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MODIS Chl a images on (a) 7-9 May 2003 (pre-eruption), (b) 15 May 2003 (5 days after eruption), and (c) 17 May 2003 (7 days after eruption). (d and e) Shown are the corresponding MODIS FLH images for the boxed regions in Figures 3b and 3c. Black arrows in Figures 3d and 3e depict the locations of the bloom spectra in Figure 6, while the black square in Figure 3e depicts the location of the reference oligotrophic background spectra in Figure 6. The circle in Figure 3c depicts the bloom location for the spectral analysis in Figure 5.
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8 [1] In the western North Pacific subtropical ocean, the Anatahan volcano of the Mariana 9 Islands erupted on 10 May 2003 for the first time in recorded history. Based on nine 10 different remote sensing data provided by NASA, laboratory experiment of the Anatahan 11 samples, and a 3‐D ocean circulation model developed by the U.S. Naval Research 1...
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Spaceborne remote sensing of high-temperature volcanic features offers an excellent opportunity to monitor the onset and development of new eruptive activity. To provide a basis for real-time response during eruptive events, we designed and developed the volcano monitoring system that we call HOTSAT. This multiplatform system can elaborate both Mod...
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... n the results above, it can be seen that smoke aerosols reached the western Pacific Ocean on 28 March where is regarded as the low-nutrient low-chlorophyll (LNLC) seas (Tan et al., 2013). Previous studies have shown that in LNLC regions, the main factors that affect Chl-a concentration are nutrient salts form aerosol deposition (Calil et al., 2011;I.-I. Lin et al., 2011). In order to better evaluate the responses of ocean to the smoke aerosols deposition and exclude the influence of terrestrial runoff inputs, an area far away from the mainland with relatively complete multi-source data was selected based on the area of smoke aerosol transport and deposition. ...
Smoke aerosols from wildfires play a vital role in marine ecosystems and the ocean carbon cycle. This study analyzed a severe wildfires incident occurred in the Indo‐China Peninsula on 26 March 2019, and assessed its impact on ocean carbon sink. The satellite observations showed that the wildfires covered an area of about 56% of the entire peninsula, burning an area of 1.17 × 10⁶ km². Consequently, the wildfires discharged about 0.43 × 10⁹ kg carbon. Moreover, a substantial amount of smoke released by severe wildfires was carried downstream by the wind and reached the western Pacific Ocean within 2 days. These smoke aerosols contribute to the ocean carbon sink through the mechanisms of the biological pump and their own carbon deposition. Model simulation results showed smoke aerosols contribute 6.44 × 10⁴ kg black carbon to surface ocean by their own carbon deposition. Moreover, during the period of smoke aerosol's deposition, the flourishing growth of phytoplankton resulted in an increased carbon export of 0.25 ± 0.09 × 10⁹ kg carbon (the biological pump mechanism), which represented approximately 57.97% ± 20.30% of the carbon emissions originating from the wildfire‐affected source region. Our research showed a positive impact of large wildfires on the ocean carbon sink, indicating the potential of smoke aerosols to alleviate the climate pressures resulting from carbon dioxide released by wildfires through improving the capacity of ocean carbon sink.
... Excess CO 2 from volcanism dissolved in the water and accelerated the chemical weathering of volcanic bedrock, yielding abundant K þ , Na þ , and HCO 3 À (Earman et al., 2005;Pecoraino et al., 2015), which provided dominant ions to enable the hydrochemical evolution of alkaline lakes. In addition, inorganic nutrient elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, and calcium from volcanic ash and debris fell or flowed into the lake, facilitating the lake's eutrophia and inducing the bloom of aquatic phytoplankton such as cyanobacteria and algae (Lin et al., 2011;Schagerl and Renaut, 2016). It was previously investigated that volcanic events were prevalent during the early stage of the Fengcheng Fm. . ...
... Previous work has shown how volcanic ash entering ocean environments may promote primary productivity (Longman et al., 2019). For example, it was found that the Anatahan volcanic eruption in the northeast of the Mariana Islands in 2003 caused an algae bloom of 4.8 × 10 3 km 2 in the western Pacific (Lin et al., 2011), linked with significant increase in ocean surface chlorophyll (Hamme et al., 2010). Specifically, previous works have suggested a tectonic control on the availability of phosphorus and in turn oxygen in the Ediacaran Ocean led to the rapid evolution of animals observed in the fossil record of the period (Laakso et al., 2020;Williams et al., 2019). ...
Several K-bentonite beds have been discovered in the upper part of the Ediacaran system in South China. Existing researches mainly focus on the zircon U-Pb geochronology of the K-bentonites. However, the nature of the primary magmas of the K-bentonites, the tectonic setting of their source volcanoes, the significance of their geochemical correlation, and their potential implications to evolution of late Ediacaran life have not been unraveled. Here, whole-rock and zircon geochemical studies have been carried out on the K-bentonites in the top of the Miaohe Member from the Jiuqunao section, and in the basal Liuchapo Formation and the lower Dengying Formation from the Fanglong section. The major and trace element contents of the K-bentonites and the trace element contents of volcanic zircons in the K-bentonites suggest that the nature of the primary magmas of the K-bentonites
from the Fanglong and Jiuqunao sections is trachyandesitic. The oxygen isotope compositions of the volcanic zircons in the K-bentonites suggest that the source magmas of the K-bentonites from the two sections are mainly from the crust. The whole-rock Y-Nb, Ta/Yb-Th/Yb, Yb-Th/Ta, and Ta/Hf-Th/Hf diagrams, and the volcanic zircon Hf-U/Yb, Y-U/Yb, Th/U-Nb/Hf, and Th/Nb-Hf/Th diagrams of the K-bentonites show that the tectonic setting of source volcanoes of the K-bentonites was a convergent environment, which may be the result of the assembly of Gondwana during late Ediacaran. The geochemical results suggest that the K-bentonites in the basal Liuchapo Formation at the Fanglong section are correlative with the K-bentonite in the top of the Miaohe Member at the Jiuqunao section. Therefore, the geochemical correlation of the K-bentonites indicate that the age
of 550.5 ± 1.0 Ma for the K-bentonite in the top of the Miaohe Member may be too young to be used as the end time of the Doushantuo negative carbon isotope excursion (DOUNCE), and that the end time of this event should be older than the age 557 ± 3 Ma of the K-bentonite in the lower part of the Dengying Formation at the Fanglong section. Thus, the termination of the DOUNCE and the Shuram carbon isotope excursion (terminated at 567.3 ± 3.0 Ma) may be isochronous. As volcanic ashfall events are known to supply nutrients to the oceans, we hypothesise that the widespread volcanism of the late Ediacaran may have enhanced oceanic productivity and play a role in the evolution of life at this time.
... Note that satellite, in situ, and incubation results are all presented as colored squares. (bottom) The relative change in chlorophyll-a concentration (circle and triangle symbols) and growth rate (square symbols) relative to a baseline (i.e., value after ash addition divided by value prior to ash addition) due to different concentrations of ash in seawater Satellite values are taken from Lin et al., 2011. In situ observations are from Mélançon et al., 2014, Browning et al., 2014, and Achterberg et al., 2013. ...
Volcanic eruptions can be catastrophic events, particularly when they occur in inhabited coastal environments. They also play important roles in climate and biogeochemical cycles, including through nutrient deposition in the ocean. Volcanic ash studies in the ocean have focused on the phytoplankton response, generally quantifying changes in chlorophyll-a concentration. Many gaps remain in addressing fundamental questions regarding why volcanic ash deposition may enhance or limit both phytoplankton growth and/or drive community composition shifts. Here we outline a wide, multidisciplinary vision for monitoring volcanic eruptions near ocean ecosystems from satellites, including considerations for characteristics of airborne volcanic ash and ash geochemistry in seawater. Ultimately, observations beyond chlorophyll-a are needed to quantify phytoplankton communities (including harmful algal blooms) and possible impacts across higher trophic levels. We synthesize relevant research from volcanic studies as well as atmospheric and ocean sciences to identify the 'known unknowns' in ash-ecosystem studies. Our goal is to move toward an improved understanding of how real-time and near-real-time monitoring of volcanic eruptions can help address societally relevant questions.
... This can occur on local to regional scales, with wide ranges in the nutrient supply, dependant on ash-loading, ash particle size, chemical composition, and surface salt coatings (Duggen et al., 2007;Hamilton et al., 2022). Several studies have shown that elevated fluxes of metals and nutrients following the deposition of volcanic ash stimulated primary productivity (PP) not only in high-nitrate low-chlorophyll (HNLC) regions but also in low-nitrate lowchlorophyll (LNLC) regions (Hamme et al., 2010;Langmann et al., 2010;Lin et al., 2011;Achterberg et al., 2013;Olgun et al., 2013b). Accordingly, volcanic ash has been suggested as a fertilizer material to promote ocean productivity Hamme et al., 2010;Olgun et al., 2013b;Longman et al., 2019;Longman et al., 2020). ...
... Whiteside et al. (2023) revealed that there were extremely high amounts of suspended ash particles in the surface waters around the Hunga volcano 2 days after 2022 eruption, which probably led to ash-contaminated Chl-a estimates but 9 days after the eruption the ash-related values recovered to normal, suggesting the removal of ash signal in the surface with time. In addition, previous studies have shown that the phytoplankton began to respond five to six days after deposition of volcanic ash, as shown in mesoscale ironfertilization experiments (Coale et al., 2004;Duggen et al., 2007;Langmann et al., 2010;Lin et al., 2011;Yoon et al., 2018). Therefore, in the context of this study, the increase in Chl-a at a time period ∼6 days after 2022 Hunga eruption, potentially after sinking of ash particles below surface waters, would exclude the misinterpretation of Chl-a estimates by ash particles itself in the surface water (Langmann et al., 2010). ...
When it is deposited in the ocean, volcanic ash has the potential to release iron and other nutrients into surface water to stimulate ocean productivity. In the western South Pacific Ocean (SPO), one of the most important volcanic ash deposition regions, occasional widespread transport of volcanic ash may supply the nutrients not only locally around source islands but also within the wider the western SPO, accompanied by phytoplankton response. Through a comparative analysis of satellite and reanalysis data for the past 19 years (2004–2022), this study reveals that four explosive volcanic eruptions, Rabaul volcano, Papua New Guinea (October, 2006), Ambae volcano, Vanuatu (July, 2018), Ulawun volcano, Papua New Guinea (June, 2019), and Hunga volcano, Tonga (January, 2022), had the most strong stratospheric injection (>15 km) and mass loading of volcanic materials over the wider the western SPO (covering an area of >765,000 km²). The transport of 2006, 2018, 2019 volcanic emissions, was not likely associated with significant ash deposition over the western SPO. However, the Hunga eruption led to the deposition of ash-laden volcanic plumes over a wide area (~2,000 km from source), and was followed by the increase in chlorophyll-a concentrations (Chl-a) in the region (~70% increase). Minor changes related to other nutrient sources (e.g., hydrothermal input) suggest a link between the increase in Chl-a and 2022 Hunga ash falls over the western SPO. Our results indicate that volcanic ash deposition has implications for phytoplankton productivity in the western SPO, and highlights the need for further research into understanding how nutrient supply alleviated limitations of phytoplankton at the community level.
... The first multi-platform observation (using SeaWiFS images and in-situ data) of the impact of a volcano eruption was provided by Uematsu et al. (2004), who observed the enhancement of primary productivity caused by the additional atmospheric deposition from the Miyake-jima Volcano in the nutrient-deficient region south of the Kuroshio. Lin et al. (2011) observed abnormally high phytoplankton biomass from satellite and elevated concentrations of limiting nutrients, from laboratory experiments, caused by aerosol released by the Anatahan Volcano in 2003. The eruption of Kīlauea volcano triggered a diatom-dominated phytoplankton bloom near Hawaii . ...
The ocean plays a central role in modulating the Earth’s carbon cycle. Monitoring how the ocean carbon cycle is changing is fundamental to managing climate change. Satellite remote sensing is currently our best tool for viewing the ocean surface globally and systematically, at high spatial and temporal resolutions, and the past few decades have seen an exponential growth in studies utilising satellite data for ocean carbon research. Satellite-based observations must be combined with in-situ observations and models, to obtain a comprehensive view of ocean carbon pools and fluxes. To help prioritise future research in this area, a workshop was organised that assembled leading experts working on the topic, from around the world, including remote-sensing scientists, field scientists and modellers, with the goal to articulate a collective view of the current status of ocean carbon research, identify gaps in knowledge, and formulate a scientific roadmap for the next decade, with an emphasis on evaluating where satellite remote sensing may contribute. A total of 449 scientists and stakeholders participated (with balanced gender representation), from North and South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Oceania. Sessions targeted both inorganic and organic pools of carbon in the ocean, in both dissolved and particulate form, as well as major fluxes of carbon between reservoirs (e.g., primary production) and at interfaces (e.g., air-sea and land–ocean). Extreme events, blue carbon and carbon budgeting were also key topics discussed. Emerging priorities identified include: expanding the networks and quality of in-situ observations; improved satellite retrievals; improved uncertainty quantification; improved understanding of vertical distributions; integration with models; improved techniques to bridge spatial and temporal scales of the different data sources; and improved fundamental understanding of the ocean carbon cycle, and of the interactions among pools of carbon and light. We also report on priorities for the specific pools and fluxes studied, and highlight issues and concerns that arose during discussions, such as the need to consider the environmental impact of satellites or space activities; the role satellites can play in monitoring ocean carbon dioxide removal approaches; economic valuation of the satellite based information; to consider how satellites can contribute to monitoring cycles of other important climatically-relevant compounds and elements; to promote diversity and inclusivity in ocean carbon research; to bring together communities working on different aspects of planetary carbon; maximising use of international bodies; to follow an open science approach; to explore new and innovative ways to remotely monitor ocean carbon; and to harness quantum computing. Overall, this paper provides a comprehensive scientific roadmap for the next decade on how satellite remote sensing could help monitor the ocean carbon cycle, and its links to the other domains, such as terrestrial and atmosphere.
... Studies on modern oceans have shown that volcanic material rapidly releases various nutrient salts when entering water (Frogner et al., 2001;Olsson et al., 2013;Li et al., 2014). These salts promote oceanic primary productivity, especially for those areas depleted of some elements necessary for life, such as Fe and P (Duggen et al., 2007;Hamme et al., 2010;Lin et al., 2011;Olgun et al., 2011;Longman et al., 2021). Therefore, though organic matter accumulation is controlled by many factors (e.g., productivity, redox condition, sedimentation rate), volcanism is an important productivity driver in geological history. ...
Volcanism had been an important factor in several geological events, usually recorded by volcanic ash layers (bentonites). However, most volcanic eruption materials were dispersed and mixed with sediments as cryptotephra (invisible volcanic ash layers), unrecognisable by the naked eye, making the role of volcanism in major geological events obscure. Via analysis and correlation of the sources, diagenetic processes, and geochemical features of bentonites, this study established a set of new geochemical fingerprints for cryptotephra identification within shales, reconstructed the volcanic activities in the Lower Yangtze region during the O/S transition, and discussed the impact of volcanism on the Late Ordovician mass extinction (LOME) and related climate events. The main findings are: (1) Zr, Hf, Zr/Cr, Zr/Al2O3, Cr/Al2O3, V/Al2O3, Ni/Al2O3, SiO2/Al2O3, and K2O/Rb were relatively reliable geochemical fingerprints of volcanic material input within shales, and useful in reconstructing the volcanic activities in the Lower Yangtze region during the O/S transition. (2) The prolonged volcanic eruptions were sustained between the visible volcanic ash layers and characterised by two stages namely intensive volcanism, during the middle–late Katian and at the Hirnantian/Rhuddanian transition, and much weaker volcanism, during the very late Katian to early Hirnantian. (3) The intensive volcanism identified in middle–late Katian was tightly coupled with rapid biodiversity decline, and the prolonged (3–4 Ma) volcanic activities could have continuously affected the ecosystem, ultimately causing the first pulse of the LOME. In addition, the identified strong volcanic activities at the Hirnantian/Rhuddanian boundary were coincident with the second pulse of the LOME. The relationship between intensive volcanism and the two pulses of the LOME further supports a volcanic stressor for the biotic crises. (4) Volcanism was not only an important factor for marine productivity in geological history but also a nonnegligible mechanism for the Hirnantian glaciation. The methods and the geochemical fingerprints proposed in this study can serve as references for volcanism reconstruction and its environmental implications in other geological periods.
... Previous studies have detected patches of increased chlorophyll by satellite offshore of Japan after the eruption of Miyake-jima volcano (Uematsu et al., 2004), in the NE Pacific following the eruption of Kasatochi volcano (Hamme et al., 2010;Langmann et al., 2010), and in the western Pacific following an eruption in the Mariana Islands (Lin et al., 2011). In general, Fe from volcanic fallout is viewed as the main driver of enhanced primary productivity , but field sampling is too sparse to fully describe the overall nutrient dynamics in those perturbed environments. ...
The 2018, subaerial eruption of Kīlauea volcano, Hawaii, resulted in a 5‐km‐long stretch of coastline that actively drained lava into the ocean. Nutrients were added to the surrounding ocean through the dissolution of basaltic rock and thermal upwelling of deep water, thereby fueling a large phytoplankton bloom. Lava‐impacted, surface seawater had high suspended particle loads, and concentrations of chlorophyll, silicic acid, phosphate (Pi), nitrate, and iron that were elevated up to 12, 36, 5, 960, and 1,400 times, respectively, above the background oligotrophic levels. Widespread precipitation of iron oxyhydroxides (Feox) led to extensive scavenging of the dissolved Pi pool, similar to what occurs along mid‐ocean ridge hydrothermal systems. This scavenging transformed a “fertilization” event into a Pi sink near the coast of the ocean entry; however, nutrient data from outside the bloom suggest that Pi could also desorb from the Feox as it is dispersed into the open ocean. From lava quench experiments, we estimate that the hydration state of the Feox precipitate (H2O/Fe) was 5.2–5.7, and that the equilibrium partition coefficient of Pi into Feox (solid/liquid) was 10⁶. In addition, ³³Pi radiotracer incubations were used to differentiate between biotic and abiotic uptake of Pi at Kīlauea's ocean entry. These findings are important for understanding modern‐day volcanic fertilization events, modeling nutrient dynamics during major events in Earth history (such as oxygenation of the atmosphere and the formation of large igneous provinces), and predicting the marine response to greater continental weathering in a warming climate.
... Pumice may also provide elements that commonly limit autotroph growth in freshwater environments, such as P, or key trace metals such as Fe in the ocean. Thus, these inputs of elements may act as fertilisers (Frogner, Gíslason & Óskarsson, 2001;Hamme et al., 2010;Lin et al., 2011). Langmann et al. (2010) discussed the role of volcanic tephra in the marine biogeochemical Fe cycle, marine primary productivity and the ocean-atmosphere exchange of CO 2 and other gases. ...
Volcanic eruptions modify environments physically and chemically with serious consequences for the biota. In this review, we analysed 80 papers reporting the effects of volcanic eruptions in freshwater environments and on freshwater organisms. An increase in water turbidity is the most common reported physical effect while increases in concentrations of inorganic elements, many representing nutrients for primary producers, are the most common chemical effects. Bacterial growth is usually stimulated, while autotrophs can be either positively or negatively affected depending on the type of impact. A persistent effect reported in the biota is changes to the assemblage, which could generate further changes in terms of ecosystem functions. This analysis also identifies some information gaps, particularly involving the effects of eruptions on heterotrophic biofilms in streams and on invertebrates and fish in lakes. Most studies were carried out soon after the volcanic eruption, so it is difficult to assess the recovery of the ecosystems. Eruptions present unique opportunities for scientific discovery, although such studies are often hindered by a lack of pre‐eruption data, which would allow for a more comprehensive assessment of the effects.
... Research cruises in different seasons (spring and summer) as part of IBIS were conducted during and after an eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano which impacted the study region (Achterberg et al., 2013). The study therefore allowed for a unique seasonal perspective of the effects of trace element cycling in the study region, including a direct assessment of volcanic inputs, for which some indirect but few direct observations exist (e.g., Duggen et al., 2007;Hamme et al., 2010;Lin et al., 2011). A recent paper has reported on the distributions of dissolved and dissolvable Fe in the study region as part of IBIS Programme . ...
We present dissolved and total dissolvable trace elements for spring and summer cruises in 2010 in the high‐latitude North Atlantic. Surface and full depth data are provided for Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the Iceland and Irminger Basins, and consequences of biological uptake and inputs by the spring Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption are assessed. Ash from Eyjafjallajökull resulted in pronounced increases in Al, Mn, and Zn in surface waters in close proximity to Iceland during the eruption, while 3 months later during the summer cruise levels had returned to more typical values for the region. The apparent seasonal removal ratios of surface trace elements were consistent with biological export. Assessment of supply of trace elements to the surface mixed layer for the region, excluding volcanic inputs, indicated that deep winter mixing was the dominant source, with diffusive mixing being a minor source (between 13.5% [dissolved Cd, DCd] and −2.43% [DZn] of deep winter flux), and atmospheric inputs being an important source only for DAl and DZn (DAl up to 42% and DZn up to 4.2% of deep winter + diffusive fluxes) and typically less than 1% for the other elements. Elemental supply ratios to the surface mixed layer through convection were comparable to apparent removal ratios we calculated between spring and summer. Given that deep mixing dominated nutrient and trace element supply to surface waters, predicted increases in water column stratification in this region may reduce supply, with potential consequences for primary production and the biological carbon pump.
