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Lymph node; dog, early marginal zone lymphoma, clonal immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) gene rearrangement. Fig. 4a. Broad areas of marginal zone proliferation are becoming confluent between adjacent germinal centers. HE. Bar 5 500 mm. Fig. 4b. Detail of Fig. 4a. Marginal zone cells have round to oval nuclei of intermediate size with peripheralization of chromatin on nuclear membranes without parachromatin clearing but with prominent single central nucleoli. Cytoplasm is abundant, with nuclei evenly spaced, and mitoses are absent. HE. Bar 5 10 mm. Fig. 5. Lymph node; dog, late marginal zone lymphoma, clonal IGH gene rearrangement. Fig. 5a. Fading follicular hyperplasia is being replaced by marginal zone proliferation that is becoming confluent and invading mantle cell cuffs. Notice multifocal dilation of cortical sinuses that are filled with marginal zone lymphocytes. The node capsule is invaded and irregularly thinned, but the peripheral sinus is largely intact. HE. Bar 5 500 mm. Fig. 5b. Detail of Fig. 5a. Marginal zone cells appear homogeneous with round vesiculated nuclei, a branched and coarse granular chromatin pattern with parachromatin clearing, and prominent central nucleoli. Notice invasion of the residual small mantle cells (bottom), and cytoplasm is abundant and unusually deeply stained. HE. Bar 5 10 mm.
Source publication
Sixty-six cases of indolent canine lymphoid proliferation were reviewed. Age ranged from 1.5 to 16 years (median 9.0 years). Dogs of 26 breeds, plus 13 of mixed breeding or unknown lineage, were represented. B-Cell lymphomas (CD79a+) predominated. Marginal zone lymphoma (MZL), the largest group, involved lymph node (33 cases) and spleen (13 cases),...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... zone lymphoma is characterized by co- alescing areas of perifollicular proliferation usually accompanied by paracortical atrophy (Fig. 4a). MZL can be graded for ''early, mid, or late'' stage of development, on the basis of area of tissue involved, degree of coalescence of focal areas of neoplastic proliferation, and number of cells in mitosis. 18,19,29,32,38 In early MZL, the cytologic homogeneity suggests neoplasia before there is coalescence of the marginal zone cuffs. ...
Context 2
... In early MZL, the cytologic homogeneity suggests neoplasia before there is coalescence of the marginal zone cuffs. Neoplastic transformation of marginal zone lymphocytes results in an increase in nucleolar size, but not larger nuclei. The chromatin pattern becomes finer, with chromatin more uniformly peripheralized and lining the nuclear membrane (Fig. 4b). The mitotic rate remains low, with none found at 4003 magnification in most fields: a key factor in the diagnosis of MZL. Immunophenotypically, marginal zone lymphocytes strongly and uniformly express CD79a with prominent membrane marking. In advanced MZL, the perifollicu- lar cuffs coalesce (Fig. 5a), and cytologically contain a ...
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Citations
... T-zone lymphoma), with the latter having an indolent course (Seelig et al., 2014). Therefore, using the immunophenotype as the only prognostic factor does not seem to be sufficient (Ponce et al., 2004;Valli et al., 2006). According to the Revised European- ...
Background
The aim of this study was to determine and describe the prognostic role of the morphological subtype determined according to the updated Kiel classification in dogs with high‐grade T‐cell lymphomas (HGTCLs) depending on the treatment applied.
Objectives
The HGTCLs were classified into three subtypes according to the updated Kiel classification: pleomorphic mixed (PM), lymphoblastic lymphoma/acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and plasmacytoid (P). The treatment was divided into a palliative therapy (PlT) group and a chemotherapy (ChT) group.
Methods
The study was conducted between 2009 and 2017, and it enrolled 58 dogs in which cytomorphological and immunocytochemistry diagnoses were HGTCL.
Results
Overall survival (OS) was significantly longer in the ChT group (median OS—4 months, interquartile range [IQR] from 2 to 8 months) than in the PlT group (median OS—6 weeks, IQR from 1 week to 3 months).
In the PlT group, PM subtype and glucocorticosteroids (GCSs) treatment proved significantly and independently linked to longer OS and approximately three‐fold lower risk of death during the study period (adjusted hazard ratio [HRadj] = 0.26, confidence interval [CI] 95%: 0.08–0.81; p = 0.020 and HRadj = 0.30, CI 95%: 0.11–0.77; p = 0.013, respectively), although due to small group size, precision of estimations was poor (wide CI 95%).
In the ChT group, >7 days elapsing between diagnosis and the beginning of chemotherapy and GCS treatment prior to chemotherapy were significantly associated with lower chance of complete remission (CR; p = 0.034 for both); GCS treatment prior to chemotherapy was significantly associated with shorter OS (p = 0.016); chemotherapy based on the modified CHOP protocol was significantly associated with higher chance of CR (p = 0.034) and longer OS (p = 0.039); and CR was significantly linked to longer OS (p = 0.001).
Clinical significance
The morphological subtype of HGTCL has some prognostic value in dogs treated palliatively (with PM subtype associated with longer OS than P subtype); however, this effect is no longer visible when a dog is treated with chemotherapy.
... The second subtype of interest represents the entity marginal zone lymphoma (MZL). This indolent B-cell lymphoma mainly occurs in the spleen and shares CD79a and CD20 expression with DLBCL in immunohistochemistry (IHC) but lacks CD3 expression (13,14,17,18). In contrast, T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) shows expression of CD3 by lacking CD79a and CD20, characterizing them as T-cell type in IHC (13,14,19,20). ...
... In flow cytometry this entity shows a unique phenotype being CD45 − , CD5 + and CD21 − (13,14,18,20,21). ...
Lymphoma is one of the most frequent hematopoietic tumors in dogs and shares similar features with human counterparts. MicroRNAs (miRNA, small non-coding RNAs) are pivotal in gene regulation fine tuning and cancer hallmarks are influenced by their aberrant expression. Consequently, miRNA biomarkers may assist predicting therapeutic response and clinical outcome by providing less-invasive novel diagnostics tools. The aim of this study was to detect dysregulated miRNAs in lymphomatous lymph node tissues in comparison to lymph node material or PBMCs from healthy control dogs. Potential significant differences in miRNA expression profiles between four lymphoma entities were evaluated. A customized PCR array was utilized to profile 89 canine target miRNAs. Quantification was performed using qPCR, relative expression was determined by the delta–delta Ct method, and p-values were calculated with student’s t-test. In the 14 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients, 28 and 24 different miRNAs were significantly dysregulated compared to lymph node material or PBMCs. Sixteen miRNAs occurred in both control groups, with 12 miRNAs being down- and four miRNAs being upregulated. The six peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) samples showed 24 and 25 dysregulated miRNAs when compared to the healthy controls. A combined analysis of DLBCL and PTCL samples revealed seven shared and 19 differently expressed miRNAs. Potential biomarkers in T- and B-cell lymphoma could be the miRNA-17/92 cluster and miRNA-181-family together with miRNA-34a and miRNA-150. Diagnostic utility of potential biomarkers must be validated in larger, prospective cohorts of canine lymphoma cases and in higher numbers of physiological patient material.
... In dogs, splenic nodules can be an incidental finding in ultrasound, radiographic, and surgical examinations [1], or they can be palpable or associated with nonspecific clinical signs [2]. The most frequent clinical signs include weakness, lethargy, anorexia, abdominal distention, and weight loss [1,3]. ...
In dogs, the spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ that can be affected by both neoplastic and non-neoplastic nodules. In general, few studies relate histopathological diagnosis to tumor size and the number of nodules in spleen biopsies. Some of these studies are inconclusive regarding the difference between neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions and have small sample sizes or do not consider all splenic lesions. This study aimed to characterize splenic masses and determine risk factors for spleen tumors in dogs. A total of 507 histological reports corresponding to the diagnosis of splenic lesions in dogs from a private laboratory of animal pathology in the Metropolitan Region, Chile, were used. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression. The most frequent neoplastic and non-neoplastic diagnoses were hemangiosarcoma and hyperplasia, respectively. Most of the cases occurred in male (265 cases, 52.3%), senior (421 cases, 83%), and purebred individuals (342 cases, 67.5%). The most affected breeds were the Cocker Spaniel, German Shepherd, and Labrador Retriever. The most frequent lesion was a single nodule. The variables that exhibited a greater risk for the presentation of splenic neoplasia were male sex (odds ratio (OR) = 16.21; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.741–150.879; p = 0.014), the presence of two or more splenic nodules (OR = 3.94; 95% CI 2.168–7.177; p < 0.001), an increase in nodule size greater than 2 cm (OR for quartiles 2, 3 and 4 of 2.2; 95% CI 1.036–4.941; p = 0.041, 2.9; 95% CI 1.331–6.576; p = 0.008, and 3.6; 95% CI 1.562–8.499; p = 0.003, respectively), and increasing age (OR = 1.23; 95% CI 1.048–1.436; p = 0.011). On the other hand, males exhibited a lower risk as age increases (OR = 0.76; 95% CI 0.615–0.928; p = 0.008). In conclusion, this study identified that males, multinodular presentation, nodule size, and age are risk factors for the occurrence of splenic neoplasia in dogs, knowledge that will contribute to the diagnostic management of dogs with spleen lesions.
... T-cell lymphomas represent 30% to 40% of canine lymphomas and often present aggressive biological behavior, although they can also be characterized as indolent and exhibit different responses to treatment, depending on the subtype (Comazzi and Riondato, 2021). The TZL is the most common indolent lymphoma in dogs, accounting for up to 62% of indolent lymphomas and 29% of all canine lymphomas (Valli et al., 2006;Flood-Knapik et al., 2013). In humans, TZL is not a distinct classification but it is a rare variant within a category called not otherwise specified peripheral T-cell lymphomas, accounting for approximately 1.5% of cases within this group (Seelig et al., 2014). ...
... Significant associations were found in genome regions located on chromosomes 8 and 14 (Labadie et al., 2020). The average age of dogs affected by TZL ranges from eight to ten years (Valli et al., 2006;Seelig et al., 2014;Mizutani et al., 2016;Lima, 2020), which is similar to dogs with a general diagnosis of lymphoma (Mizutani et al., 2016). Therefore, the breed and age of the animal in this report follow the pattern of previous reports. ...
Background: Canine T-zone lymphoma is recognized as an indolent CD45- T cell lymphoma, with low aggressiveness and high overall survival. The diagnosis is obtained by histopathology and immunohistochemistry, but also by cytological examination of the lymph node associated with immunophenotyping. Lymphocytosis is commonly identified as around 10,000 cells/µL and may reach 30,760 cells/µL. Case Description: The present report describes a case of a female Golden Retriever, nine years old, with generalized lymphadenopathy. In the cytological examination of the superficial cervical lymph node a monomorphic population of small, “clear cells” “hand mirror” lymphocyte shape was suggestive of T-zone lymphoma. The leukogram showed intense leukocytosis (160,050 cells/μL) due to small clear cell lymphocytosis (152,048 cells/μL). The myelogram showed a myeloid:erythroid ratio of 2.3; with a pyramidal distribution of cell types and the presence of 22.8% of lymphocytes in the differential count. Bone marrow, peripheral blood and lymph node immunophenotyping resulted in lymphocyte gates with 97.3 to 99.5% CD5+, predominantly CD4-, CD8- and CD45- confirming the diagnosis of T-zone lymphoma with associated leukaemia. Treatment with chlorambucil and prednisolone was started. During the first month, the lymphocytosis remained above 200,000 cells/uL. After four months of treatment, there was a decrease in lymphocytes, which progressively reached a count of 10,800 cells/ul in the eleventh month. Conclusion: In the literature, lymphocytosis above 30,760 cells/μL has not been observed in T-zone lymphomas. Thus, it is believed that this is the first report of extreme lymphocytosis with an unusually slow response to treatment in this neoplasm.
... TZL shows indolent behavior with a long survival period despite generalized lymphadenopathy and poor response to chemotherapy. Dogs with TZL have a median survival time ranging from 14-33.5 months (4,6,8,13,22). One retrospective study of 51 TZL in dogs reported that a few dogs died within a short time (median survival time, 760 days), despite of high prevalence of stage V (93%) (6); bone marrow infiltration was found in 40/43 dogs with TZL from that study. ...
... Clonality assays occasionally are used as a determinant for the cellular phenotype (i.e., whether a population of cells is of T-cell or B-cell lineage). However, cross-linage rearrangements, where T-cells rearrange B-cell receptor genes and vice versa, have been reported in lymphomas of humans, 6-8 dogs,186 and cats.11 One study showed 8 of 92 cases of LGITLs in cats to have clonal rearrangement of that of Bcells whereas IHC determined these populations to in fact be of T-cell lineage.11 ...
Background
Lymphoplasmacytic enteritis (LPE) and low‐grade intestinal T cell lymphoma (LGITL) are common diseases in older cats, but their diagnosis and differentiation remain challenging.
Objectives
To summarize the current literature on etiopathogenesis and diagnosis of LPE and LGITL in cats and provide guidance on the differentiation between LPE and LGITL in cats. To provide statements established using evidence‐based approaches or where such evidence is lacking, statements based on consensus of experts in the field.
Animals
None.
Methods
A panel of 6 experts in the field (2 internists, 1 radiologist, 1 anatomic pathologist, 1 clonality expert, 1 oncologist) with the support of a human medical immunologist, was formed to assess and summarize evidence in the peer‐reviewed literature and complement it with consensus recommendations.
Results
Despite increasing interest on the topic for clinicians and pathologists, few prospective studies were available, and interpretation of the pertinent literature often was challenging because of the heterogeneity of the cases. Most recommendations by the panel were supported by a moderate or low level of evidence. Several understudied areas were identified, including cellular markers using immunohistochemistry, genomics, and transcriptomic studies.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
To date, no single diagnostic criterion or known biomarker reliably differentiates inflammatory lesions from neoplastic lymphoproliferations in the intestinal tract of cats and a diagnosis currently is established by integrating all available clinical and diagnostic data. Histopathology remains the mainstay to better differentiate LPE from LGITL in cats with chronic enteropathy.
... Traditionally, T-cell lymphomas are inevitably linked to a poor prognosis, whereas B-cell lymphomas were associated with a better prognosis (Ponce et al., 2010b;Valli et al., 2013). This generalization was, however, losing strength as other characteristics, namely subtypes, locations, and histological grades, were shown to have a higher prognostic value (Valli et al., 2006;Aresu et al., 2015). However, immunophenotypes remain of great importance in epidemiological studies, and human lymphomas have shown different risk factors among subtypes (Fisher and Fisher, 2004;Ekstrom-Smedby, 2006). ...
Background:
Lymphomas are dogs' most common hematopoietic neoplasms and represent a heterogeneous group, as occurs in humans. Considering the role of dogs as models of human lymphomas and the geographical correlation of the cases of canine and human lymphoma, it is important to continuously assess the epidemiological distribution of lymphoma subtypes in dogs.
Aim:
This study aimed to provide a survey of canine lymphoma subtypes diagnosed from 2005 to 2016 in the academic veterinary pathology laboratory of the University of Porto.
Methods:
A total of 75 canine lymphomas diagnosed by histopathology in the Porto district were included. All cases were immunophenotyped by CD3 and PAX5, classified according to the current classification WHO and coded with Vet-ICD-O-canine-1.
Results:
Mixed breed dogs were most common (28%), followed by Cocker Spaniels (12%), Boxers (9%), and Labrador Retrievers (6%). The mean age was 9.2 years (SD = 3.3) (10.7 years for small, 8.9 years for medium and large, and 5.7 years for giant breed dogs, p < 0.05). Regarding sex, there was no difference in frequencies or mean age. B-cell lymphomas were more common (57.4%) than T-cell lymphomas (37.3%), and 5.3% were classified as non-B/non-T-cell lymphomas. Of the cases, 49% had a multicentric distribution, followed by splenic (22%), cutaneous (12%), alimentary (12%), and extranodal (3%) forms. The most common B-cell subtypes were diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (16.3%) and large immunoblastic lymphoma (14%), while T-zone lymphoma (21.4%) and intestinal lymphoma (18%) were the most common T-cell lymphoma subtypes.
Conclusion:
Our study shows that the Porto district follows the international trend of higher prevalence of B-cell lymphomas in dogs, especially of the DLBCL subtype.
... Recently, the American College of Veterinary Pathologists Oncology Committee presented a report adapting the World Health Organization system for human lymphoma classification to canine lymphomas [29]. There are various subtypes of T-and B-cell lymphomas, of which marginal-zone lymphoma is the most common in the spleens of dogs [29,30]. Several types of indolent lymphomas, including marginal-zone lymphoma, are associated with long survival after splenectomy [30,31]. ...
... There are various subtypes of T-and B-cell lymphomas, of which marginal-zone lymphoma is the most common in the spleens of dogs [29,30]. Several types of indolent lymphomas, including marginal-zone lymphoma, are associated with long survival after splenectomy [30,31]. Therefore, a precise diagnosis of lymphoma in the canine spleen is of prognostic importance. ...
The histopathological diagnosis of canine splenic mass lesions is crucial for prognostication. However, thus far, no study has been conducted on the histopathology of canine splenic mass lesions in Republic of Korea. Herein, the prevalence of splenic diseases was analyzed in 137 canine splenic mass lesions via histopathological diagnosis, and the microscopic pattern associated with each disorder was described. Immunohistochemistry was performed for CD31, CD3, PAX5, Iba1, and C-kit for a more accurate diagnosis of splenic tumors. The proportion of non-neoplastic disorders, including nodular hyperplasia (48.2%, n = 66) and hematoma (24.1%, n = 33), was 72.3%. Splenic tumors, including splenic hemangiosarcoma (10.2%, n = 14), splenic lymphoma (nodular and diffuse types, 8.0%, n = 11), splenic stromal sarcoma (7.3%, n = 10), myelolipoma (1.5%, n = 2), and mast cell tumors (0.7%, n = 1), accounted for 27.7% of cases. The results of this study will aid veterinary clinicians in communication with pet owners about prognoses, recommendations for splenectomy, and subsequent histopathological diagnoses. This study will facilitate further investigations with more detailed comparisons of splenic mass lesions between small- and large-breed dogs.
... MALT lymphoma of the neck and head region may occur with chronic inflammation in extranodal organs, such as the ocular adnexa, salivary gland, thyroid gland, and Waldeyer's ring (Wenzel et al. 2003, Hosokawa et al. 2011. In veterinary literatures, marginal zone lymphomas have been usually reported in dogs and have been shown to primarily occur in the spleen or lymph nodes (Valli et al. 2006). In this paper, we describe an equine suspected case of MALT lymphoma that was characterized by lymphoepithelial lesions, plasmacytic differentiation with immunoglobulin A (IgA) production, and cluster formation of large lymphoid cells. ...
We examined a female Kiso horse (a native Japanese horse breed) aged 2 years and 9 months with persisting nasal discharge that died due to lymphoma. Necropsy revealed masses in the left nasal cavity, left periorbital cavity, and left maxillary and mandibular areas. Histologically, the neoplastic tissues were composed of lymphoid and plasmacytoid cells, with immunoglobulin A (α and λ chains) production in the latter. The foci of large lymphoid cells were detected at some sites. All neoplastic cell types were positively stained in immunohistochemical staining for CD20. Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) was suspected on the basis of the presence of lymphoepithelial lesions, plasmacytic differentiation, and large-cell transformation. A history of chronic rhinitis may be linked to the development of this disorder.
... Hemangiosarcoma has been described as the most common splenic tumors in dogs in some countries (1,3,8,10), and lymphoma has been well documented in the spleen (18). In addition, splenic tumors such as osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, perivascular cell tumor and rhabdomyosarcoma have also been reported (1,11,15,19). In South America, there have been no reports of histopathologic typification and epidemiologic study of spleen tumor has developed within a period. ...
... The mesenchymal sarcomas such as osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, hemangiopericytoma and rhabdomyosarcoma have been reported as non-angiogenic and non-hematogenic splenic sarcomas (1,11,15,19). In this study, fibrosarcoma was observed in one case. ...
There are no reports of what kind of spleen tumors have developed within a certain period of time in Uruguay. Therefore, we investigated spleen tumors that were surgically resected and brought into our laboratory for a year (2019-2020). As a result, 9 splenic tumors were observed. Hemangiosarcomas occurred at the highest incidence in 6 of 9 cases. In addition, 1 case each of lymphoma, fibrosarcoma, and perivascular wall tumor was observed. Furthermore, the perivascular wall tumor, which has not been reported so far, was observed in a seven years-old female Cocker Spaniel.
