chips mixed Red Pine wood chips. The following basic properties required by the TS EN 312 standards were evaluated; water absorption, thickness swelling, bending properties, and screw withdrawal strength. Results of the study indicate that the addition of apple pruning in the mix of cement-bonded particleboard significantly influences the properties tested. Mechanical properties of the tested boards decreased while absorption and thickness swelling values of the cement-bonded particleboard were increased as the portion of apple pruning in the mixture was increased. Experimental boards which include apple tree pruning up to 25 % still meet properties required by the standards for general purpose-use cement-bonded particleboards. Apple tree pruning chips may be an alternative raw material for the manufacturing of cement-bonded particleboard.
... Hýsek and S. Żó łtowska described in this study (Hýsek et al., 2018b;Hýsková et al., 2020). Wheat and rapeseed stems have a lower equilibrium moisture content than wood (due to waxy and siliceous substances on their surface), but the UF adhesive also does not absorb moisture, unlike the lignin-based adhesive used in this study (Bekhta et al., 2013;Klímek and Wimmer, 2017). TS is fundamentally affected by the uptake of moisture, which binds to the free hydroxyl groups of hemicelluloses and amorphous parts of cellulose (Rowell, 2013). ...
The main aim of this work was the development of a novel adhesive based on lignin and beeswax suitable for the production of biocomposite materials from beech and spruce wood particles. Adhesive synthesis was based on natural and non-toxic products without any formaldehyde or other petroleum-based products (two adhesive variants were derived from beech and spruce kraft lignin filled with rapeseed straw powder; beeswax was used as a hydrophobizing agent). The thermal degradation properties and thermal stability of the prepared adhesives were evaluated using TGA and DSC. The prepared adhesives were used to produce particleboards. Consequently, the physical and mechanical properties of composites were evaluated in detail, as well as the character of bond rupture. The IR spectra (FTIR) of adhesives and particleboards were recorded in order to characterize the adhesives and composites from the chemical point of view. Particleboards produced from spruce particles achieved higher mechanical properties (IB, MOR, and MOE) than particleboards produced from beech particles. While the effect of the type of adhesive on mechanical properties was not observed, the adhesive used did affect physical properties; thickness swelling of boards was lower when using a beech-derived adhesive. Except for tensile shear strength and MOE, the developed adhesive did not reach values of reference UF adhesive. Based on the results it can be stated that the prepared adhesive can only be applied for internal purposes due to its ability to be hydrolyzed.
... From the figures, one can see that the bending strength of the particleboard made of different raw materials does not necessarily follow the trend of strength improved along with increasing density. e findings have been supported by Klimek and Wimmer [47]. However, it does prove that the particleboard manufactured from Eucalyptus species has comparable or even better bending strength compared to that of other wood species. ...
Forest covers 4.06 billion hectares (ha) or 31% of the total land area worldwide, where 93% (3.75 billion ha) are natural
regenerating forests and the remaining 7% (294 million ha) are planted forests. Eucalyptus spp., being one of the most important
plantation species, has been planted in 95 countries around the world, and the area of plantation has exceeded 22.57 million ha. In
the southern hemisphere, it is a significant industrial fast-growing tree species. +ese plantations serve as a valuable resource for
the timber and fibre-based industries. Eucalyptus is the main fibre resource for the pulp and paper industries in developed
countries. Timber extracted from the planted eucalyptus trees has long been used for solid wood and its fibres were used for
manufacturing medium-density fibreboard. In comparison to most softwood species, Eucalyptus timber is reported to have a
higher rigidity, making it ideal for manufacturing structural products. +erefore, this paper presents a review and analysis of the
recent state of research on the utilisation of planted eucalyptus for engineered wood products (EWPs) manufacturing. +is study
investigated Eucalyptus-based EWPs such as particleboard, fibreboard, oriented strand board, laminated veneer lumber, plywood,
glue laminated lumber, and cross-laminated lumber. +e feasibility of using planted Eucalyptus in the production of EWPs, as well
as the challenges encountered, was also discussed.
... In this context, the lignocelluloses residues from the post-harvest crop are receiving great scientific attention due to their wide variety of uses. These wastes have already been used to obtain different grades of composite materials (i.e., rice straw, rice husk, hemp husk, wheat straw, wheat husk, rapeseed straw, etc.) [20][21][22]. Moreover, due to their very good performance in sound absorption (Table 2), in different studies, it is reported that these natural fibers are widely used as reinforcement in industries for soundproofing composite panel manufacturing [23]. ...
Lignocelluloses residues from the post-harvest crop are receiving great scientific attention nowadays. Generally, the composite materials based on lignocelluloses waste present low density and weight, and better insulation properties compared with those petroleum-based. This study presents the results of experimental investigations regarding soundproofing capabilities for a composite material based on expanded perlite (EP) and natural polymers matrix (starch) reinforced with rapeseed stalks waste. The preparation of light-weight samples of composites was performed at room temperature through a mechanical mixing process of EP with starch polymers and rapeseed residues until optimum moisture content composition was obtained. Rapeseed stalks long fibers were avoided through the preliminary dry grinding procedure, and the composite was air-dried at room temperature for 48 h. Four samples of composites with different ratio of EP and rapeseed waste were considered. The evaluation of sample sound insulation characteristics was performed using the transfer-matrix method based on a four-microphone acoustic impedance tube. The paper concludes that the proposed composite provides comparative sound insulation capabilities to actual materials, with few particular aspects presented within the paper. Thus, these new materials are promising as a viable alternative to the actual large-scale utilization solutions in soundproofing applications.
... Feedstock procurement must also refer to where fiberboards are to be produced by verifying issues such as abundance, availability, accessibility, easy transport and other costs. Prices for wood chips have increased up to 30% between 2006 and 2011 [11], thus leading to an increase in the use of alternative resources to the present day. Van Dam et al. [12] defined the costs to produce particleboard. ...
... Among lignocellulosic materials, the use of agricultural residues has the added benefit of permitting the disposal of problematic solid waste, which usually does not have any economic alternative [14]. Many fiber-based industries increased their interest in the replacement of wood fibers, due to the low cost of agricultural by-products available worldwide, although total costs depend on the location, quality, and harvesting costs such as chopping, baling or on-farm hauling of crops, among which baling is the most expensive [11,15]. ...
Fiberboards are readily available components which can be used in construction for various functions such as furniture, insulation, or soundproofing. Research in the field of fiberboards has developed considerably in trying to match the practical needs of the construction element together with the new environmental challenges, that favour the production of panels in using by-products without adhesives. This review article presents an overview on fiberboard production and may offer a way to establish all the necessary steps to make binderless fiberboards attractive on the market, by considering economic and sustainable issues. Feedstock procurement is analysed, considering the effect of chemical composition of raw material on fiberboard quality. Lignin represents the most important component for bonding ability. However, at the same time, the need to use a by-product, which may result in choosing a material with less lignin and more hemicelluloses, will worsen dimensional stability, and therefore, a pre-treatment of lignocellulosic material may be necessary. Many pre-treatments have been studied and optimised in recent years. This paper analyses mechanical, chemical, hydrothermal and biological ones, and considers the pros and cons of each one of them. The choice of pre-treatment depends on which result is to be achieved. Some applications are considered to conclude the production chain. What emerges is that the application phase is not yet fully developed and scaling up from laboratory to the industrial stage is not yet achieved.
... Winter rapeseed stalks are an abundant raw material in the European Union, with about 45 million tonnes produced annually [13], which would approximately two times suffice for the annual consumption of wood for the production of particleboard in the EU [14]. In addition to the production of bioethanol [15], it can be successfully used in the production of particleboard [16]. ...
The development of composite materials from alternative raw materials, and the design of their properties for the intended purpose is an integral part of the rational management of raw materials and waste recycling. The submitted paper comprehensively assesses the physical and mechanical properties of sandwich composite material made from particles of winter rapeseed stalks, geopolymer and reinforcing basalt lattices. The developed composite panel is designed for use as a filler in constructions (building or building joinery). The observed properties were: bending characteristics, internal bonding, thermal conductivity coefficient and combustion characteristics. The results showed that the density of the particleboard has a significant effect on the resulting mechanical properties of the entire sandwich panel. On the contrary, the density of the second layer of the sandwich panel, geopolymer, did not have the same influence on its mechanical properties as the density of the particleboard. The basalt fibre reinforcement lattice positively affected the mechanical properties of sandwich composites only if it was sufficiently embedded in the structure of the particle board. All of the manufactured sandwich composites resisted flame for more than 13 min and the fire resistance was positively affected by the density of the geopolymer layer.
... Nevertheless, thanks to improved woodworking technolo- gies, this wood is increasingly being used in the production of glued laminated timber or cross-laminated timber, where its value increases ( ). However, the lack of lower quality logs is Klímek and Wimmer, 2017 not only caused by the above-mentioned competition, as the potential mass for the production of chips is also used by the paper, energy and chemical industries. The requirements for the supply of this wood material are increasing and have already resulted in its shortage, which is re ected, for example, by a reduction in the pro ts of woodworking fl fi enterprises ( ; ; ...
... A possible solution may be partial re- Bostedt et al., 2016 placement of wood by post-harvest crop residues in the production of composite materials, and this solution seems appropriate both eco- nomically and politically ( ). In recent years, Klímek and Wimmer, 2017 research focusing on the use of alternative raw materials in wood-based composites has already been carried out. Research has been conducted concerning the use of oil palm trunk ( ), rapeseed straw Lee et al., 2018 ( ;), soybean and wheat straw Dukarska et al., 2017Dukarska et al., Hýsek et al., 2018b; ), durian Sitz et al., 2017Hýsek et al., 2018aBoquillon et al., 2004 peel and coconut coir ( ), hemp bres and rice husks Khedari et al., 2004 fi ( , ), castor stalks ( Battegazzore et al., 2017Grigoriou and Ntalos, 2001 Guntekin and Karakus, 2008 ), eggplant stalk ( ), sun ower, topi- fl nambour and cup-plant ( , ). ...
... Due to their high cellulose content and brous structure, fi the husks have the potential to be used in cellulose-based composites. Based on the weight ratio between wheat and husk production of about 5:1 ( ; ; McCartney et al., 2006Bledzki et al., 2010 or evi and Antov, 2016), we are able to estimate that approximately 30 × 10 6 t of wheat husk ( ) are produced annually in the European Union, Eurostat, 2017 which, in terms of weight, represents 1.5 times the amount of wood needed for particle board production in the European Union (Klímek and Wimmer 2017). The husks are currently used for feeding livestock or biofuel production ( ). ...
https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1XhQK3IipngHi9
The effect of different types of winter wheat husks treatments (alkaline, hydrothermal and plasma treatment) on the properties of the particle material, as well as on composite materials made from such pre-treated husks, was studied. After pre-treatment, the surface energy, equilibrium moisture content, surface morphology using SEM, elemental content on the surface and the fluorescence life time (FLIM) of husks were estimated, as well as the IR spectra (FTIR) of pre-treated husks. Boards with target density of 450 kg/m3 were produced using urea-formaldehyde resin (resination 9%) and the equilibrium moisture content, thickness swelling, vertical density profile, internal bonding, bending strength and insulation properties of boards were examined. Modification in 2% sodium hydroxide solution caused noticeable erosion of husks resulting in higher lignin content, higher equilibrium moisture of husks and consequently higher thickness swelling of boards made from pre-treated husks and lower mechanical properties of those boards. Both hydrothermal (boiling in water) and plasma treatment (air plasma at atmospheric pressure, jet system of application) resulted in the desired effect in terms of an increase in the surface energy of husks, decrease of husk equilibrium moisture content and increase of mechanical properties of boards. All of the manufactured boards exhibited low thermal conductivity that ranged from 0.0714 W/(mK) to 0.0783 W/(mK).
... Similar findings were also reported by Lertsutthiwong et al. (2008) who used tissue paper and corn peel as raw materials for the particleboard production. However, Klimek and Wimmer (2017) compared particleboard made from wood, wood pruning, straw and leaves as well as plant's stalks and concluded that particleboard with comparable MOR as wood-based particleboard could be produced from agri-residues. However, improvement is needed for straw based and husks and hulls based particleboard. ...
Chemical, thermal properties, surface characteristics, termite resistance and physico-mechanical properties of urea formaldehyde-bonded oil palm trunk particleboard post heat-treated in palm oil were investigated. Oven dried samples were immersed in palm oil for 24 h prior to expose to temperature of 180, 200 and 220 °C in a laboratory oven for 2 h. Alternation in the chemical composition of treated samples was investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Thermal properties analysis was conducted using Thermogravimetric (TG) and Different scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis. Surface characteristics were checked using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) while resistance against subterranean termite, Coptotermes curvignathus, was evaluated. Physcial and mechanical properties of the samples was assessed based on anti-swelling efficiency (ASE), water repellency efficiency (WRE), bending and internal bonding strength. Degradation of hemicellulose shown in FTIR spectra has contributed to the improvement in dimensional stability. Oil-covered particles as shown in SEM give the particleboard lower water uptake. Treated samples also possess better thermal stability and better resistance against termites as the weight loss caused by termites reduced from 25.6% to 11.0%. Generally, improvement in dimensional stability accompanied by severe reduction in mechanical strength were recorded in the treated samples.
The thesis presents the research on fire-resistant materials and their application in
building constructions for the purpose of preventing and protecting the safety of people when a fire occurs. The thesis author has applied the technology of surface treatment by coating fire-resistant composite materials on the surface of base materials in building structures. The coating of fire-resistant composite materials on the structural surfaces can be fire-retardant and prevent the spread of fire to increase the time for evacuating the people in the case of fire. The fire-resistant composite materials developed in the thesis were based on a geopolymer matrix commercialized in the Czech Republic.
The use of alternative raw materials such as agricultural biomass and recycled wood waste and by-products in particleboard production is a viable approach to respond to the increased global demand for wood-based materials, and it is a key circular economy principle as well. Wood chips are the second most costly element after resin in particleboard production, accounting for around 20% of the overall production cost. Therefore, a significant cost reduction could be achieved by replacing wood chips with lignocellulosic agricultural wastes. Agricultural biomass exists in abundant post-harvest and post-production processes and can be served as an ideal alternative for particleboard manufacturing. This study aimed to review and evaluate the current state-of-the-art particleboard production using a wide variety of environmentally-friendly agricultural biomass, recycled wood waste, and by-products. In this review, the agricultural biomass used for particleboard production was classified into seven different groups based on the part of the plant which they are extracted from, i.e. straw, stalk, bagasse, seed/fruit, leaf, grass, and palms. Particleboards' properties of these raw materials were also compared in terms of their mechanical parameters. The last part of this review concluded the challenges and future potential of using agricultural biomass and recycled wood waste.
