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Lysosomal activity on the internalized NPs. Confocal laser scanning images of control (a-c) and FLPS treated (e-g) HaCaT cell, respectively from bright-field, green (λ ex : 458 nm; λ em : 485 nm) and red (λ ex : 540 nm; λ em : 610 nm) fluorescent channel. c, g neutral red (a lysosomal probe) stained lysosomes. f green fluorescent-FLPS located within the macropinosomes. d, h superimposed images of the bright-field, green, and red fluorescent images. Scale bar-40 µm (control) and 5 µm (treated cells)
Source publication
Background
Today, cosmetic products are very popular with both men and women to improve their appearance and increase their social acceptability.
Results
In this study, nano-sized (30–300 nm) plastic particles were isolated from the commercial face-scrubs and treated on the human keratinocytes. The observed adherence of polyethylene nano-plastics...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... (CLSM). For this experiment, we used the FLPS emitting green fluorescence (λ ex 458 nm and λ em 485 nm), and neutral red (a lysosomal probe) [72] that emits red fluorescence (λ ex 541 nm and λ em 610 nm) [73]. Under CLSM, the cells treated with NPs for 48 h showed intense green and red fluorescence from the FLPS within the macropinosomes ( Fig. 9f ) and neutral red stained lysosomes, respectively (Fig. 9g). The stratified images (Fig. 9h) of red and green fluorescence depicted the formation of macropinolysosomes (yellow colour). Additionally, the accumulated lysosomes (red fluorescence) around macropinosomes indicate a possible fusion attempt. The formation of macropinolysosomes ...
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... green fluorescence (λ ex 458 nm and λ em 485 nm), and neutral red (a lysosomal probe) [72] that emits red fluorescence (λ ex 541 nm and λ em 610 nm) [73]. Under CLSM, the cells treated with NPs for 48 h showed intense green and red fluorescence from the FLPS within the macropinosomes ( Fig. 9f ) and neutral red stained lysosomes, respectively (Fig. 9g). The stratified images (Fig. 9h) of red and green fluorescence depicted the formation of macropinolysosomes (yellow colour). Additionally, the accumulated lysosomes (red fluorescence) around macropinosomes indicate a possible fusion attempt. The formation of macropinolysosomes represents the commencement of degradation of ...
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... nm and λ em 485 nm), and neutral red (a lysosomal probe) [72] that emits red fluorescence (λ ex 541 nm and λ em 610 nm) [73]. Under CLSM, the cells treated with NPs for 48 h showed intense green and red fluorescence from the FLPS within the macropinosomes ( Fig. 9f ) and neutral red stained lysosomes, respectively (Fig. 9g). The stratified images (Fig. 9h) of red and green fluorescence depicted the formation of macropinolysosomes (yellow colour). Additionally, the accumulated lysosomes (red fluorescence) around macropinosomes indicate a possible fusion attempt. The formation of macropinolysosomes represents the commencement of degradation of protein-covered NPs. Red fluorescence signals ...
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... 0.2 g samples from 10 replicates of each FS were diluted separately in 10 mL of filter-sterilized, surfactantfree ultra-pure hot water (Additional file 1: Figure S9) and subsequently filtered through 20-25 μm (Grade 2 Whatman ® ), 2.5 μm (Grade 41 Whatman ® ), 0.4 μm (Whatman ® 110607, Nuclepore membrane filter) and 0.2 μm (Whatman ® 7182-014, Cellulose nitrate membrane filter). Final filtrates obtained from a 0.2 μm filter were pooled together with the respective FS and quantified. ...
Context 5
... (CLSM). For this experiment, we used the FLPS emitting green fluorescence (λ ex 458 nm and λ em 485 nm), and neutral red (a lysosomal probe) [72] that emits red fluorescence (λ ex 541 nm and λ em 610 nm) [73]. Under CLSM, the cells treated with NPs for 48 h showed intense green and red fluorescence from the FLPS within the macropinosomes ( Fig. 9f ) and neutral red stained lysosomes, respectively (Fig. 9g). The stratified images (Fig. 9h) of red and green fluorescence depicted the formation of macropinolysosomes (yellow colour). Additionally, the accumulated lysosomes (red fluorescence) around macropinosomes indicate a possible fusion attempt. The formation of macropinolysosomes ...
Context 6
... green fluorescence (λ ex 458 nm and λ em 485 nm), and neutral red (a lysosomal probe) [72] that emits red fluorescence (λ ex 541 nm and λ em 610 nm) [73]. Under CLSM, the cells treated with NPs for 48 h showed intense green and red fluorescence from the FLPS within the macropinosomes ( Fig. 9f ) and neutral red stained lysosomes, respectively (Fig. 9g). The stratified images (Fig. 9h) of red and green fluorescence depicted the formation of macropinolysosomes (yellow colour). Additionally, the accumulated lysosomes (red fluorescence) around macropinosomes indicate a possible fusion attempt. The formation of macropinolysosomes represents the commencement of degradation of ...
Context 7
... nm and λ em 485 nm), and neutral red (a lysosomal probe) [72] that emits red fluorescence (λ ex 541 nm and λ em 610 nm) [73]. Under CLSM, the cells treated with NPs for 48 h showed intense green and red fluorescence from the FLPS within the macropinosomes ( Fig. 9f ) and neutral red stained lysosomes, respectively (Fig. 9g). The stratified images (Fig. 9h) of red and green fluorescence depicted the formation of macropinolysosomes (yellow colour). Additionally, the accumulated lysosomes (red fluorescence) around macropinosomes indicate a possible fusion attempt. The formation of macropinolysosomes represents the commencement of degradation of protein-covered NPs. Red fluorescence signals ...
Context 8
... 0.2 g samples from 10 replicates of each FS were diluted separately in 10 mL of filter-sterilized, surfactantfree ultra-pure hot water (Additional file 1: Figure S9) and subsequently filtered through 20-25 μm (Grade 2 Whatman ® ), 2.5 μm (Grade 41 Whatman ® ), 0.4 μm (Whatman ® 110607, Nuclepore membrane filter) and 0.2 μm (Whatman ® 7182-014, Cellulose nitrate membrane filter). Final filtrates obtained from a 0.2 μm filter were pooled together with the respective FS and quantified. ...
Similar publications
Background
Today, cosmetic usage has become customary in both men and women towards improving their appearance and increase societal visibility. In this study, the nano-sized (30 to 300 nm) plastic particles were isolated from the commercial face-scrubs and treated on the human keratinocytes.
Results
The adherence studies of polyethylene nano-plas...
Citations
... They are found almost everywhere: land, water and even in the air we breathe. 1 Microplastics and nanoplastics are produced as components of cosmetics and other anthropogenic commodities. 2 They are also produced from weathering, as well as from the wear and tear of plastic products. These plastics have been shown to alter biochemical parameters and are lethal to various organisms. ...
Micronanoplastics has become a major threat to living beings. They have already made their way into the human body. In this study, we have elucidated the impact of nanopolystyrene (NPS)...
... Mitochondrial damage in human respiratory cells and the potential risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have also been identified as possible consequences of inhaling microplastics [10,11]. The detrimental effects of MPL absorption through the skin due to extensive contact with plastic particles from sources like dust, cosmetics, sanitary pads, and liquid hand cleansers is an area of ongoing investigation [12,13]. In this regard, it was found that the acute exposure of vaginal keratinocytes to N/MPLs resulted in cell toxicity, affecting viability, apoptosis, gene expression, oxidative stress pathways, and miRNAs [14]. ...
The pervasive pollution caused by nano- and microplastics (N/MPLs) is a pressing concern, and was exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic due to the substantial release of disposable Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) into the environment [...]
... We also examined the effect of senescence-related genes, known to be affected by intracellular ROS generation [64]. Although previous research has confirmed the senescence of keratinocytes by PS NPs [65], no senescence induction was observed in either PS NPs-or bPS(r)-treated keratinocytes in our study. These results indicated that different physicochemical properties of the PS NPs used in our study did not alter the senescent gene expression mediated by ROS. ...
... In order to facilitate studies on PE N/MPL biological effects, we selected two different particle concentrations (25 and 250 µg/mL) based on the findings of Gopinath et al. [9] and Schmidt et al. [17] on human and mouse skin keratinocytes. After 48 h of treatment, we noted a morphological change in VK2 E6/E7 cells, which showed peculiar vesicular formations (Figure 1a). ...
... Biological macromolecules, especially proteins, tend to adsorb on N/MPL surfaces at a rate that is directly proportional to the availability of biomolecules, and the consequent development of a protein corona may foster the uptake of the particles and amplify their cytotoxic effects on cells [9]. In order to assess the impact of protein corona formation on PE N/MPL cellular uptake, we coated the particles with 0.2% human keratin aqueous solution for 24 h at 4 • C before using them for 72 h treatments. ...
... These objects may release N/MPL particles when using them, which, combined with the ubiquitous presence of N/MPLs in the environment, such as in water or food [12], might determine the enrichment of N/MPLs in the body, hence representing a potential health threat for humans. Among the different entry routes, humans are exposed to N/MPLs through the epidermis, which is the most external tissue of the body, but few works have addressed the consequences of N/MPL exposure on mammalian keratinocytes [9,17]. Moreover, most of the studies performed on epithelial cells tested only PS nano/microparticles with a particle size that was relatively large with respect to cell dimensions [43], whilst it is widely accepted that as particle size decreases, interaction with tissue and individual cells increases. ...
The global rise of single-use throw-away plastic products has elicited a massive increase in the nano/microplastics (N/MPLs) exposure burden in humans. Recently, it has been demonstrated that disposable period products may release N/MPLs with usage, which represents a potential threat to women’s health which has not been scientifically addressed yet. By using polyethyl ene (PE) particles (200 nm to 9 μm), we showed that acute exposure to a high concentration of N/MPLs induced cell toxicity in vaginal keratinocytes after effective cellular uptake, as viability and apoptosis data suggest, along with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations. The internalised N/MPLs altered the expression of junctional and adherence proteins and the organisation of the actin cortex, influencing the level of genes involved in oxidative stress signalling pathways and that of miRNAs related to epithelial barrier function. When the exposure to PE N/MPLs was discontinued or became chronic, cells were able to recover from the negative effects on viability and differentiation/proliferation gene expression in a few days. However, in all cases, PE N/MPL exposure prompted a sustained alteration of DNA methyltransferase and DNA demethylase expression, which might impact epigenetic regulation processes, leading to accelerated cell ageing and inflammation, or the occurrence of malignant transformation.
... These particles include both micron-sized and nanosized particles, with a substantial portion of nanoplastic particles (nanoplastics) resulting from the degradation of larger plastic particles in the real environment in the real environment, including microplastics [31]. A significant amount of nanoplastic particles, such as nanopolystyrene (PS) found in everyday products such as cosmetics, ultimately enter the environment through domestic wastewater, resulting in the presence of large amounts of microplastics potentially existing at the nanoscale in the actual environment [15]. Consequently, their surface charge characteristics may also change under the influence of environmental media (Schultz et al., 2021b; [36]). ...
... Additionally, PS and surface-charged derivatives, such as PS-NH 2 and PS-SOOOH, have diverse potential applications, particularly in the biomedical field, and are widely used in many daily products [41,43]. The majority of reported studies on nanoplastic toxic effects to date have used doses of 100 μg/L or higher [15,55]. However, recent studies have indicated that the ERC of 50 nm nanoplastics are expected to be within the range of ≤ 15 μg/L, whereas for 100 nm, it will be ≤ 1 μg/L, and organisms are likely to experience long-term and low dose exposure mode to nanoplastics [1,27,39]. ...
The toxic effects of nanoplastics on transgenerational toxicity in environmental organisms and the involved mechanisms remain poorly comprehended. This study aimed to identify the role of SKN-1/Nrf2-dependent regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis in response to transgenerational toxicity caused by changes in nanoplastic surface charges in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Our results revealed that compared with the wild-type control and PS exposed groups, exposure to PS-NH2 or PS-SOOOH at environmentally relevant concentrations (ERC) of ≥ 1 μg/L caused transgenerational reproductive toxicity, inhibited mitochondrial unfolded protein responses (UPR) by downregulating the transcription levels of hsp-6, ubl-5, dve-1, atfs-1, haf-1, and clpp-1, membrane potential by downregulating phb-1 and phb-2, and promoted mitochondrial apoptosis by downregulating ced-4 and ced-3 and upregulating ced-9, DNA damage by upregulating hus-1, cep-1, egl-1, reactive oxygen species (ROS) by upregulating nduf-7 and nuo-6, ultimately resulting in mitochondrial homeostasis. Additionally, further study indicated that SKN-1/Nrf2 mediated antioxidant response to alleviate PS-induced toxicity in the P0 generation and dysregulated mitochondrial homeostasis to enhance PS-NH2 or PS-SOOOH-induced transgenerational toxicity. Our study highlights the momentous role of SKN-1/Nrf2 mediated mitochondrial homeostasis in the response to nanoplastics caused transgenerational toxicity in environmental organisms.
... P. M. Gopinath и соавт. [42] установили, что как однократное, так и многократное воздействие НЧ приводило к опосредованному окислительным стрессом подавлению роста кератиноцитов и ингибированию их пролиферации. ...
The review presents recent materials about the growing influence of micro- and nanoplastics (MP/NP) on the spread of pathogenic viruses in humans and animals. The issue of the interaction of viruses with the plastisphere, the role of the virus envelope in the preservation of these microorganisms on microparticles in the composition of the biofilm has been elucidated. The issues of synergism of the pathogenetic action of MP/NP and viruses, studied on various models, are discussed. The article shows the negative effect of MP/NP on the permeability of the body's natural barriers, which can create favorable conditions for the penetration of viruses and the development of an infectious process. The authors draw attention to the need to expand interdisciplinary research in this area, given the fact that viruses residing on MP/NP can increase their infectivity and, possibly, form new genovariants.
... The field of MNPL risk assessments is currently in expansion, although most of the reported studies focus on short-term endpoints. Few publications using long-term exposures were found in the literature, and they mostly focused specifically on oxidative stress induction and the genotoxic aspect of the exposure [134][135][136]. Nonetheless, the carcinogenic potential of polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPLs) has been explored using a sensitive pretransformed cell model called prone-to-transformation progress (PTP) cells, derived from the previously mentioned DNA damage-sensitive MEFs. ...
One important environmental/health challenge is to determine, in a feasible way, the potential carcinogenic risk associated with environmental agents/exposures. Since a significant proportion of tumors have an environmental origin, detecting the potential carcinogenic risk of environmental agents is mandatory, as regulated by national and international agencies. The challenge mainly implies finding a way of how to overcome the inefficiencies of long-term trials with rodents when thousands of agents/exposures need to be tested. To such an end, the use of in vitro cell transformation assays (CTAs) was proposed, but the existing prevalidated CTAs do not cover the complexity associated with carcinogenesis processes and present serious limitations. To overcome such limitations, we propose to use a battery of assays covering most of the hallmarks of the carcinogenesis process. For the first time, we grouped such assays as early, intermediate, or advanced biomarkers which allow for the identification of the cells in the initiation, promotion or aggressive stages of tumorigenesis. Our proposal, as a novelty, points out that using a battery containing assays from all three groups can identify if a certain agent/exposure can pose a carcinogenic risk; furthermore, it can gather mechanistic insights into the mode of the action of a specific carcinogen. This structured battery could be very useful for any type of in vitro study, containing human cell lines aiming to detect the potential carcinogenic risks of environmental agents/exposures. In fact, here, we include examples in which these approaches were successfully applied. Finally, we provide a series of advantages that, we believe, contribute to the suitability of our proposed approach for the evaluation of exposure-induced carcinogenic effects and for the development of an alternative strategy for conducting an exposure risk assessment.
... This heterogeneity complicates risk assessment as past research has mostly focused on polystyrene (PS) nanospheres, which do not accurately represent the multitude of nanoplastics to which humans are exposed. Only few studies have considered alternative polymer types (Magrì et al., 2018;Busch et al., 2021b;Magrì et al., 2021;Sun et al., 2021) and even fewer studies have focused on non-spherical (Busch et al., 2022a) or weathered particles (Gopinath et al., 2021;Roursgaard et al., 2022). Despite the lack of data on prototypical environmental nanoplastics, considerable effort has been made to implement read-across methodologies based on the particles' intrinsic properties, Mode of Action (MoA) or associated (bio)molecules, but these algorithms are not yet applicable to nanoplastics risk assessment (Walkey et al., 2014;Helma et al., 2017;Toropova and Toropov, 2022). ...
Plastic particles in the nanometer range-called nanoplastics-are environmental contaminants with growing public health concern. As plastic particles are present in water, soil, air and food, human exposure via intestine and lung is unavoidable, but possible health effects are still to be elucidated. To better understand the Mode of Action of plastic particles, it is key to use experimental models that best reflect human physiology. Novel assessment methods like advanced cell models and several alternative approaches are currently used and developed in the scientific community. So far, the use of cancer cell line-based models is the standard approach regarding in vitro nanotoxicology. However, among the many advantages of the use of cancer cell lines, there are also disadvantages that might favor other approaches. In this review, we compare cell line-based models with stem cell-based in vitro models of the human intestine and lung. In the context of nanoplastics research, we highlight the advantages that come with the use of stem cells. Further, the specific challenges of testing nanoplastics in vitro are discussed. Although the use of stem cell-based models can be demanding, we conclude that, depending on the research question, stem cells in combination with advanced exposure strategies might be a more suitable approach than cancer cell lines when it comes to toxicological investigation of nanoplastics.
... We also examined the effect of senescence-related genes, known to be affected by intracellular ROS generation [64]. Although previous research has confirmed the senescence of keratinocytes by PS NPs [65], no senescence induction was observed in either PS NPs-or bPS(r)-treated keratinocytes in our study. These results indicated that different physicochemical properties of the PS NPs used in our study did not alter the senescent gene expression mediated by ROS. ...
... While it is unknown if these compounds leak straight into living tissues, some additives like Bisphenol A have been discovered to be consumed by marine biota (Chen et al., 2020;Koelmans et al., 2014), Absorption of this leachate frequently used in lining food and beverage cans, can induce endocrine problems and adversely affect human health (Ryan, 2015). In particular, associated health risks may include, cytotoxicity (Gopinath et al., 2021), neurotoxicity (Han et al., 2021;Varsou et al., 2021), immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity , or even carcinogenicity . Yip et al. (2022) have tested and predicted the possibility of MNPs transfer from mother to offspring. ...
Following the advent of the Industrial Revolution, plastic pollution has been a serious environmental issue while micro-and nano-plastics have been a cy-nosure of researchers' attention in the twenty-first century. This is due to the improved knowledge of its ecotoxicological effects and the global pushfor-ward towards sustainability. There is a growing concern that the increasing presence of microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) in aquatic habitats poses a threat to marine life, and it is predicted that nanoplastics will be just as ubiquitous as macro-and micro-plastics, but far more destructive to living organisms due to their ability to infiltrate cells. Recent research has shown that marine and freshwater biota become entangled with plastic litter, which disrupts the ecosystem. Aquatic creatures are known to absorb and deposit these new pollutants in their digestive systems, as has been documented in several studies. More recent research has also examined their co-occurrence and toxicity with other emerging contaminants, including their prevalence and effects in food, air, and soil. Using articles extracted from a six-year period from Scopus, ACS Publications and Google Scholar, this review explores the origins, fates, occurrence in the food chain, exposure routes, cellular interactions of microplastics and nano-plastics, in addition to the ecotoxicological impacts, analytical methods, and the potential remedies for combating pollution and toxicity. Ultimately, this review is a comprehensive, updated addendum to available reviews on micro-and nano-plastics.
