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Lung from a gazelle with FMD: focal granulomatous response with intralesional larva and nematodes identified as Muellerius capillaris in alveolar space. H&E stain.
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Naturally occurring foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in wildlife is a relatively mild condition but occasionally it can be devastating as has been documented in impala in South Africa and in mountain gazelles in Israel. This report describes pathological changes in an adult male gazelle with FMD from an outbreak in the Nature Reserve of Ramot-Issachar...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... necrosis and saponification. Bronchioalveolar pneu- monia was characterised by diffuse infil- tration of neutrophils and macrophages. There was also diffuse alveolar oedema with moderate active congestion in the affected areas of the lungs. Intralesional adult nematodes (Muellerius capillaris) and their larvae and eggs were present in the alveoli (Fig. ...
Citations
... Pancreatic acinar necrosis, inflammation and regeneration are manifestations of the acute form of FMD and diabetes mellitus has been observed in both experimental and natural cases of the disease [20]. Pancreatic degeneration and necrosis has been reported in a gazelle naturally infected by FMD virus serotype O1 [21]. It has also been suggested that viral replication in the myocardium and pancreas, and their associated pathologies are two common FMD virus infection features in the mouse model [22] Enough data is not available for the serum biochemistry of FMD affected cattle. ...
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a severe, highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed ruminants caused by an aphthovirus of the family Picornaviridae. The disease in cattle is clinically characterized by fever and vesicles on the foot, in the oral cavity and on the mammary gland.This study was carried out to determine the changes in some serum biochemical parameters of cattle naturally infected with FMD O in Shahrekord district, Iran. For this purpose, blood samples were obtained from 23 Holsteins with clinical signs of FMD, as well as 22 blood samples from healthy animals. Serum analysis revealed significantly higher levels of AST, CK, CK-MB and LDH activities as well as MDA, troponin I, glucose and triglycerides concentrations in FMD-affected cattle compared to healthy control group (p < 0.05). Serum GPx and SOD activities in cattle with FMD were significantly lower than those in normal animals (p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in serum CAT activity between 2 groups of animals. It is concluded that oxidative stress and some degrees of myocardial and pancreatic lesions develop in FMD-affected cattle. These findings provided information to better understand the pathogenesis of the disease and gives further insight to improve supportive treatment procedures in FMD virus infection in cattle. © 2021 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, as long as the original authors and source are cited. No permission is required from the authors or the publishers.
... Among wildlife, gazelle and impala seem to be particularly susceptible to FMDV, it was found that mortality rate of at least 50 % was occurred in mountain gazelles in Israel (Berkowitz et al., 2010). FMDV infection resulting in high mortality has also been observed in Blackbucks, Spotted Deer and Sambar, with a case fatality rate of 20 % noted for this outbreak (Kar et al., 1983). ...
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), which causes a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, is notable for epithelial cell tropism, resulting in the appearance of vesicles on the feet and in and around the mouth in infected animals, while FMDV infection in neonatal animals is also associated with not only epithelial lesions, but also muscle-associated lesions, which leads to myocarditis, resulting in high-mortality. However, critical knowledge about the non-epithelial tropism of FMDV is still lacking. In this paper, the current progress of the FMDV non-epithelial tropisms is summarized and the possible role of the key viral and cellular components involved is discussed.
... When present in cattle, sheep, and pigs, myocarditis is usually seen in the very young, where mortality can be high (Arzt et al. 2011). Lesions in the myocardium, tongue, diaphragm, and skeletal muscles, accompanied by high mortality, were observed in mountain gazelles (Gazella gazelle) in Israel during outbreaks of FMD (Shimshony 1988;Berkowitz et al. 2010). Additionally, experimental FMDV infections in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus; McVicar et al. 1974) produced myocardial lesions and death. ...
... The negative FMDV IHC staining of pancreas sections in this study leaves the pathogenesis of the necrotizing pancreatitis observed in eight of the mule deer unclear. Pancreatic lesions have been observed in FMDV-infected cattle (Barboni and Manocchio 1962), mountain gazelles (Perl et al. 1989;Berkowitz et al. 2010), and pronghorn (Antilocapra americana; Rhyan et al. 2016). ...
The only known outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in wildlife in the US occurred in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in California in 1924-25. There is little recorded information on the pathogenesis and epidemiology of the disease in deer in that outbreak. In this experimental study, we compared the susceptibility of mule deer to FMD virus (FMDV) serotype O to that of cattle (Bos taurus). We also determined the potential for intra- and interspecies transmission of FMDV serotype O in mule deer and cattle, and assessed conventional laboratory tests in their ability to detect FMDV in mule deer. Two mule deer and one steer were each infected by intraepithelial tongue inoculation with 10,000 bovine tongue infective doses of FMDV, strain O1 Manisa. The inoculated steer and deer were kept in the same room with contact animals of both species. Exposed contact animals were moved to rooms with unexposed animals after becoming febrile. All mule deer (n=14) and cattle (n=6) developed clinical signs and lesions consistent with FMDV infection. Deer had a high prevalence of myocarditis and high mortality. Virus was transmitted between mule deer, from cattle to mule deer, and from mule deer to cattle. Virus and antibodies against nonstructural FMDV proteins in mule deer and cattle were detected by conventional laboratory tests. Virus shedding was detected by PCR and virus isolation up to 9 d postexposure in deer.
... Although not demonstrated, these changes are likely to be associated with loss of pancreatic function. Comparable pancreatic pathology has been described during a lethal outbreak of malignant FMD in gazelle (Berkowitz et al., 2010). (Salguero et al., 2005) 49-63 C1 C-S8c1 BHK-21 10 3 TCID50 100 IP 10 3 TCID50 90% ***** (Kamstrup et al., 2006) 49-63 C1 Noville ***** 10-10 5 TCID50 100 IP None None None (Lefebvre et al., 2010) 49-63 O1 Manisa 8/69 Calf Kidney 10-10 5 TCID50 100 IP None None None (Kamstrup et al., 2006;Lefebvre et al., 2010) 49-63 Asia1 Shamir Calf Kidney 10-10 5 TCID50 ***** IP None ***** 4 (Lefebvre et al., 2010) 49-63 Asia1 Shamir 3/89 ...
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious and economically important viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. The disease is endemic in many countries in Africa and Asia and vaccination is considered a major tool for disease control in these areas. Effective control by vaccination is impeded by the FMDV carrier state and by the inability of current FMDV vaccines to induce a productive immune response lasting several years similar to the response induced by natural infection. The FMDV carrier state in ruminants is primarily characterized by the persistence of the virus for prolonged periods in the lymphoid tissues that drain the oropharyngeal region. The persistence of FMDV in the lymphoid tissues of ruminants has been localized on follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) that reside in the light zone of the germinal centre (GC). These cells are able to retain antigens on their surfaces for prolonged periods and play a central role in generating and maintaining high antigen specific antibody titres. This study aimed to better characterize the role of FDCs and persisting viral antigens in the immune response to FMDV infection using the mouse as a model system. In this study, the mouse model was shown to mimic features of FMDV pathogenesis and persistence observed in natural hosts. Mouse strains varied greatly in their susceptibility to intraperitoneal challenge with FMDV (C57BL/6 mice vs BALB/c mice). Virus strain influenced the susceptibility of mice to infection (FMDV/O/UKG/34/2001 vs FMDV/A/Arg/1/2000). Analysis of mouse spleen by immunohistochemical staining, laser capture micro-dissection-combined with quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and FDC isolation and purification, also combined with qRT-PCR, indicated that FMDV antigens were retained in splenic GCs in association with FDCs for prolonged periods following infection. Effective temporary depletion of mouse splenic FDCs was achieved by administration of recombinant lymphotoxin beta-receptor immunoglobulin fusion protein (LTβR-Ig). Treatment affected viability and functionality of FDCs to trap and retain peroxidase-anti-peroxidase immune complexes (PAP-ICs). Depletion of FDCs at different time points following FMDV infection affected the persistence of FMDV in the mouse spleen. There was a reduction in FMDV RNA copies in LTβR-Ig- treated mice spleen samples compared to the control mice. The humoral immune response to FMDV was affected when depletion of FDC occurred before challenge with FMDV, suggesting a role for FDCs and an intact splenic marginal zone (MZ) structure in the early immune response to FMDV. LTβ-deficient mice, which permanently lack FDC and normal splenic MZ, failed to trap and retain FMDV in the GC, failed to generate neutralizing antibodies to FMDV and showed impaired FMDV-specific humoral immune responses. In conclusion, FDCs are the major cells in the mouse lymphoid tissues that trap and retain FMDV antigens for prolonged periods up to 63 dpi. FDC and /or GC MZ, play an important role in induction of the humoral immune response to FMDV that appears to be predominantly T-cell independent.
... We observed pancreatitis in one pronghorn and lingual myositis in another. Pancreatitis has been described in FMDV-infected cattle (Barboni and Manocchio 1962) and observed in naturally and experimentally infected mountain gazelles (Gazella gazelle; Perl et al. 1989;Berkowitz et al. 2010). The lack of positive IHC results in the affected pancreas suggests there may be other causes for the lesion besides FMDV. ...
There is limited information on the pathogenesis and epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in North American wildlife and none concerning pronghorn ( Antilocapra americana ). In an experimental study of 13 pronghorn and six steers ( Bos taurus ), we compared the susceptibility of pronghorn to FMD virus (FMDV) strain O, with that of cattle ( Bos taurus ). We also determined the potential for intra- and interspecies transmission of FMDV strain O in pronghorn and cattle, assessed the application of conventional laboratory tests in their suitability to detect FMDV infection in pronghorn, and evaluated the potential role of pronghorn as efficient long-term carriers of FMDV. After acclimation to containment at Plum Island Animal Disease Center, two pronghorn and one steer were each infected by intraepithelial tongue inoculation with 10,000 bovine tongue infective doses of FMDV, strain O1 Manisa. Inoculated animals were housed with contact animals. When contact-exposed animals developed fever they were placed in rooms with previously unexposed animals. All inoculated and exposed cattle and pronghorn developed clinical disease typical of FMD. Pronghorn developed severe foot lesions and mild to moderate oral lesions, primarily on the tongue. Duration of clinical signs in both species was 2-3 wk with foot abnormalities evident to the end of the study (51 d postexposure). Other lesions included pancreatitis, myositis of the tongue, and secondary lesions including pleuritis, pneumonia, decubital ulcers, and tenosynovitis. Virus transmission occurred between pronghorn, from cattle to pronghorn, and from pronghorn to cattle. Conventional laboratory tests detected virus and antibodies against nonstructural and structural FMDV proteins in pronghorn and cattle. Virus was present in some animals for 1 wk but was not detectable by virus isolation or PCR at 3 wk postinfection or afterward.
... However, two out of 109 (1.8%) of the outbreaks that occurred during these epidemics affected wildlife: during 2007 in "Ramot Yissakhar" (mainly) in the Lower Galilee (north-eastern part of Israel); and next to the "Tzur Natan" settlement in the Sharon plain (the northern coastal plain of Israel). Both were caused by FMD virus of serotype O, affecting mountain gazelles (Gazella g. gazella) and resulting in severe clinical manifestations and even mortality (7,8). A similar presentation, but with a higher percentage of mortality, was reported following the FMD outbreaks during 1985 among mountain gazelles in "Ramot Yissakhar" and the southern Golan Heights in the north of Israel (9). ...
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemics recur in Israel almost every year. Wild even-toed ungulates are seldom affected during these epidemics. The seroprevalence of FMD in wild ungulates during 2000 and 2005–2013 was estimated using anti-non-structural proteins ELISA. Overall, 209 samples were tested, comprising sera of 120 wild boar (Sus scrofa lybicus), 64 mountain gazelles (Gazella gazella gazella), 6 water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), and 19 Persian fallow deer (Dama dama mesopotamica). None of the tested animals presented clinical signs of FMD during blood collection. Sixteen samples [7.7% (95% confidence interval (CI95%) = 4.4–12.1%)] were found to be seropositive. Fifteen out of 120 samples (12.5%) from wild boar were seropositive, compared with only 1 out of 89 samples (1.1%) from all other species combined (Fisher’s exact test: p = 0.003). Most of the positive samples obtained from wild boar [13/15 (86.7%)] were collected during 2007, and analysis was restricted to that year and species only. The seroprevalence of FMD in this species during 2007 was estimated at 54.2% (CI95% = 32.8–74.5%; n = 24). A significant infection cluster, comprising nine seropositive samples collected in three different locations, was identified in the north-eastern part of Israel. These findings indicate that wild boar was affected during the 2007 FMD epidemic, even though wild boar presenting FMD typical clinical signs were not observed during that year. The actual role of wild boar in the spread of FMD virus in this epidemic, however, could not be determined. The negligible seroprevalence of FMD found for all other surveillance years indicates that ongoing circulation of FMD among wildlife in Israel is unlikely. It is concluded that while the role of wildlife species in the dynamics of FMD in Israel is usually limited, there might be occasions, in which wildlife plays a part in the spread of the virus.
... Concurrent with FMD outbreaks in domestic animals in Israel, outbreaks have occurred in mountain gazelles (Gazella gazella) in two nature reserves in 1985 (Shimshony et al., 1986;Shimshony, 1988) and another in 2007 (Berkowitz et al., 2010). In the larger 1985 outbreak, it was estimated that 2000 gazelles of all ages died which represented a mortality of at least 50% of the population on the reserve, whereas a smaller 1985 outbreak resulted in approximately 10% mortality. ...
... The outbreak in 2007 affected 10-15% of the local population with reportedly high case fatality. Lesions in this outbreak were similar to the 1985 events, but also included pancreatic necrosis and inflammation (Berkowitz et al., 2010). Subsequent to the 1985 outbreaks, an experimental infection of gazelles resulted in four of eight inoculated animals dying during the first 15 dpi and two additional animals dying at 114 and 117 dpi following the development of inappetence, weakness and cachexia (Perl et al., 1989). ...
Investigation into the pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has focused on the study of the disease in cattle with less emphasis on pigs, small ruminants and wildlife. 'Atypical' FMD-associated syndromes such as myocarditis, reproductive losses and chronic heat intolerance have also received little attention. Yet, all of these manifestations of FMD are reflections of distinct pathogenesis events. For example, naturally occurring porcinophilic strains and unique virus-host combinations that result in high-mortality outbreaks surely have their basis in molecular-, cellular- and tissue-level interactions between host and virus (i.e. pathogenesis). The goal of this review is to emphasize how the less commonly studied FMD syndromes and host species contribute to the overall understanding of pathogenesis and how extensive in vitro studies have contributed to our understanding of disease processes in live animals.
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a viral disease that affects predominantly cloven-footed animal species within the order Artiodactyla. The potential of the virus to transmit, maintain and circulate itself across a wide range of susceptible hosts, including both domestic and wild ungulates, remains a single major obstacle in an effective eradication of disease worldwide, particularly in disease-endemic settings. Hence, a better understanding of virus transmission dynamics is very much crucial for an efficient control of the disease, particularly at places or regions where wildlife and livestock rearing co-exists. Both OIE and FAO have jointly launched the FMD-control program as FMD-Progressive Control Pathway (PCP) in various disease-endemic developing countries. Nevertheless, the propensity of virus to inter- and intra-species transmission may be a possible constraint in disease control and, hence, its subsequent eradication in such countries. Other than this, cross-species transmission, among domestic and wild ungulates living in close proximities, can undermine the conservation efforts for endangered species. We reviewed and summarized the so-far available information about inter- and intra-species disease transmission, and its impact on wildlife populations to better comprehend disease epidemiology and substantiate efforts for eventual disease eradication across the globe, particularly in settings where the disease is endemic.
This study was designed to investigate the histopathological changes that occur in some organs during infection of calves with foot and mouth disease. Autopsies from twenty six cases of calves aged 6 months to 1 year suffering from typical case of foot and mouth disease(FMD) were studied. The results of histopathological alteration of the lung revealed emphysema of in the lung, also there clusters of pigment –laden macrophages, hemorrhage, dilatation of alveoli and accumulation of amorphous exudate . The lesion of the intestine include hemorrhage, edema, thickening and hypertrophy of villi, also there are degeneration and necrosis of some intestinal gland. Alteration in the lymph nodes showed atrophy of lymphoid nodules and accumulation of collagen fibers with hemorrhage.
Laboratory animal models have provided valuable insight into foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) pathogenesis in epidemiologically important target species. While not perfect, these models have delivered an accelerated time frame to characterize the immune responses in natural hosts and a platform to evaluate therapeutics and vaccine candidates at a reduced cost. Further expansion of these models in mice has allowed access to genetic mutations not available for target species, providing a powerful and versatile experimental system to interrogate the immune response to FMDV and to target more expensive studies in natural hosts. The purpose of this review is to describe commonly used FMDV infection models in laboratory animals and to cite examples when these models have failed or successfully provided insight relevant for target species, with an emphasis on natural and vaccine induced immunity.
