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ML phylogram generated in Mega 5 from the alignment of 35 combined ITS1, 5.8S subunit, and ITS2 regions of the genomic ribosomal RNA sequences of Paecilomyces species using Tamura 3-parameter model with complete deletion gap handling and 1,000-replication bootstrapping.
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Oak dieback is one of the most important diseases that presently affects the Kermanshah oak forests (West Iran). During the period from 2013 to 2015, oak trees exhibiting branch dieback were sampled, and fungal colonies resembling those of the Paecilomyces sp. were obtained from diseased tissues. Based on morphology, physiology, and phylogeny of th...
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... the blast search tool, our isolates (MH567069 to MH567073) showed 99 percent similarity (100 percent overlap) with the Paecilomyces formosus deposited in GenBank reported from the United States (KC157764), Hong Kong (KJ207405), and India (MF491637). In phylogeny trees based on ITS sequences, our isolates were clustered in a distinct monophyletic clade related to Paecilomyces formosus from other authors with high confidence ( Samson et al. 2009) (Figure 2). ...
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... Apart from foods, species also grow on and damage items made of wood, leather, paper and textiles (Brown & Smith 1957). Similarly, P. formosus sensu lato (Samson et al. 2009) can be found on a wide range of substrates and has occasionally been reported to cause disease in humans (Heshmatnia et al. 2017), animals (Anderson et al. 2022) and trees (Heidarian et al. 2018;Sabernasab et al. 2019;Rostami & Jamali 2023), and it has also been shown to have potential as a plant growth promotor (Khan et al. 2012). Here we report two genomes of P. lecythidis. ...
The pace at which Next Generation Sequence data is being produced continues to accelerate as technology improves. As a result, such data are increasingly becoming accessible to biologists outside of the field of bioinformatics. In contrast, access to training in the methods of genome assembly and annotation are not growing at a similar rate. In this issue, we report on a Genome Assembly Workshop for Mycologists that was held at the Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI) at the University of Pretoria, South Africa and make available the 12 draft genome sequences emanating from the event. With the aim of making the process of genome assembly and annotation more accessible to biologists, we provide a step-by-step guide to both genome assembly and annotation, intended to encourage and empower mycologists to use genome data in their research.
... Re-isolation of pathogen from all inoculated plants after observation of symptoms were performed, thus completing Koch's postulates. P. formosus has been reported to infect a broad range of hosts (Sabernasab et al. 2019;Rostami and Jamali 2022). This study represents the first report of this species on A. foetida worldwide. ...
trees under controlled conditions. The results of the patho-genicity test demonstrated that all the isolates of P. formosus were pathogenic to inoculated branches and plants. Re-isolation of pathogen from all inoculated plants after observation of symptoms were performed, thus completing Koch's postulates. P. formosus has been reported to infect a broad range of hosts (Sabernasab et al. 2019; Rostami and Jamali 2022). This study represents the first report of this species on A. foetida worldwide. References Rostami T, Jamali S (2022) First report of dieback of Salix acmophylla caused by Paecilomyces formosus in Iran. Plant Dis 106: 2518 Sabernasab M, Jamali S, Marefat A, Abbasi S (2019) Molecular and pathogenic characteristics of Paecilomyces formosus, a new causal agent of oak tree dieback in Iran. For Sci 65(6):743-750 Saeedi S, Jamali S (2021) Molecular characterization and distribution of Fusarium isolates from uncultivated soils and chickpea plants in Iran with special reference to Fusarium redolens. J Plant Pathol 103(1):167-183 Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to juris-dictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Stinking bean trefoil (Anagyris foetida L.) tree is an important and valuable forestry species. Stinking bean trefoil dieback is one of the most important diseases that presently affects the Gilan-e Gharb forest in Kermanshah province , west Iran. Branch samples were collected randomly from 25 trees showing symptoms of yellowing, wilting, branch dieback, and internal wood necrosis. Wood pieces (3-6 mm) were cut from the margin between healthy and dead tissue, surface sterilized by sodium hypochlorite (0.5% active chlorine) and then plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) supplemented with 25 µg/mL chloramphenicole and 100 mg/l streptomycin sulfate as bacterial inhibitors (Saeedi and Jamali 2021). Total genomic DNA was extracted from single conidial cultures of ten representative isolates using the CTAB method. The ITS-1/ITS-4 and βt2a/βt2b primer pairs were used to amplify the amplify ITS regions, and β-tub gene, respectively. Colony culture, micro-morphological and physiological characteristics of the fungal isolates recoverd from stinking bean trefoil trees with dieback symptoms matched description of P. formosus. A BLAST search of GenBank showed that the ITS, and β-tub sequences were similar to those of Paecilomyces formosus. The result of the multigene phylogenetic analysis was in accordance with the molecular identification based on DNA sequences in BLAST search, thus resolving the morphological identification. To fulfill Koch's postulates, the pathogenicity tests in vivo were conducted by artificial inoculation of 2-year-old potted A. foetida plants, and detached branches of healthy
... . (Bauch et al., 199;Butin, 19951 (White et al., 1990;Glass & Donaldson, 1995) . Samson et al., 2009;Sabernasab et al., 2019;Heidarian et al., 2018;Torabi et al., 2019 (Samson et al., 2009) . ...
... . Mohammadi & Sharifi, 2016;Sabernasab et al., 2019;Mirabdollahi Shamsi et al., 2019;Ghasemi-Sardareh & Mohammadi, 2020 ...
Accurate identification of the host species is critically important for disease detection and informing appropriate disease management decisions. Paecilomyces formosus, a causal agent of dieback and decline of oak, is an emerging threat that may cause severe risk to the Zagros forests of Iran in the future. In this study, a nested PCR assay for the identification of P. formosus was developed with the species-specific primer pairs PaMF and PaMR designed from the comparisons of nucleotide sequences of the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed space regions (ITS) from P. formosus isolates and other closely related taxa. To accomplish this, we sampled forest trees with dieback symptoms in Kermanshah and Ilam provinces. The Paecilomyces isolates were identified based on morphological characteristics, acid production on keratin sucrose agar medium, and sequencing of the ITS-rDNA region and part of the beta tubulin gene. Nested PCR was successfully amplified a 441 bp product exclusively from P. formosus genomic DNA, and no cross-reactions were observed with any other species, and also P. variotii. The nested PCR method can detect 100 fg of P. formosus genomic DNA. Sixty of symptomatic forest trees from seven locations in Zagros foreste were assayed, resulting in the discovery of Amygdalus lycioides, Cerasus avium, Cerasus microcarpa, Quercus libani, Acer spp., Acer monspessulanum, Ficus carica, Ziziphus spina-christi, Tamarix ramosissima and Ziziphus spina-christi as new host species, and all seven infested areas. To fulfill Koch's postulates, the experiments were carried out on detached branches and attached healthy branches of trees at the forests in Kermanshah and Ilam provinces, Iran. The PCR-based method developed here can be used for a fast and reliable diagnosis of P. formosus, monitoring the epidemics, and assessing management strategies in Zagros forests. Extended Abstract Introduction Accurate identification of the host species is critically important for disease detection and informing appropriate disease management decisions. Paecilomyces formosus, a causal agent of dieback and decline of oak, is an emerging threat that may cause severe risk to the Zagros forests of Iran in the future. The present study was aimed to develop a nested PCR assay for the identification of P. formosus with the species-specific primer pairs designed from the comparisons of nucleotide sequences of the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed space regions (ITS) from P. formosus isolates and other closely related taxa. Materials and Methods During 2020 to 2021, forest trees that exhibit branch dieback symptoms were sampled for fungal isolations from Ilam and Kermanshah provinces. The causal agent was isolated and purified using routine plant pathology methods. Paecilomyces formosus isolates were identified using a combination of morphological and sequence data from ITS-rDNA region and beta tubulin gene. Seqeunce data of ITS-rDNA region for all of Paecilomyces were obtained from GenBank and aligned together with seqeunce data gnerated in this study. A pair of species-specific primer (PaMF and PaMR) with expected amplicon size of 441 bp was designed for P. formosus.
... Paecilomyces variotii) was isolated from Pistacia tree (Dolatabad et al., 2017), and recently, Talaromyces species were isolated from Pinus tree (Sun et al., 2022). On the other hand, Paecilomyces formosus was recently linked with Q. brantii dieback in Iran (Sabernasab et al., 2019). ...
... Re-isolation of pathogen from all inoculated plants after observation of symptoms were performed, thus completing Koch's postulates. P. formosus has been reported to infect a broad range of hosts (Sabernasab et al. 2019;Rostami and Jamali 2022). This study represents the first report of this species on A. foetida worldwide. ...
... pseudoglaucous [51], H. conorum [86][87][88], R. kalkhoffii [40,[86][87][88], and S. difformis [87,88]), and nine species were identified as xylophytic (A. alternata [28], A. flavus [29], C. globosum [75,89], F. rabenhorstii [90,91], P. formosus [35,36], P. albobadia [37], S. commune [40], and X. badia [decay fungus] [41,42]). Other species also possess heavy metal tolerance; these species include A. alternata (92), A. flavus (50, 93), C. globosum (75), C. cladosporioides (76), P. formosus (85), P. variotii (21), and T. longibrachiatum (49,93) (Fig. 5). ...
... This disease is known to have been a major cause of the Great Bengal Famine of 1942 when rice yield losses of 50 to 90% were reported due to an epidemic of this disease (94). Paecilomyces formosus is particularly interesting because it has the potential to infect both plants and humans (18,35,36,46). It is Fungal Pathogens in Wooden Handicraft Imports mBio associated with cankers and dieback of oaks and pistachio trees in the Mediterranean region and has also caused cutaneous and lung infections in both premature infants and immunocompromised adults in the Middle East (18,46). ...
This study examined the viability and diversity of fungi harbored in imported wooden handicraft products sold in six retail stores in Florida, United States. Despite being subjected to trade regulations that require various sterilization/fumigation protocols, our study demonstrates high survival and diversity of fungi in wood products originating from at least seven countries on three continents. Among these fungi were nonendemic plant and human pathogens, as well as mycotoxin producers. Several products that are sold for use in food preparation and consumption harbored a novel (to North America) plant and human pathogen, Paecilomyces formosus. In addition, a high number of species isolated were thermophilic and included halophilic species, suggesting adaptability and selection through current wood treatment protocols that utilize heat and/or fumigation with methyl-bromide. This research suggests that current federal guidelines for imports of wooden goods are not sufficient to avoid the transit of potential live pathogens and demonstrates the need to increase safeguards at both points of origin and entry for biosecurity against introduction from invasive fungal species in wood products. Future import regulations should consider living fungi, their tolerance to extreme conditions, and their potential survival in solid substrates. Mitigation efforts may require additional steps such as more stringent fumigation and/or sterilization strategies and limiting use of wood that has not been processed to remove bark and decay. IMPORTANCE This study, the first of its kind, demonstrates the risk of importation of nonendemic foreign fungi on wooden handicrafts into the United States despite the application of sanitation protocols. Previous risk assessments of imported wood products have focused on potential for introduction of invasive arthropods (and their fungal symbionts) or have focused on other classes of wood products (timber, wooden furniture, garden products, etc.). Little to no attention has been paid to wooden handicrafts and the fungal pathogens (of plants and humans) they may carry. Due to the large size and diversity of this market, the risk for introduction of potentially dangerous pathogens is significant as illustrated by the results of this study.
... HC002 showed parasitic activity to Moniliophthora roreri, inhibiting its growth in co-cultures (Suárez Contreras and Rangel Riaño, 2013). Some P. formosus strains have been reported to cause canker disease in trees (Sabernasab et al., 2019;Torabi et al., 2019); however, only a few reports about the pathogenicity of Paecilomyces species are available in the literature, and NJC01 did not cause any necrotic lesion in soybean plants, indicating that NJC01 can be a suitable biocontrol agent for soybean diseases. NJC01 was isolated from C. brevisporum-infected soybean tissue, suggesting that NJC01 may be a mycoparasite. ...
Colletotrichum brevisporum is a hazardous fungal pathogen that can cause anthracnose disease in several crops. In this study, Paecilomyces maximus NJC01 was isolated from C. brevisporum-infected soybean plants, and identified by ITS and TUB2 sequencing and morphological analysis. Interestingly, NJC01 inhibited the mycelial growth of plant fungal pathogens C. brevisporum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Ceratocystis fimbriata and Valsa pyri. NJC01 showed various antifungal mechanisms against C. brevisporum, including competition for space and nutrients and the production of secondary metabolite genistein, which was detected at 91.8 µg/mL in the culture medium. NJC01 could colonize wounds in soybean pods, maintained its population in the inoculation site, and did not cause necrotic lesions. Combination of 1 × 108 cells/mL NJC01 and heat treatment reduced C. brevisporum lesions by 45%. The first biocontrol strategy for the management of C. brevisporum is reported in this study. This study provides new insights on the use of Paecilomyces species for the biocontrol of anthracnose disease.
... µm. Sabernasab et al. (2019) also showed that the growth of Paecilomyces colonies reached 2.5 cm with a yellow colony surface after being grown in PDA media for seven days. Microscopically, this study found branching conidiophores with one or more phialids, and chain conidia with cylindrical to ellipsoidal shapes were seen measuring 3.53-6.58 ...
Nandika D, Arinana, Salman ABA, Putri JY. 2021. Morphological and molecular features of stain fungi infecting rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis). Biodiversitas 22: 5408-5416. In the southeast Asia region, particularly Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia, rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) has been widely used as a raw material in various industries particularly furniture manufacturing. However, rubberwood is highly susceptible to fungal attack due to its lack of heartwood formation. A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the morphological and molecular features of stain fungi infecting rubberwood. A total of five isolates of stain fungi belonging to three genera were identified based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and morphological features. All isolates belong to Order Eurotiales with each genus being Paecilomyces, Aspergillus, and Penicillium. The highest growth rate on wood samples was shown by Aspergillus chevalieri section Aspergillus and Paecilomyces maximus or P. formosus with values of 86.57% and 86.22%, respectively. All of the stain fungi genera caused varied level of discoloration on wood samples with dark grayish and very dark grayish as the more frequent color found. Quantitatively, the highest discoloration was shown by A. chevalieri section Aspergillus (?E = 27.60) and P. maximus or P. formosus (?E = 16.69). These species can be considered as newly stain fungi recorded infecting rubberwood in Indonesia. In addition, discoloration caused by these two stain fungi was the worst.
... Reduced rainfall, increased temperature and a longer dry season are among the most significant causes of oak mortality (Attarod et al., 2017;Goodarzi et al., 2019;Najafifar et al., 2019;Gheitury et al., 2020;Soleimani and Hosseini, 2020). Various pathogens have also contributed to Q. brantii dieback, including the fungi Biscogniauxia mediterranea, Obolarina persica, Didymella glomerata, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, N. novaehollandiae and Paecilomyces formosus (Ghanbary et al., 2017;Alidadi et al., 2019;Sabernasab et al., 2019a;Sabernasab et al., 2019b) and the bacteria Brenneria spp., Bacillus pumilus, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Rahnella victoriana Moradi-Amirabad et al., 2019;Bakhshi ganje et al., 2020). Brenneria goodwinii is a necrogenic phytopathogen, probably the most important causal agent of acute oak decline in the UK (Doonan et al., 2019). ...
... Decline of Q. brantii trees in Zagros may also be triggered by overgrazing Soltani et al., 2020), reduction of mycorrhizal symbiosis Yousefshahi et al., 2020) and multiple interactions between climate and biotic factors (Ghanbary et al., 2018;Soleimani Hosseini, 2020;Yaghmaei et al., 2021). However, severe drought is considered the most influential factor in decline of Q. brantii trees in Zagros (Mirabolfathy et al., 2013;Ghanbary et al., 2017;Najafifar et al., 2019;Sabernasab et al., 2019aSabernasab et al., , 2019bGheitury et al., 2020), and the occurrence of biotic factors triggering dieback is highest in the southernmost and driest sites (Mirabolfathy et al., 2013;Azim Nejad et al., 2021). In recent decades the literature has increasingly reported drought as a driver of greater susceptibility of oaks to pathogens (Vannini and Scarascia, 1991;Haavik et al., 2015;Martín--García et al., 2015;Rodríguez-Calcerrada et al., 2017), but studies reporting pathogens negatively affecting oak drought tolerance are less abundant (Ghanbary et al., 2017(Ghanbary et al., , 2021San-Eufrasio et al., 2021). ...
Zagros woodlands in Iran are threatened by the decline of Persian oak (Quercus brantii) trees. Although the main cause of tree mortality is drought stress, bacterial pathogens such as Brenneria goodwinii also contribute to tree dieback. Maternal effects were studied in a drought-affected environment. We investigated if the susceptibility of Q. brantii seedlings to single and combined B. goodwinii and drought stresses depends on the health status of mother trees. Plants were grown from seeds collected from non-stressed healthy and drought-stressed unhealthy trees. Root weight and belowground to aboveground weight ratios were significantly higher in offspring of unhealthy mother trees, suggesting that drought stress regulated the performance of Q. brantii in the subsequent generation. Brenneria goodwinii followed by drought had synergistic negative effects on seedlings (reduced plant growth, reduced xylem vessel size and reduced relative water content of tissues) and induced more injury (reduced leaf chlorophyll content and increased root electrolyte leakage) in offspring of unhealthy trees. Increased adaptation to drought in plants germinating from drought-stressed trees was observed and the effects persisted over the vegetative period, after the plants were rewatered. The results provide a first evidence of transgenerational plasticity in response to drought stress in trees. It is concluded that the health status of trees influences the response of offspring to combined stress.
... Species identified in Aspergillus section Polypaecilum are mainly treated as xerotolerant/xerophilic and halotolerant/halophilic and found in built environments [74], although a species was recently described from marine sediments in Mexico [75]. Species of Paecilomyces were found in acidic habitats and can tolerate microaerophilic conditions; however, P. formosus can also be found causing plant diseases and as an opportunistic pathogen in humans [76][77][78]. Basidiomycota taxa needs substrates rich in nutrients (such as wood and dung) to grow in cave environments, and species included in Rigidoporus are mainly found as plant pathogens [5,72,79]. Interestingly, new species of Amphichorda, Gymnoascus, and Microascus were found on bat guano in China [16], and as in our study, none of these studies reported the presence of Histoplasma associated with bat guano. ...
Bat caves are very special roosts that harbour thousands of bats of one or more species. Such sites may hold an incredible "dark fungal diversity" which is still underestimated. We explored the culturable fungal richness in the air, on bats, and in the guano in a bat cave in Brazil's Caatinga dry forest. Fungal abundance was 683 colony-forming units (CFU) in the guano, 673 CFU in the air, and 105 CFU on the bats. Based on morphological and phyloge-netic analysis of ITS, LSU, and TUB2 sequences, fungal isolates of 59 taxa belonging to 37 genera in the phyla Ascomycota (28 genera, including Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladospor-ium, and Talaromyces), Basidiomycota (eight genera, including Rhodotorula and Schizo-phyllum), and Mucoromycota (only Rhizopus) were identified. The fungal richness in the air was 23 taxa (especially Aspergillus taxa), mainly found at 15 m and 45 m from the cave entrance; on the bodies of bats it was 36 taxa (mainly Aspergillus taxa), especially on their wing membranes (21 taxa, nine of which were exclusively found in this microhabitat); and in guano 10 fungal taxa (especially Aspergillus and Penicillium) were found. The fungal richness associated with guano (fresh and non-fresh) was similar from bats with different eating habits (insectivorous, frugivorous, and haematophagous). Sampling effort was not sufficient to reveal the total fungal taxa richness estimated. Eight (21.6%) of the 37 genera and 17 (53.1%) of the 32 identified fungal species are reported for the first time in caves. Our results highlight bat caves in Brazil as hotspots of fungal diversity, emphasizing the need to protect such special roosts.
