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MBO technique characteristics. (A) MBO technique flowchart. (B) Convergence characteristics for Rastrigin and Schwefel‐2 function
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The present paper proposes a novel state‐observer (SO) based integral‐double‐derivative controller for simultaneous frequency‐voltage control operation of a hybrid power system. The hybrid system consists of solar‐thermal, conventional‐thermal, diesel‐plant, and modern day electric vehicle (EV), establishing a concurrent system frequency, voltage,...
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Citations
... The literature shows that different controller structures are proposed for the LFC-AVR system [1][2][3][4][5]. In [1] tiltintegral-derivative (TID), fractional-order TID (FOTID), and fuzzy FOTID (FFOTID) controllers are optimized with the Harris hawks optimization (HHO) algorithm. ...
... In [4], FPID, PID, and PI controllers are optimized and compared to the hybridized approach of the artificial electric field algorithm (H-AEFA). In [5], The state observer integral double derivative (SO-IDD) controller optimized with MBO is compared to ID, PID, and IDD controllers. The performance of the controller is also tested by load change analysis. ...
The primary objective of grids is to provide uninterrupted and high-quality electrical energy. Synchronous generators play an important role in supplying uninterrupted and high-quality electrical energy to the grid. Synchronous generators achieve this goal with load frequency control (LFC) and automatic voltage regulator (AVR) systems. LFC regulates the rotor speed of the synchronous generator, i.e., the frequency at the connection point, while AVR regulates the terminal voltage of the synchronous generator. Both systems require a controller to operate properly, and their parameters should be properly selected using analytical or numerical methods to achieve the best controller performance. The controllers of the AVR-LFC system are optimized in this paper using a recently introduced metaheuristic method known as the Mayfly algorithm. Because objective function selection is critical in optimization processes, a novel objective function for the AVR-LFC system is proposed in this study. The proposed objective function is compared to well-known objective functions (performance metrics) such as integral square error, integral absolute error, integral time square error, and integral time absolute error in the literature. As a result of this comparison in the time domain analysis, the success of the designed objective function is demonstrated. In the rest of the paper, robustness and random load/voltage change analysis for the AVR-LFC system are considered using the FOPID controller. Also, frequency-dependent load analysis is investigated in this study. The success of the optimal FOPID controller designed with the proposed objective function is proved in detail in simulations.
... It was recapitulated that the offering outshines CPID and FPID controllers. A static observer-I-DD enclosed by MBOA was investigated [166]. It was portrayed that the mixture scheme was more convincing than ID, PID, and IDD. ...
With the emergence of the electric vehicle (EV) era in which the vehicle’s embedded batteries can be exploited for grid support purposes, the role of EVs participating in ancillary services via vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology cannot be disregarded. Although there are many forms of ancillary services, the most common services delivered by EVs are frequency regulation, frequency contingency, inertia, and voltage regulation. Numerous research studies have been conducted to propose the most effective control strategies for electric vehicle ancillary services (EVASs). In this paper, a comprehensive review is carried out on various control strategies for EVs with respect to their participation in ancillary services. The methodology applied for this review comprises a combination of thematic and historical reviews. The review explores the benefits and limitations of these control strategies and provides a clear understanding of the research gaps in the EVAS area. This review will provide a useful framework and a strong point of reference for researchers working in V2G controls for providing EVASs to a grid. V2G will be a way forward for future grids to accommodate more renewable resources and achieve sustainability pathways.
... GWO techniquebased LFC is reported in [41]. A magnetotactic-based optimization technique (MBO) is applied for controller gain tuning in [42][43][44][45][46][47]. New optimization techniques such as flower pollination algorithm [48], satin bowerbird optimization [49], butterfly optimization algorithm [50], artificial gorilla troops [51],honey badger algorithm [52] are also used in the literature. ...
The ongoing pandemic due to novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly unsettled the health sector with a considerable fatality rate. The main factors that help minimize the spread of this deadly virus are the proper use of masks, social distancing and antibody growth rate in a person. Based on these factors, we propose a new nature-inspired meta-heuristic algorithm named COVID-19 Based Optimization Algorithm (C-19BOA). The proposed C-19BOA mimics the spread and control behavior of coronavirus disease centered on three containment factors: (1) social distancing, (2) use of masks, and (3) antibody rate. Initially, the mathematical models of containment factors are presented, and further, the proposed C-19BOA is developed. To ascertain the effectiveness of the developed C-19BOA, its performance is verified on standard IEEE mathematical benchmark functions for the minimization of these benchmark functions and convergence to the optimal values. These performances are compared with established bio-inspired optimization algorithms available in the literature. Finally, the developed C-19BOA is applied on an electrical power system load–frequency–control model to test its effectiveness in optimizing the power system parameters and to check its applicability in solving modern engineering problems. A performance comparison of the proposed C-19BOA and other optimization algorithms is validated based on optimizing the controller gains for reducing the steady-state errors by comparing the effective frequency and tie-line power regulation ability of an industrially applied Proportional–Integral–Derivative controller (PID) and Active Disturbance Rejection controller (ADRC). Moreover, the robustness of C-19BOA optimized PID and ADRC gains is tested by varying the system parameters from their nominal values.
... A machine learning based control of power systems is exhibited in Sun and You (2021). Authors in Safiullah et al. (2021a) have studied a state estimation based controller for concurrent frequency-voltage control. Likewise, a coordinated control based strategy is presented in Lee et al. (2016). ...
... The green-dotted line represents the PID controller used in Ref. Nahas et al. (2019b). Blue dashed-line represents the fractional-PID controller used in Ref. Safiullah et al. (2021a). The red solid-line represents the proposed 2nd order ADRC scheme. ...
The advent of modern artificial intelligence methods for performance improvement of optimal control strategy has paved a way for providing a reliable operation of power systems. Based on the modern advancements in such techniques, the present paper provides a detailed comparison for finding the optimal control strategy using such techniques. This is exhibited by developing a novel control strategy in the form of a 2nd order active disturbance rejection controller for concurrent frequency-voltage control of a hybrid power system. The hybrid power system comprises of renewable generations in the form of solar-thermal, wind plants. Moreover, the modern day electric vehicles (EVs) are also incorporated as energy storage and operate in vehicle-to-grid mode. The developed control strategy is compared with established industrial controllers to prove its dominance based on concurrent frequency-voltage control of the hybrid power system. Firstly, the controller gains are optimized using magnetotactic bacteria optimization (MBO) technique. Then, the developed control strategy is tuned using artificial neural network (ANN) methodology. Based on the simulation outcomes, the results for frequency deviations, voltage deviations and tie-line power deviations are compared with MBO and ANN optimized 2nd order active disturbance rejection controller. The simulations are carried out on one-area, two-area and standard IEEE-39 bus power systems for in depth validation. Results show that the ANN optimized 2nd order active disturbance rejection controller has superior performance with respect to MBO optimized one. The effects of modern day EVs and renewable generations on the power system is studied broadly.
... The meta-heuristc optimization approaches have been very effective in doing so [34][35][36][37]. Various optimization approaches are present in the literature satin bowerbird optimizer (SBO) [4], bacterial foraging (BF) [8], firefly algorithm [9,15], bio-geographybased optimization (BBO) [10,20,38,39], genetic algorithm (GA) [11,14], particle swarm optimization (PSO) [12,13], magnetotactic bacteria optimization (MBO) [40][41][42], sine cosine algorithm (SCA) [22], and the gravitational search algorithm (GSA) [32] for adjusting of different controller gains. An efficacious novel arithmetic optimization algorithm (AOA) [43] is discussed in studies that exhibited better outcomes in respect to other optimization approaches. ...
Power system control is an important issue with regard to power system safety, flexibility, and reliability. Over the years, various new power system control strategies have been explored, but the main disadvantage of these control strategies is their complexity in structures with respect to industrially applied PID controller. The present paper introduces a novel control strategy based on modified disturbance rejection control, which is a modification of the PID controller that not only preserves the simplicity of control design but also offers an effective control based on state observer-based control law. The proposed control strategy addresses some basic limitations of a PID controller and implements modified control law to remove these limitations. In order to prove the effective control of the proposed control strategy, a standard IEEE-39 bus power system integrated with renewable energy generations is developed, and a comparative analysis of the proposed controller is performed with respect to its ancestor controllers. The comparison is validated based on the system dynamic responses like frequency and tie-line power deviations when the power system is subjected to different disturbances. Furthermore, the power system is integrated with electric vehices (EVs) in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) mode in order to ascertain the effect of EVs when used in V2G mode. A novel study is carried out in which the optimal location of EVs in the power system is determined based on the enhancement in stability of the power system by EVs. The analyses are carried out in MATLAB Simulink software. Simulation reports reflect the optimal control action of the proposed controller with respect to already established strategies projected in the literature. Moreover, the results illustrate that EVs when connected in Area 1 and Area 3 of the power system, the system deviations and steady-state errors are much less as compared to the other cases.
... The increasing implementation of EVs helps in grid frequency regulation and decreases the outcome of conventional power sources [22,23]. The capacity management of EVs in the proper functioning of the hybrid power system is effectively presented in [24]. While the EVs influence on the system dynamics is discussed in [25]. ...
... FE Values forFigure 15[24] ...
... FE Values forFigure 16[24] ...
This work reports load-frequency-control (LFC) of a three-area hybrid power system incorporating renewables and electric-vehicles (EV). Such a power system with applicable non-linearities necessitates a resilient controller. In this respect, a multi-stage fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative (MSFOPID) controller is explored for the LFC operation of the presented hybrid power system. For the proposed controller, there is a considerable improvement of 81.3% in terms of objective function (ISE value). Similarly, the foible evidence study shows an improvement of 39% with respect to other considered secondary controllers. The active role of EVs in preserving the system dynamics is inspected thoroughly. The impact of redox-flow batteries as an energy storage device and parametric variation of phase-locked-loop for system dynamic control are illustrated. Furthermore , the robustness of explored MSFOPID controller optimized gains is checked against alterations in power-system-loading and renewable energy sources respectively. KEYWORDS Electric vehicle (EV); energy storage device (ESD); hybrid power system (HPS); load frequency control (LFC); multi-stage fractional-order controller; phase locked loop (PLL)
... 46 The widespread use of EVs opens up the possibility of grid frequency control and reduce the conventional generation units power output. 47,48 However, very few research articles are reported on system dynamics control of EV incorporated deregulated power system. Therefore, it requires further analysis. ...
This work presents power generation control of a two‐area hybrid restructured power system, initially integrated with renewable energy source (RES) and electric vehicle (EV). For further analysis, additional inclusion of FACTS and energy storage devices in the two‐area hybrid restructured power system is to be analyzed for improved system dynamics. The hybrid restructured power system is a complex nonlinear system that brings light to the major problem of system dynamic control due to insufficient damping under varying loading circumstances. To solve this problem, a robust control approach with rapid acting controllable and storage devices are an immediate need for advanced power system. Motivated from the fact that cascaded fractional order controllers exhibit better performance in comparison to classical controllers, this article proposes an advanced cascaded fractional‐order ID‐fractional‐order PD (cascaded FOID‐FOPD) controller for system performance enhancement of hybrid restructured power system. The maiden application of satin bower bird optimizer technique to optimize the secondary controller gains is employed. The proposed controller's superiority is demonstrated by comparing the results to the other existing controllers. The impact of RES's generation and EVs on system dynamics for cascaded FOID‐FOPD controller is also explored. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis is done to reflect that optimized gains of cascaded FOID‐FOPD controller are supportive enough for variations in RESs, load perturbations, capacity ratio, and disco participation matrix.
... The overall quality of the power system relies heavily on the frequency stability. Load frequency control (LFC) plays a vital role in keeping the system dynamics at their scheduled values [2,3]. Therefore, LFC is essential in generating the quality power and maintaining frequency at their supposed values for a stable operation. ...
... However, in response to increase in load demand, the stored energy is quickly released to the grid. The SMES transfer function (T.F) is given in equation (2). ...
... According to the literature, to establish an effective secondary controller for the LFC operation of a modern power system, the following requirements must be addressed [2]. ...
This work presents the power generation control of a two-area, hybrid, deregulated power system integrated with renewable energy sources (RES). The incorporation of appropriate system non-linearities and RES into the power system makes it complex, but more practical. The hybrid deregulated power system with RES is a complex nonlinear system that regularly exposes the major issue of system dynamic control due to insufficient damping under varying loading circumstances. The generation-demand equilibrium point of the power system varies following a contingency; hence, it becomes difficult to maintain the appropriate equilibrium point via traditional control approaches. To solve this problem, novel control approaches, along with rapid-acting energy storage devices (ESD), are immediate need for advanced power systems. As a result, various secondary controllers are inspected for improvements in system dynamics. A performance comparison infers the cascaded ID-PD controller as the optimum one. The secondary controller gains are successfully optimized by the powerful satin bowerbird optimization (SBO) technique. Additionally, the impact of a super-conducting-magnetic-energy-storage (SMES) device in system dynamics and control of developed power system is analyzed in this study. A sensitivity evaluation (SE) infers that SBO-optimized cascaded ID-PD controller gains are strong enough for alterations in load perturbations, system loading, inertial constant (H), solar irradiance and the DISCO involvement matrix (DIM).
In regards to present power system setup, this article presents a frequency stabilization of hybrid power system (HPS) assimilated with distributed generation (DG) resources, conventional thermal, geo‐thermal and electric vehicle (EV). The insertion of appropriate system non‐linearities in addition to the intermittency in renewable based generation sources leads to a more practicality into the developed HPS. For such systems, a vigorous control action with swift responding controllable device are an instantaneous requirement. In this view, a cascaded fractional order proportional‐derivative (foPD)‐multi‐stage fractional order proportional integral derivative (MSfoPID) (cascaded foPD‐MSfoPID) as secondary controller is explored for frequency stabilization of HPS. Further, the established power system is provided with erratic load deviations. The influence of EVs on frequency and tie‐line power fluctuations are examined comprehensively. Moreover, the outcome of unified power flow controller (UPFC) device as flexible AC transmission system (FACT) device for system dynamic control are illustrated. Further, sensitivity examination is exhibited to examine the resiliency of proposed cascaded foPD‐MSfoPID controller parameters for deviances in solar irradiance and number of vehicles. Finally, a proposed secondary controller is tested in case studies on standard IEEE‐39 bus system and four‐area hybrid power system.
